Lap machine manual

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G E N E R A L L A B O R A T O R Y R U L E S
A N D S A F E T Y R U L E S
lle Iı
u N C T U A L fo r yo u r la bo ra to ry s e s s io n
￠
Fo o ds ,
D rin ks n n d s n lo kin g a re n o t a llo w e d
* O pe n to e d s ho e s a re n o l a ll
o w e d
T he la b tim e ta b le m u s t be s tri
c tly fo ll
o w e d P rio r pe rm is s ı
o n ı
I u u ı l l łv '
*
o bta i
n e d lr a n y c h tu rge is Io be m a de
.
*
w o rkspa c e m u s t be ke pt c le a n a n d tidy a t a lltim e p o in ts m igh t be ta ke n o ff o n s tu d e n t / gro u p
w ho fa ils 1o fo lı
o w th is
e
・
・
H ł
u rd l
e a ll a p p a ra tu s w ith c a re
A lls tu de n ts a re lia b l
e fo r án y d a m a ge to e q u i
p m e n t d u e (o the ir o w n n e g lige n c e
s tu de n ts a re s tr ic tly p R o H IB IT E D fr o m ta k e n o u t a n y ite m s fr o m th e la b o ra to ry w ith o u t
p e rm is s io n fr o m the la b S u p e r v is o r
D o n o t w o rk a lo n e
R e p o rt a n y in j
u rie s to y o u r in s tr u c to r im m e d ia te ly
K n o w w he re the m a in la b p o w e r s w itc h is lo c a te d a n d h o w to tu m o fl the p o w e r
* In the e v e n t o f a f? e
D e e n e r g iz e th e c irc u it
/ N o tify th e in s tr u c to r im m e d ia te ly o r s tie m a y u s c iu l iı
p p ıu p łłu L " °
/ R e m o v e a ll fu e ls (s u c h a s p a p e r),
if p o s s ib le
/ c a ll C a m p u s p u b lic S a fe ty D e p t if n e c e s s a ry (p u ll th e fir e a lm e v a c u a te th e b u ild in g a n d
c a ll fr o m o u ts ide th e b u ildin g ,
if a p p r o p r ia te )
M a k e co n n e c t ion s to a de- n e r gi ze d ci rc u i t on l y. n e n in do u b t , d
o no t po w e r - p wi tho u t the
in s tr u c to r
'
s in sp e c tio n
D o no t ch a n g e the ci rcu i t wi th the po w e r on . h i s ca n dam a g e the co m p o n e n t s an d cr e a t e a
s a fe ty h ? a rd
D o no t rel y on fus e s , r
e l ay s, c
i rc u i t bre a k e r s , i
nt er l oc k de v i ce s or ot he r pr o t ec t ive de v i ce s to
p ro te c t y o u o r yo u r c ir c u it
T u m of r po w e r to al l eq ui p
m e n t wh e n fini sh e d .
* M a n y e le c tr i
c a lc o m p o n e n ts a r e h o t w h e n fu n ċ tio ï u n g T be c a re fu l
D o no t
b yp a
s sthe pr o t
e c t
i v
e third p
r o n g on an el ec i
ri ca
i i
į lug . s e a pr o p e r l y gro u n d e d ad a p t er
w he n p lu g gin g in to a tw o p ro n g o u tle t (c h e c k th e o u tle tfo r p r o p e r gr o u n d in g )
* R e po r t de fe c tiv e e qu i
p m e n t o r c o m p o n e n ts to y o u r in s tr u c to r im m e d ia te ly P le a s e d o n o t re t ur n
de fe c tiv e c o m p o n e n ts to th e T e c h n ic a l S u p p o r t C e n te r (Y o u r in s tr u c to r w ill ta g d e t i v e
e qu ip m e n t w ith th e n a tu r e o f th e p ro b le m a lo n g w i th e d a te )
P a y pa r t icu l ar at ten t ion to the po l ar i ty o
f p
o l ar ize d ca p a c i tor s .
* If a c o m p o n e n t b u m s ,
a v o id br e a th in g th e fu m e s T h e y c o u ld be to x ic
U s e on l y on e ha n d at a time in an y Mg h - o l tag e ci rc u i t- r e v p n f nt ı
tti nĺ r v n n r bo d v in the ri
m th p la b s u p e r v is o r m u s t be
in g u is h e r)

四国
* A v o id w e a rin g lo o s e o r flo p p y c lo th in g a r o m d m o v in g m a c h in e r y W e a r s a fe ty s la s s e s
D o n o t a tte m p t to p u ll s o m e o n e fr o m a
"
liv e
"
c irc u it T u n ıth e p o w e r o ff if p o s s ib le O the r w is t
th e p e r s o n w ith a n o n c o n d u c tin g o b je c t
G R A D IN G P O L IC Y
T h e to ta ı
m a r k s fo r th is la b is d is tr ib u te d a s fo llo w s
L a b R e p o r t + t re la b + P e rfo rm a n c e 4 0 %
M id te r m E x a m 2 0 %
F in a l 4 0 %

