Doping and its effects

1. DOPING AND ITS EFFECTS
By Radhika D Prabhu

2. Dope” – from Dutch word ‘Dop’ – an
alcoholic beverage from grape skins, used
by Zulu warriors to enhance their power in
battle.
Doping is usually considered to be the
deliberate or accidental use by athletes
of substances or techniques that may
enhance performance.

3. WADA – World Anti-Doping Agency
• Established in 1999 • HQ – Montreal, Canada
• Created to promote, coordinate and monitor the fight against
doping in sport in all its forms.
• 192 countries and more than 570 sporting organizations have
signed up with WADA

4. Definition
Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the following anti-doping rule
violations:
• Presence of a prohibited substance in an athlete’s sample
• Tampering with any part of the doping control process
• Refusing to submit to sample collection after being notified
• Trafficking a prohibited substance or method
• Use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or method
• Possession of a prohibited substance or method
• Failure to file athlete where abouts information & missed tests
• Administering or attempting to administer a prohibited substance or method to an athlete
• Complicity in an ADRV Prohibited Association with sanctioned Athlete Support Personnel

5. India ranks 3rd for third year in a row in WADA
doping charts
• Report published by World Anti-
Doping Agency (WADA) for 2015
with 117 athletes from the
country being punished after
testing positive for banned
substances.
• Two are non-analytical ADRVs
• Out of the 115 analytical ADRVs,
78 are committed by male
athletes while 37 are by female.

6. Why are they banned?
• Health Concerns
• Ethical Concerns
• Legal Concerns

7. Classification

8. Performance
Stimulants
Caffine
Amphetamines
Cocaine
Build Muscle /bone
Anabolic steroids
Beta -2 Agonists
hCG
LH
hGH
IGF-1
Insulin
Relaxants
Alcohol
Beta- blockers
Cannabinoids
Mask Pain
Narcotics
ACTH
Cortisone
Local
anesthetics
Increase Oxygen
delivery
EPO
Blood Doping
Artificial oxygen
carriers
Reduce Weight
Diuretics
Mask drug use
Diuretics
Epitestosterone
Plasma expanders
secretion inhibitors

9. Category Class Examples
Stimulants Caffeine -
Amphetamines -
Cocaine -
Build muscle/bone Anabolic steroids Testerone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione
Beta -2 Agonists Salbutamol, fenoterol
Relaxants Alcohol -
Beta- blockers Labetalol, betaxolol
Cannabinoids marijuana and hashish
Mask pain Narcotics Morphine , methadone, heroin
ACTH -
Cortisone -
Local anesthetics Novacaine, procaine
Increase Oxygen delivery EPO -
Blood Doping -
Artificial oxygen carriers Perfluorocarbons, synthetic or modified haemoglobin
Reduce weight Diuretics Furosemide, acetazolamide, bumetanide
Mask drug Use Diuretics Furosemide, acetazolamide, bumetanide
Epitestosterone -
Plasma expanders Albumex, Gelofusine, Haemaccel
Secretion inhibitors Probenecid, Sulfinpyrazone

10. Build Muscle and Bone

11. Anabolic Steroids
• In Males
• Baldness
• Aggression
• Breast development
• High blood pressure
In Females
 Stimulate hair growth on the face and body
 Suppress or interfere with menstrual cycle,
possibly leading to infertility
 Thicken the vocal cords, which causes the
voice to deepen, possibly permanently
 If pregnant, interfere with the developing
fetus
Mostly testosterone and its derivatives

14. Peptide Hormones, and others
E.g. Human Growth Hormone
Hormone taken in an attempt to increase size and strength of muscles.
Protein Synthesis, Bone Growth and Breakdown of fat.
Health risks include:
• acromegaly - athlete’s hands, feet and face grow very large
• problems with joints and muscles making it difficult to train or
compete
• diabetes

15. Cntd…
• Insulin and Insulin like Growth Factor (IGF-1)
• Metabolism of starches, sugars, fats and proteins.
• Stimulates protein synthesis and reduces fat
Side Effect :
• Low blood sugar

16. Mask Pain

17. Narcotic Analgesics
E.g. heroin, morphine
These are strong painkillers used by athletes to mask the pain of injury.
These can affect the athlete in the following ways:
• a loss of balance
• decreased ability to concentrate
• sleepiness
• breathing becomes slower
• nausea and vomiting
• further aggravation of injury

18. Increase Oxygen Delivery – BLOOD DOPING

20. Erythropoietin (EPO)
• Taken to increase red blood cell count to increase oxygen uptake.
• Health risks include:
• thickening blood
• clots, thrombosis
• stroke or heart-failure

22. Effects of Blood Doping
• Flaws in technique can lead to complications ranging from
bacterial infections to fatal reactions.
• The sharing of needles or blood can lead to diseases such as
hepatitis or HIV.

23. Stimulants
• A rise in body temperature
• The body having difficulty cooling down
• Faster breathing
• Increase in blood pressure
• Problems with coordination and balance
• Violent and aggressive behaviour

24. Diuretics
The use of diuretics may cause the athlete to:
• Faint and become dizzy
• Get headaches
• Feel nauseous
• Lose coordination and balance
• Get cramps
• Have kidney and heart failure

25. Relaxants

26. Beta Blockers
Beta Blockers act to:
• lower blood pressure
• slow the heart rate
• steady hand movement
They may cause:
• harm to athletes with low blood pressure, heart problems, asthma
• depressive symptoms such as insomnia, nightmares and depression
• sexual dysfunction
• tiredness

27. Alcohol
Involvement in sport may actually
encourage alcohol consumption:
• after game drinks to celebrate wins or commiserate losses
• after training drinks
• spectator consumption of alcohol during sporting events
• sporting stars promoting alcohol
• sports events sponsored by alcohol companies
The link between alcohol and the sporting culture is very strong,
therefore young athletes may be vulnerable to the misuse of alcohol.

28. Caffeine
• Caffeine is sometimes used by athletes to try to hide how tired they are feeling.
Covering up this feeling of tiredness can result in injury of sickness.
Caffeine is also responsible for:
• a small increase in blood pressure
• a small increase in body temperature
• an increase in how often a person may need to go to the toilet (diuresis)
• making it more difficult to fall asleep
• headaches is some athletes

29. Mask Drug Use

30. Secretion Inhibitors
• Eg . sulfinpyrazone and related compounds
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Allergic reactions and
• Kidney problems

32. In 2000, discus thrower Seema
Antil was stripped of her gold
medal at the World Junior
Championships and issued a
public warning by her national
federation for testing positive for
psuedoephedrine, a
sympathomimetic drug often
used as a nasal/sinus
decongestant and stimulant.
In 2010, shot putter Saurabh Vij got a
two-year ban for testing positive for
banned stimulant Methylhexaneamine.
In 2011, sprinter
Jauna Murmu tested
positive for
Methandienone in an
out of competition and
was subsequently
handed a two-year
doping ban.
India's hopes for the
upcoming Rio Olympics
2016 suffered a huge
setback when wrestler
Narsingh Yadav was tested
positive for banned
substances by the National
Anti-Doping Agency (NADA).

33. References
• Anti-Doping Important Facts and Highlights from WADA’s Athlete Guide
• Doping in Sports: Biochemical Principles, Effects and Analysis pp 99-126, Part of
the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology book series (HEP, volume 195)
• V. Birzniece, Doping in sport: effects, harm and misconceptions Volume 45, Issue 3,
March 2015 , Pages 239–248
• David J Handelsman, Performance Enhancing Hormone Doping in Sport, Endotext
[Internet], 2015
• Website:
• https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&u
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34. THANK YOU