L a b o r a to r y R e p o r t G u id e ı
in e s
E ffe c tiv e te c h n ic a l c o n ı
m u n ic a tio n a iı
d d o c u m e n ta tio n a re e s s e n tia l s k iı
ı
s fo r a n e n g in e e r T e c h n i
c a l
do c u m e n ta tio n c a n ta k e o n d iffe r e n t fo rm s d e p e n d in g o n the n e e d s o f th e a u d ie n c e H o w e v e r ,
s o m e
c o m m o n p rin c ip le s c a n be a pp lie d to a ı
ıfo rm s o f te c hn ic a ıdo c tı
m e n ta tio n C o n s ide r a ti
o n o f th e se
pp
T in c ip le s is e s se n tia l to e n s u r e e ffe c tiv e c o m m u n ic a tio n o f th e in fo rı
ı
ı
a tio n th a t the a u die n c e n æ d s A
fe w gu ide lin e s w illb e c o n s ide re d h e re to w r ite e ffe c tiv e lab r e po rts
th e fo ı
lo w in g gu ide lin e s a re su g ge s te d fo r pre pa r in g to w ń te
* D e fin e th e a u d ie n c e a n d iť s n e e d s
E s ta blish a p u rp o s e fo r w ń tin g
D e te r m in e th e type o f d o c u m e n ta tio n to b e w r itte n
F o llo w a n a c c e pta b ı
e fo m ı
a t
U s e P ro p e r s p e llin g , gr a m m a r ,
a n d te c h n iqu e
D e fı
n in g th e A u d ie n c e
T he a u d ie n c e fo r yo u r re po r t is a p ro fe s s o r o r te c h n ic a l a s s is ta n t T h e y a re fa m ilia r w ith th e la b
m a te ń a l a n d n e e d to m a k e a n a s s e s s m e n t o f yo u r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e w o rk c o m p le te d in p r e p a r a tio n
fo r a n d d u r in g th e la b s e s s io n
E s ta b lis h th e P u r p o s e
T h e p u r p o s e o f w r itin g fo r th is 1ab is to p ro v id e a n o p p o rtu n ity to d e v e lo p te c hn ic a l w r itin g s k ills ,
a n d
d e m o n s tr a te u n de r s ta n d in g o f th e la b m a te r ia l A s a s tu d e n t,
th is p r o c e s s o f o rg a iı
iz in g a n d w ń tin g
te c h n ic a l d o c u m e n ta tio n is a v a lu a b le to o l W r ite th e ty p e o f d o c u m e n ta tio n th a t y o u c a iı ke e p a s a
r e fe re n c e fo r fu tu r e u s e
D e te r m in in g th e D o c m e n ta tio n T y p e
T h e typ e o f do c u m e n ta tio n w r itte n fo r th e s e lab s w ill b e la b re po rts D e p e n din g o n th e n a tu r e o f th e la b ,
th e s e re p o r ts c a n b e fo rm a l r e p o r ts ,
in fo rm a l r e p o r ts ,
o r s ta tu s r e p o r ts
F o ı
lo w in g th e P r o p e r F o r m a t
T h e o v e r a ll s tn ı
c h ı
r e o f e a c h typ e o f re p o r t is s h o w n b e lo w
P o r m a ı
R e p o r ts
T itle P a ge
O b je c tiv e s
In tro du c tio n
M e tlı
o do lo g y/T he o r y
A n a l ysi s/Re s u l ts
C o n c l us i on
A t tac h e d Fi les (Ou t pu t s, P
ı
ot s, S
c h e m a t ic
s , e
t c.
In fo r ı
n a ı
R e p o r ts
* T itle P a ge
I nt rod u c t ion
A n a l ys i s/ Su m m a r y
C o n c l us i on
・ t tac h e d F
i les (Ou t pu t s, Ħ
o t s, S
c h em a t ics , e t c.

L d i
S ta tu s R e p o p ts
ı nt rod u c t ion
A n a l ysi s/ Su m m a r y
A t tac h ed 】
P
iles (Ou t put s, P
l ot s, S
c h em a l lcs , e
l c.
A br ie f de s c r iptio n o F e a c h s e c tio n o f the re po rts l
s pro v ide d be ı
o w U se the de s c r ipti
o n s a s a n o u tlin e
o f w h a t s ho u ı
d be in c lu de d In the re po rt
T he title p s ho u l
d In c lu de ,
in the fo ı
l
o w l
n g o rcl
e r,
lhe c o u rse n u m l
»e r,
the ı
ltı
e o f the
e x p e r im e n t, yo u r n a m e , yo u r la b pa rtn e r n a m e s ,
the T A o r pro fe s so rs ı
e o d ı
n g thc ı
a b se c tio n , a n d thc
d a te th e r e po rt w a s s u b m itte d
Q U Æ T he a b s tr a c t s ho u ld be a v e ry c o n c is e ,
c le a r,
a n d c o m p ı
c tc s u m m m ry o f the e x pe r im e n t D o
n o t in c lu d e s pe c ifi
c de ta ils o r re fe re n c e s to fig u re s , e lc T ı
te abslmcl s ho u ı
d be w rllte n a R e r c o m p ı
c tin g
th e la b n e p o rt,
ł
ı
n d s ho u ld be w r itte n in ı
c s s te c h n o ı
o g l
c a ı
te r m s th a t c ł
u l bc e u s lı
y re a d a n d u n d e r s to o d
b y a v a r ie ty o f in d iv id u a ls w ith d iffe re n t b a c kgro u n ds
m d ų c T he in tro d u c tio n s ho u ld d is c u s s the p u ı
p o s e o r o bj
e c tiv e o f the Ia b e x pe rim e n t ı
t s ho u ı
d
a ls o in c lu d e a br ie f s u m m ł
? y o f the prn c e s s e s o ı
" p ro c c d u ı
T s u s e d in pc r fo r m in 8 th e lo b c x pc r im c n [
R e la te d h is to ry o f th e s u bj
e c t u n de r in v e s tiga ti
o n in tl
ı
e ı
a b m a y ł
ı
ls o bc In c ı
u de d w he n a p p ro p ria te T he
in tr o d u c tio n s h o u ld be re la tiv e ly s ho rt
: T he s e c tio n o n m e th o do lo g y o r the o r y s ho u ı
d d i
s c u s s the e x pe r im e n t pe rfo rm e d
in la b T h e o r e tic a l d e v e ı
o p m e n t a s s o c ia te d w ith d e s ig n p ro c e d u re s s ho u ı
d bc d is c u s s e d , p a rti
c u la r ly in
th e c a s e s w he r e it in flu e n c e s th e c ho i
c e s yo u m n ke in c o ı
n p ı
e tin g the ltı
b e x p r im e n t T h is in c ı
u de s th e
w o r k d o n e in p ı
E ln b ,
s im u la tio n ,
a n d ha14wł
ue T h( m c tlı
o do lo g y p re s e n te d s ho u ld be s u ft
ic ie n tly
c o m p le te fo r s o m e o n e re a d i
n g the re po rt to re p lo d ı
c e the e x pe r im e n t a n d v c r iry thc r e s u lts
A n a ı
y s is /R e s u ı
ts T he fin a l d o ta c o ı
l
e c te d o r m e a s u re d s ho u l
d be p la c e d in th e re s u ı
ts s e c tio n T h is
w o u ld a pp ly s p e c ifı
c a lly to d a ta o r m e a s u re m e n ts a s s o c ia te d w ith the p u rp o s e a n d d e s ign s pe c ifı
c a tio n s
o f th e e x p e rim e n t D ia gra m s ,
n u m e r ic a l d a tı
ıo rg m riz e d in (n b le s ,
e tc sho u ı
d be p ı
a c e d in th is s e c tio n ,
a n d a n y p e r tin e n t a n a lys is (b u t n o t c o n c lu d in g r e m a r ks ) s ho u ı
d be in c lu de d A n y in te rm e d ia te re s u lts
th a t w e re u s e d to o b ta in the fin a l re s u lts o f th e e x p e r im e n t d o n o t n e e d to be in c lu de d in the re po rt
T he s u m m a r y s e c tio n is fo r ilı
fo rm a l a n d s ta tu s r e po rts o n ly T h is s e c tio n is a b r ie f
c o m b in a ti
o n o f the m e th o do lo gy/th e o ry a n d a n a lys is/re s u lts se c ti
o n s O n e b rie f s ta te m e n t o f w h a t w a s
d o n e in the e x p e r im e n t a n d a n o th e r br ie f s ta te m e n t s u m m a riz in g the re s u lts (a lo n g w ith th e pe rtin e n t
fig u r e s ,
n u m e r i
c a ld a ta ,
e tc ) is a ll th a t is n e c e s s a r y fo r the s u m m a r y
T he c o n c lu s io n sho u ld re spo n d to the go a ls a n d o bj
e c tiv e s d isc u s s e d in the in tr o d u c ti
o n o f
th e r e p o rt A g e n e r a l disc u s s io n o f h o w w e ll the e x pe r im e n t d i
d (o r d l
d n o t)fu lfilı
lts o bj
e c tiv e s s ho u ı
d
be p re s e n te d w itho u t ge ttin g pe rs o n a l A pp lic a ti
o n s u s in g the re s u ı
ts fro m the e x pe rim e n t,
o r a fo re c a s t
o f fu tu r e e v e n ts th a t r e la te to the w o rk do n e In the e x pe rim e n t m a y a lso be in c lu de d
A n y s u pp o rtin g do c u m e n ts , o u 中u ts ,
fı
8u re s, e tc Th a t a re n o t In c lu de d d ir e c tly in the
r e p o rt sh o u ld be p la c e d a t the e n d o f th e re po rt

U s in g P r o p e r S p e llin g ,
G r a m m a r ,
a n d T e c h n iq u e
L a b r e p o r ts s h o u ı
d be p ro o fr e a d fo r p ro p e r s p e lli
n g a n d gra ı
ı
ı
m a r U s e th e s p e ll c h e c k fe atu re s o f t
w o r d pr o c e s s o r, a n d pl
r o o fr e a d Y o u ı
n a y a ls o w a n t to h a v e s o m e o n e e l
s e to pr o o fr e a d yo u r w o r k
P ro p e r te c hn iqu e is e s s e n tia l fo r do c u m e n tin g w h a t w a s a c c o m p ı
i
s he d in th e la b a n d fo r e s ta b lis h h ı
g t】
to n e o f th e re p o rt S e v e r a ı
e x a m p l
e s o f p o o r te c h n iq u e ,
w h ic h s ho u ld b e a v o im a re lis te d be lo w
T he la b re po rt is n o t a pe rs o n a l e x pe ń e n c e D o n o t dis c u s s b o w yo u ? ıit a b o u t th e
e x p e rim e n t Y o u r gr a ? w ill n o t be b a se d o n ho w in te re s tin g yo u fo u n d the e x p e r im e iı
L
ho w s a tisfie d yo u w e re pe rs o n a lly w ith the r e s u ı
ts ,
o r ho w h ı
s tr a ti
ed yo u a n ıe w h e ı
ı
th in gs d id n o t w o r k pro pe r ly o r in a tim e ly m a n n e r
t h e la b re p o rt s ho u l
d n o t d o c u m e n t the p r o c e d u re o r s pe c ific s te p s fo llo w e d i
n
c o m p le tin g th e e x p e ń m e n t F o r e x a m p le ,
it is n o t n e c e s s a ry to e x p la in h o w a c irc u it w a s
w i
r e d a n d h o w c o m p o n e n ts w e re p la c e d o n a b re a d bo a r ￠ o r h o w th e e q u ip m e n t w a s
p lu gge d in a n d m e a s u r e m e n ts w e re m a de ,
e tc T he o n ly e x c e p tio n w o u ld be w he n a
s p e c ific pr o c e d u r e r e q u ir e d to o bta in th e de s ire d re s u lt is n o t in tu itiv e ly o b v io u s
* A v o id u s in g a n th ro po m o rp h is m s (a pp ly in g h u m a n fe e ı
in gs o r a c tio n s to in a n im a te
o bje c ts )
D o no t tal k ab o u t you r s e l f in the t hi rd pe r s o n . o c u m e n t wh a t wa s d on e wi tho u t us i ng
"
I,
' "
w e ,
' " '
th e s tu d e n t,
"
e tc
U s e g o o d ju d g m e n t w h e n a d d in g d e ta ils to y o u r r e p o r ts D o n o t in c lu ? u n n æ e s s a r y o r o b v io u
in fo r m a tio n If th e r e is m o re th a n o n e w a y to d o s o m e th in g (e g c o lle c tin g ? ta ),
th e n a d d d e ta ils t h
d e s c ń b e s y o u r c h o ic e (e g w h a t p ie c e o f e q u ip m e n t o r w h a t m e a s u r e m e n t fu n c tio Ą e tc w a s u s e d i
c o lle c tin g th e d a ta )
A d d itio n a l g u id e lin e s th a t s h o u ld be fo llo w e d a r e lis te d b e lo w
A l l re p o r t s m u s t be type d , u
s i ng ea s y to re a d fon t s. l ipa r t ima g es , c
o l or ba c k g rou r ı
ds
a n d b o r de r s a r e in a pp ro p ń a te fo r a te c h n ic a l r e p o r t
F rg u r e s ,
s c h e m a tic s , p lo ts ,
a n d e q u a tio n s s h o u ld b e la be le d a n d n u tı
ı
b e r e d s o th a t th e y
c a n be re fe iT e d to in th e re p o r t In lin e e q u a tio n s a r e n o t a c c e p ta b le E qu a ū o n s s h o u ld b e
s e p a r a te d fr o m th e te x t,
a n d c e n te re d in th e p a ge M o t a x e s s h o u ld h a v e a pp r o p ń a te
la be ls th a t c le a r ly ide n tify w h a t is b e in g r e p r e s e n te d M ı
e n po s s ib le , e qu a tio n s ,
s c h e m a ti
c s ,
fig u r e s ,
e tc s ho u ld be p la c e d in th e b o d y o f th e r e p o r t n e a r tlı
e te x t tlı
a t fir s t
r e fe r s to th e m O n ly in c lu de ite m s in th e a pp e n d ix if the y a r e s u pp le m e n ta r y ite m s o r if
tlı
e y c a n n o t be e a s ily in c lu de d in tlı
e b o d y o f th e r e po r t
D a t a tha t is n o t pre s e n t ed in a grap h for ma t sho u l d be or ga n i ze d in tab l es a n d nıus t be
id e n tifie d b y a pp r o pń a te title ,
ro w /c o lu m iıh e a din g ,
a n d u n its
E a c h s tu de n t m u s t s u b m it a n in div id u a l r e p o rt b a s e d o n in div id u a l e fto rt E v e n tho u gb p a r b ı
e rs
w o rk to ge th e r in th e la bo r a to ry ,
e a c h s tu de n t m u s t s u b m it the i
r o w n re po n

E le c tr ic a ı
M a c h in e N o ta ti
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S
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m
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m I n u m be r
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P I p o w e r L w a tts ,
W
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s ta n c e o h m s ,
Q
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ta m p e re s v o l
t a m V A
T T o rq u e n e w to n m e tre s ,
N m
四
■ te rm i
n a lv o ı
ta m ı v o w
U ı R e a c ta n c e o hÆa @
m ı A d m i
tta n c e s i
e m m
= ı l
m p e d a n c e o h m s ,
Q
m ı l
o s s 国画回 L d e g re e s ,
°
ßı
ı m a g n e ti
c fı
u x L w e b e rs ,
w b
m ı p h a s e a n g l
e d e g re e s ,
°
m ı E ffi
c i
e n c y L p e r u n i
t
m ı T e m p e ra tu re c e n ti
g ra d e ,
O
C
m ı a n g u l
a r s p e e d ra d i
a n s ls e c

E x p e r h n e n t 2
S in gle P h a s e T r a n s fo r m e r - I
O p e n c lr c u lt te s t,
turns r a tio te s t,
m e a s u r in g th e r e s i
s ta n c e o f tr a n s to r m e r w in d ln gs a n d ı
ı
o ı
a r iı
y
te s &
A )O p e n C ir c u it T e s t:
o ◆e c tiv e s
T o de te r m in e the m a m e tic br a n c h c i
rc u it p a r a m e te rs
T o de te r m in e the n o lo a d c u lT e n t
T o de te r m in e th e iro n lo s se s a t v a r io u s v o lta ge s
In tr o d u c tio n
In th e tr a n s fo rm e r o p e n c irc u it te s t,
v a r io u s v o lta ge le v e ls a r e a p p lie d to th e p r im a r y w ith th e s e c o n d a r】
o p e n c irc u ite d B e c a u s e th e se c o n da r y is o pe n c ir c u ite d ,
th e a m o u n t o f c u lT e n t dr a w n b y th e tra n s fo rm e 】
d u r in g th is te s t is v e ry s m a ll re la tiv e to th e r a te d c u lT e n t T h e p o w e r fa c to r e n d s u p be in g is q u ite s m a ll u
w e ll be c a u s e R
c
is m u c h gre a te r the n X
.
Re fe iT in g to th e tr a n s fo rm e r ėq u iv a le n t c ir c u it s h o w n in F ig u r e 2 1
C ￠
a tr a n s fo rm e r turns r a tio
F igu r e 1 1: T r a n s fo rm e r E qu iv a le n t C irc u it r e k 】
T e d to p r im a r y s ide
If e q u a ls z e ro (n o lo a d c o n ditio n s ),
th e n '
2
a ls o e qu a ls z e ro T h e re fo r e ,
I
,
e qu a ls I
.
a n d th e o n ı
y po w e
lo s s e s a re c o r e lo s s e s S o the n e w tr a n s fo rm e r e qu iv a ı
e n t m o de l fo r th e o pe n c irc u it te s t c a n b e U a w n a
fo lı
o w s :
G
F ig u r e 1 2 : O p e n C irc u it E qu iv a le n t C irc u it
表

飞
T
S in c e the o n ly p o w e r lo s s e s a r e c o re lo s s e s ,
w e c a n c a lc u la te R
c
fro m th e e qu a tio n
V ,
A c tiv e p o w e r (0C, -
?
Z
m
c a n b e c a lc u la te d u s in g th e o p e n c irc u it v o lta ge .
V
, (a c ».
A n d c u rre n t '
ı
(o c )'
fro m th e fo ı
lo w in g :
l(o c
Z .
1
=
V t(o c )
P r o c e d u r e
W e o fte n a p p ly v o ı
ta g e to th e ı
o w v o lta ge s id e ,
s in c e th e o p e n c ir c u it te s t r e q u ir e s th e
a p p lic a tio n o f th e r a ķ d Jro lta g e ,
iť s e a s ie r to a p p ly 115 4 r a th e r th a n 2 2 0 4 a p o w e r s u p p ly
o f (L V )is m o r e r e a d iı
y a v a ilàb le th a n a s u p p ı
y o f (H V )
1 T h e o p e n c ir c u it te s t o f th e tr a n s fo r m e r is g e n e r a lly do n e b y s u pp ly in g th e lo w
v o lta ge s id e a n d ke e p in g th e h ig h v o lta ge s id e o f tr a n s fo r m e r o p e n
2 N o te th e r a tin g s p e c ific a tio n s o f th e tr a n s fo r m e r
3 C o n n e c t th e c i
r c u it s h o w n in th e p r a c tic a l d ia gr a m 2 A
4 V a r y th e a p p lie d v o lta g e to th e lo w v o lta g e s ide fr o m 5 0 to 1 15V
5 R e c o r d th e r e a d in gs r e qu ir e d in T a b le 2 A b e lo w
6 C a lc u la te th e p o w e r fa c to r a t n o lo a d ,
I
.
a n d '
x m
7 o v 斋圉 1
国图团
团国
日
日
日
日
ı レオハ
7 q f5
5o v 国国圆囹川
W ,
W n e re ： c o S 琶一
V.
x Iı
.
I
一
二
I
l
x C 0 S ą I
. 。
二
I
l
X s in 6
R e s u ı
ts
1 F m d th e n o lo a d c u rre n ts ,
I
rc
'
I
x m
'
c o s R a n d X a t th e r a te d v o ı
ta
C m
2 P lo t th e a p p lie d v o lta ge V
l
a g a in s t '
m
Q u e s tio n s
1 W n y d o e s th e w a ttm e te r in n o lo a d te s t r e a d th e iro n lo s s e s o n ly ?
2 W n y th e n o lo a d te s t is u s u a lly do n e w ith s u p p ly g iv e n to the lo w v o lta ge s ide ?
c
L

B ) T u r n s R a tio T e s t
o ◆e c tiv e s
T o s tu d y th e r e la tio n be tw e e n the v o lta ge o n the pr im a ry a n d se c o n da ry s ide s o f th e s i
n g ı
e p ha s e ı
r a n s fo rm e
In tr o d u c tio n
T he tr a n s fo rm a tio n ra tio o f a tr a n s fo rm e r is defined a s the ra tio e x iti
n g ,
in n o ı
o a d o p e ra tio n b a w « n th
H V w in d in g v o ı
ta ge a n d th e L V w in d in g v o lta ge
In s te a d,
the turns ra tio o f the tr a n s fo rm e r is de fı
n e d a s the ra tio be tw e e n the n u m be r o f turns o f th e H
w in din g a n d th e n u m be r o f tu r n s o f th e L V w in d in g
F o r a n ide a l tw o w in d in g tra n s fo rm e r w ith p ń m a ry v o lta ge V
,
a pplie d a c r o s s pr im a ry tu m s N ,
s e c o n d a r y v o lta ge V
2
a pp e a r s a c ro s s th e s e c o n d a ry turns N 2
į .
į
'
2
N 2
T h e p r im a ry c u 】
T e n t I
,
a n d se c o n d a ry c u rr e n t a re re la te d by
P r o c e d u r e
D e p e n d in g o n th e m e a s u r e d v a lu e s o f V
l
a n d v
2
in T a b le 2 A ,
c a lc u la te th e r a tio : V ,
N 2
Q u e s tio n s
1 H o w d o e s th e tr a n s fo rm e r c h a n ge th e v o lta g e fr o m o n e v a lu e to th e o the r ?
2 W n a t is th e v o lta g e r a tio ? Is it s a m e fo r a ll c o n d itio n ?
P o la r ity T e s t
0 ◆e c tiv e s
T o fin d th e p o la rity o f the tra n s fo r m e r w in d in g s a n d to s tu d y its im p o r ta n c e
In tr o d u c tio n
T h e v o lta g e in d u c e d in the s e c o n d a ry w in d in g o f a s in g le pha s e tr a n s fo rm e r is e ithe r in pha se a gre e m e n t o r
in o p p o s itio n c o m p a re d w ith the prim a ry v o lta g e T his de pe n ds o n ho w the o u tp u t te rm in a ls a re c o n s i
de re d
If the H V te n n in a ls a re la be le d D & Q ,
the L V te rm in a ls a re la be l
e d d & q a n d ,
w he n the v o lta ge in du c e d
be tw e e n D & Q ,
is in p ha s e a gre e m e n t w ith th e v o lta ge in du c e d be tw e e n d & q ,
the po la r ity is s a i
d
su b tra c tiv e O the r w is e ,
th e p o la rity is a dditiv e

P r o c e d u r e
1 C o n n e c t th e c irc u it s h o w n in th e p ra c tic a l d ia gra m 2 B
2 T u m o n th e p o w e r su pp ly to s e t w h a te v e r v o lta ge v a lu e u n de r ra te d v o lta ge
3 R e a d th e v a lu e o f th e v o lta ge V fr o m s u pp ı
y s ide a n d th e v o lta ge V
ı
be tw e e n the
o th e r o pe n te r m in a ls o f the w in din gs
1f V < V
,
the n ,
e p o la r ity is a dd itiv e
Q u e s tio n s
1 W n a t is m e a n t b y th e a dd itiv e p o la r ity o f » a n sfo rm e r?
2 E x p la in t
h e im p o rta n c e o f p o lar ity te s t o n tra n s fo rm e r?
D )M e a s u r in g th e R e s is ta n c e s o f th e T r a n s fo r m e r W in d in g s
o ◆e c tiv e s
T o d e te r m in e th e v a lu e o f th e w in din g r e s is ta n c e s ,
w h ic h is r e q u ir e d to d e te rm in e th e c o p pe r lo s s e s a n d the
v o ı
ta g e dr o p
P r o c e d u r e
1 D is c o n n e c t a ll c o n n e c tio n s o n tr a n s fo r m e r
2 U s in g a n O h m m e te r ,
m e a s u r e a n d r e c o r d th e D C r e s is ta n c e o f e a c h o f th e fo llo w in g
w in d in g s
T a b le 园
里
蜀
国
匡
W in d in g R
H ig h v o lta g e s id e O V 2 2 0 V
H igh v o lta ge s id e O V 160 V
L o w v o lta g e s id e 1 LO V
m Ei
a
鱼困
ĮĹ
U
Ł
îŢ
Ţ
ł
°

D Ia g r a m A

習
飞
E x p e r im e n t 3
S in g le P h a s e T r a n s fo r m e r - II
S h o r t c ı
r c u il te s i a n d ı
o a d te s t o n a s in gı
e p h a s e tr a n s fo r m e r
A )S h o r t C ir c u it T e s t
o ◆e c tiv e s
* T o c a rr y o u t a s h o rt c irc u it te s t o n a s in gle p h a s e tr a n s fo rm e r
* T o de te n n in e the p a ra m e te r s o f th e e q u iv a le n t c i
r c u it
T o det er m i ne the co p pe r los s e s .
* T o de te r m in e th e im p e d a ri
ċ ė o f th e tr
In tr o d u c tio n
In th e sh o rt c irc u it te s t a v e ry lo w v o lta ge is a p plie d to th e tr a n s fo rm e r p r im a r y (V
ra tc d
- 2 20 V ) w h ile th e
se c o n d a r y (p a r a lle l,
V
n ı
tc d
= 1 10 V )is s h o rte d T h e c u lT e n t d r a w n b y a s h o rt c ir c u ite d tr a n s fo r m e r c a n b e
v e ry h igh w ith o n ly a s m a llp r im a r y v o lta ge T he pń m a r y v o lta ge is c o n tr o lı
e d to c a r e fu lly a dju s t th e
c u rre n t n o w in g in to th e tr a n s fo r m e r Th e in p u t v o lta ge re qu i
re d to c irc u la te r a te d s h o r t c irc u it c u ı
T e n t in
th e L V w in d in g s is q u ite s m a ll, (v
,
- 13 v )th e re fo r e v t
2
R .
a n d 1 2
/x ..
A r e n e g lig ib ı
e T h is
c o n d itio n re s u lts in v e r y s m a llc o re lo s s e s a n d a n e g lig ib ı
e m a gn e tiz in g c u r re n t F o r p r a c tic a l p u rp o s e s ,
I
,
= '
2
T he w in d in g im p e d a n c e r e fe 】
r e d to th e p r im a r y s ide is
T h e w in d in g le a k a g e re a c ta n c e (X e q
) re fe iT e d to th e p rim a r y s ide is
X
e q
= Z
t q
x s in 61
W n e re V P ,
a n d I a r e the m e a s u re d in pu t v a lu e s o f th e s h o r t c irc u it te s t
I(s c )
ı
1(s c ) ı
(sc )
P r o c e d u r e
w e o fte n a p p ı
y v o lta ge to th e d e p s i n c f
W a iw e d o n i w d m i g i Lb )T h e r a te d c u r r e n t o n th is s id e is 1 7
r c u it s h o w n in th e p r a c tic a l d ia g r a m (3 A )
2 In c r e a s e th e su pp ly v o lta ge gr a d u a ı
ly fr o m z e ro to a v a lu e w h ic h w ill c a u s e c u rre n t
thr o u gh th e w in d in g e q u a l to th e r a te d fu ll lo a d c u lT e n t w ith th e se c o n da r y o r lo w v o lta ge
s ide o f th e tra n s fo r m e r s h o rt c ir c u ite d
3 R e a d th e in s tru m e n ts a n u n e te r '
l (sc y
v o ı
tm e te r V
, (sc r
a n d w a ttm e te r W «sc y
a n d th e n
c o m p le te th e T a b le (3 A )
4 C a lc u la te th e p o w e r fa c to r u n de r s ho rt c irc u it c o n ditio n s c o s q
5 C a lc u la te th e im p e d a n c e Z e q
,
th e re s is ta n c e R
.
,
a n d re a c ta n c e x
.
Re k rre d to th e in p u t
s ide H V a t th e r a te d c u r r e n k
:
,3:
: J

旧匯
T a b ı
e 3 m
'lc) (A ) 国国 h ı
Z ￠q A W 。
1 2 1
【
a ，
ı
し5 1
区日日四国团团团国ı
0 8 ł
니 1
冒罰婜园圃イ
，
c ( C ( 国团团国ı
0
1d5 2 8
Q u e s tio n s
1 w n y a s h o r t c ir c u it te s t is do n e o n th e ı
r a n s fo rm e r w ith L v w in din g s h o r te d a n d s u p p ly
g iv e n to th e H V w in d in g s i? ?
2 D r a w th e e qu iv a le n t c ir c u it o f th e tr a n s fo rn ı
e r iı
ı
dic a tin g th e v a lu e s o f th e p a 】
a a ı
e te r s ?
B ) L o a d T e s t
o ◆e c tiv e s
T o c a rr y o u t th e lo a d te s t o n a s in g le p h a s e tr a n s fo r m e r b y d ir e c t lo a din g
T o find tra n s f or m e r ef fic
i en c y an d re l
at ion .
In tr o d u c tio n
In th e tr a n s fo r m e r lo a d te s t th e p rim a r y w in din g is c o n n e c te d to th e s u pp ly v o lta ge a n d v a r io u s lo a d
le v e ls a r e a pp lie d to th e s e c o n d a r y T h e a c tu a l tr a n s fo rm e r o n lo a d e ffi
c ie n c y (t l ) c a n b e ? te m ı
in e d
fr o m e x p e ń m e n ta l r e a d in g s a n d is d e fin e d b y th e fo llo w in g e q u a tio n
11. .u d
% = X 1 0 0 %
W n e r e : P
. . .
- R e x I
'
if th e lo a d is p u r e ly r e s is tiv e .
Th e n
.
- v ,
x I,
N o te In p r a c tic e th e o u tp u t p o w e r w o u ld b e m e a s u r e d
T he th e o re tic a l o n lo a d tr a n s fo rm e r e ffi
c ie n c y c a n b e p r e dic te d fr o m tlı
e tra n s fo m ı
e r e qu iv a le n t c ir c u it
u s in g th e fo llo w in g e q u a tio n
Tlp n dic te d
= X 100 %
P . .
+ P iï o n
+
P
T r a n s fo rm e r c o r e o r ir o n lo s se s a re de fin e d a s . _
-
Ţ
m
T rm s fa rm c ' "
ppl9sseș P
c .
_ de ñ n e d a s .
I
l ;
l
'
. R
.
・ 5
Ą l

Q u e s tio n s
1 Is the a c tiv e p o w e r P
,
ı
e s s th a n th e a c tiv e p o w e r P
2
? W n a t is the fu n c tio n o f th e n o lo a d
c u rT e n t?
2 W n y w ill th e tr a n s fo rm e r c o n s u m e m o r e c u lT e n t w h e n it is ı
o a de d ?
D i・・
・・・
国 I
固
1 6 0 V
= 目
团
团
国
郜

D ı
a g ra m 3- B

E x p e r im e n t 4
D C - S h u n t M o to r
0 ◆e c tiv e s
* T o d e te rm in e th e v a r ia tio n o f s p e e d in a iıu n lo a de d a iı
d a lo a d e d s h tu ı
t w o u n d d c ı
n o to r
u s in g b o th a m a a tu r e v o lta ge c o n tr o ı
a n d fie ld r he o s ta t c o n tr c»l
T o d e te rm in e th e to rq u e c h a r a c te r istic a n d th e e ffi
c ie n c y c h a ra c te r is tic
* T o fin d o u t h o w th e d ir e c tio n o f th e r o ta tio n o f a D C S h u n t m o to r c a n be r e v e rs e d
In tr o d u c tio n
A sh u n t m o to r is e s s e n tia lly th e s a m e a s a s e p a r a te ly e x c ite d m o to r T he o n ly d ifte re n c e is th a t a
s e p a r a te ly e x c ite d D C m o to r h a s its Ield c irc u it c o n n e c te d to a n in de p e n d e n t v o lta g e s u p p ly (s e e F ı
g u r e
4 1)w h ile th e s h u iı
t D C m o to r h a s its fie ld c ir c u it c o n n e c te d to t h e t u r e te rm in a ls o f th e m o to r (s e e
F ig u r e 4 2 ) If w e a s s u m e th a t th e s u p p ly v o lta ge o f th e m o to r is c o n s ta n t,
th e pr in c ip le s o f o p e r a tio ń fo r
th e s e p a r a te ly e x c ite d a n d s h u n t D C m o to r s a r e th e s a m e
. ,
T &
V .
F ig u r e 4 1 : E q u iv a le n t C ir c u it o f S e p a r a te ı
y E x c ite d D C
V
t
F ig u re 4 2 : E qu iv a le n t C ir c u it o f S h u n t D C M o to r

ビ
苺
鳥
ー
ぢ
店
耆
胁
n : a n la r v e lo c ity o f th e m a c h in e
B N ĦS ĦN lv o lta ge
R a : a rm a tu re re s i a n c Ė
K E ,
K M : c o n s ta n ts d e pe n d in g o n de s ig n fe a tu re s o f th e giv e n m o to r
T h is e qu a tio n is a lin e a r re gre s s io n A s th e to qq u e in c re a s e s ,
th e sp e e d d e c r e a s e s T he a tio n b e c o m e s
t
n o n lin e a r if e ith e r V
t
,
R
.
'
o r flu x c h a n g e s If a r m a tu r e r e a c tio n o c c u r s ,
th e flı
ı
x is re d u M c a u s in g tlı
c
to qqu e sp e e d c h a r a c te ris tic to b e a lte r e d S o m e tim e s c o m pe n s a tin g w in d in gs a r e in trio d u c e d to
c o u n te ra c t a n y a rm a tu re re a c tio n
ä
ı
h e re a r e thr e e w a ys v ia w h ic h th e s p e e d o f a s h u n t D C m o to r c a n b e c o n tr o lı
e d
1 B y a lte rin g th e fı
e ld re s is ta n c e ,
c a u s i
n g th e fie ı
d flu x to c h a iı
ge
1 B y a lte rin g th e te rm in a l v o lta ge
2 B y in s e rtin g a re s is to r in s e r ie s w ith th e a r m a tu r e
T h e fı
r s t tw o a r e c o m m o n ly u s e d ,
b u t th e th ir d is le s s c o m m o n b e c a u s e it r e du c e s th e e ffi
c ie n c y o f th e
m o to r In th is la b w e w ill b e lo o k in g a t th e p r o p e r tie s o f th e s h u n t n ı
o to r b y in c r e a s in g th e lo a d u s in g a n
e le c tro m a g n e tic b r a k e to a c h ie v e p re s p e c ifı
e d c u tT e n ts S o m e u s e fu l fo r m u la s fo r d e s c r ib h ı
g th e
c h a ra c te ris tic s o f a s h u n t e x c ite d D C m o to r a r e
A )M e a s u r in g s o m e C h a r a c te r is tic s o f D C S h u n t M o to r .
P r o c e d u r e
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2 T a k e a lo o k to th e ra tin g p la te o f D C m o to r th e s e r a tin g s m u st n o t b e e x c e e d e d a t a n y
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a in ta in e d c o n s ta n t lfï r o u g h
o u t th e eperiment a n d m u s t th e re fo re b e c h e c k e d fro m tim e to tim e
2 A ąj
u s t th e e x c ita tio n r h e o s ta t R m y
o f th e D C ge n e r a to r to b rin g r a te d c u rre n t (ı
,
-
0 8 A ) T h e s e ttin g o ftlı
e e x c ita « o n r h e o s ta t R m y
m u s t th e r e a f
te r n o t b e c h a n g e d d u r in g th e
e x p e r im e n t T h e sw itc h S m u s t s tiı
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3 A dj
u s t th e lo a d r e s is to r (R D to h igh re s is ta n c e (Clockwise to s to p ),
tu m o n s w itc h S
4 V a ry th e lo a d r e s is to r to b r in g c u rre n t ('A ) in s te p s IA to r a te d c u rr e n t
5 R e c o rd th e d a ta o f te r m in a l v o lta ge a n d lo a d c u lT e n t in the T a ble (7 4 )
T a ble (7 4 )
lĦ
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Q pcstı
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the putpo se o f th is e x p e r im e n t is to illustmte M e o pe ra tin g c h ar a u e ris tic s o f a ı
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s e qu iv a le n t c irc u it T o d e te rm in e a m o to r
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D e te r m in a tio n o f th e In d u c tio n M o to r E q u iv a ı
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N o L o a d T e s t
ih e n o lo a d te s t is u s e d to d e te rm in e a n in d u c tio n m o to r
'
s r o ta tio n a l lo s s e s ,
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n fo rm a ū o n a b o u t its m a g n e tiz a tio n c u rr e n t T h e s in g le p h a s e e qu iv a le n t c i
r c u it o f a 3 p h a s e in d u c tio n
m o to r is
R J・
F igu r e 8 l E q u iv a ı
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Si
n ce sl
ip is e x tr e m e ly s m a ll,
R
2
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n a lm o s t n o c u rr e n t to flo w th r o u gb th a t b ra n c h
there fo rq th e r o to r c o pp e r lo s s e s c a n b e n e g le c te d T he o n ly lo a ds o n th e m o to r a r e its c o r e lo s s e s ,
frictio n a n d w in da ge lo s s e s ,
a n d s tato r c o p p e r lo s s e s ; th e re fo re ,
th e th re e ph a s e in du c tio n m o to r n o lm l
ı
o sses ar e
M e te
P
h
in pu t p o w e r
: ćo re lo s s e s
P fr ic tio n a n d w in d a ge lo s s e s
F + w
i
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e e stim a te d fr o m th e fo llo w in g e qu a tio n w h e n y o u a r e giv e iï
1 Iı
ı
R esista n c e M e a s u r e m e n t
Tbis te st i
s u s e d to d e te r m in e th e s ta to r w in din g r e s is ta n c e ,
R In th e u Ľ te s t a ĹJL c u rr e ru is a p p iid iu
1
he m o to r,
s in c e th e c u 】
T e n t is D C ,
th e r e is n o in d u c e d v o lta g e in th e r o to r a n d th e re fo r e n o c u rr e n t in th e
rotor,
so n o R lo s s e s
Su ppl
yi
n g a D C c m e n t to 2 o f th e te r m in a ls o f a Y c o n n e c te d in du c ū o n m o to r c a u s e s c u rr e n t to flo w in
tw o pha se s o f th e m o to r th e r e fo r e ,
w h e n c a lc u la tin g th e r e s is ta n c e w e m u s t r e m e m b e r th a t th e
resi
stan c e s e e n is tw ic e th e s ta to r w in d in g r e s is ta n c e fo r o n e p h a s e
there fo re ,
th e s ta to r w in d in g r e s is ta n c e is R ,
-
V dc
2 I.
L o c ke d R o to r T e s t
The lo c ke d ro to r te st fo r in d u c tio n m o to r s is li
k e th e s h o r t c ir c u it te s t fo r tra n s fo rm e r s In th is te s t w e
l
o ck the ro to r in pla c e p r e v e n tin g it fr o m m o v in g A v o lta ge is a pp lie d to th e s ta to r o f th e m o to r a n d th e
coı
respo n di
n g c u lT e n t a n d p o w e r is m e a s tı
r e d S in c e th e s lip is e qu a l to 1,
R
2
/s is e qu a l to R
2
'
a s m a ll
n u m be r th e re fo r e ,
m o s t o f th e c u rr e n t w ill flo w thr o u gh R a n d X in s te a d o f th e la r m a g n e ū z h ı
g
reactan X fr o m th is w e c a n de te r m in e th e to ta l im pe d a n . d p ' ' " ı
e fro m tı
ı
e fo m ı
u la s
m
?
習
：

N o w ū at w e kn o w t
h e im pe d a n c e a n d ph a s e a n gle iť s po s s i
b le m da e rm in
e qu a tio n s
x ' " + x = z .
sin a
e R
.
a n d X ı
u t
fr o m th e
w n e re
R : s ta to r re s is ta n c e
l
R
2
: ro to r re s ista n c e
X ı
1: sta to r r e a c ta n c e a t te s t fre qu e n c y
x : sta to r re a c ta n c e
X X .
- X ,
+ X ,
X
2
: r o to r r e a c ta n c e
A te s t fr e q u e n c y is u s e d b e c a u s e w h e n th e r o to r is lo c k e d ,
th e r o to r fr e qu e n c y is e q u a l to th e lin e
fr e qu e n c y ,
b u t w h e n th e m a c h in e is a t o p e r a tin g c o n d itio n s th e ro to r
'
s fr e q u e n c y is a p pr o x im a te ly 1 to 3
H z S in c e r e a c ta n c e is la r ge ly d e p e n d e n t o n fr e q u e n c y ,
th is w ill c a u s e in a c c u r a te re s u lts A c o m p ro m is e
typ ic a lly u s e d is to d o th e te s t a t 2 5 % o r le s s th e r a te d fre qu e n c y H o w e v e r ,
in th is la b w e d o n o t h a v e
a c c e s s to a v a r ia ble fr e qu e n c y dr iv e ,
s o f = f A n d th e r e fo re
T o d e te rm in e h o w X LR b re a k s u p in to X
,
a n d X
2
'
w e r e fe r to th e m o to r c la s s b e h ı
g u s e d E x p e r ie n c e h a s
s h o w n th a t e a c h m o to r c la s s fo llo w s a typ ic a l re a c ta n c e b r e a k d o m i a c c o r d in g to th e T a b le 7 1
R o to r X r
X 2
D e s ign
W o Lu ı
d 0 5 X ı
x
0 5 X L R
R o to r
c 1a s s æ ı o 5 x ı
x L o 5 X rx
C la s s B 0 4 X m
0 6 X L R
C la s s C O 3 X L R
O 7 X L R
C la s s D 0 5 X ı
x 0 5 X L R
e 8 1 R e a c ta iı
c e b r e a k d o w n fo r D iffe r e t C la s s s f In d u tio n M to r s

匕自
曲曲ヒ一
Tn e i
n du c ū o n m o to r u s e d in th is lab is a C ı
a s s B m o to r a n d th e re fo re fr o n ıth e ta ble a b o v e
B y u sin g o h n u n e te r m e a s u r e th e th r e e w in d in g r e s is ta n c e s b e tw e e n
3
事
蕪
2 N o L o a d T e s t
1 C o n n e c t th e e d d y c u rr e n t b r a k e a n d th e in d u c tio n m o to r in a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e c i
r c u it d ia gr a m
figu r e (8 2 ) M a k e s u r e th a t th e p o w e r p a c k is in th e
ı
ı
o fF'
p o s itio n

2 N o te a n d r e c o r d th e m o to r r a tin g s
3 E ńiy c u 】
T e n t b r a k e s e t u p
3 1 C h e c k th a t th e ta c h o ge n e r a to r te r m in a ls a n d th e s tr a in g a u ge le a d a r e c o n n e c te d to th e
s p e c i
fie d te n n i
n a İs a t the b a c k o f 0 1e c o n biòľ u i
nit
3 2 S e t th e m a in s w itc h to th e (O f )p o s itio n
3 3 T U r o n th e m a in s w itc h ,
th e ligi
n t fr o ń i th e dig ita l displa in dic a te s th a t th e e ddy c lir r e n t b r a k e
is r e a dy fo r Maı
İ aiio
3 4 T u m th e
ı
ı
b r a k e fo r c e
"
lcn o b a n ti c lo c k w is e to m in im u m to rq u e p o s itio n
3 5 R e a d a n d m a k e a n o te o f th e s p e e d v a lu e S e t th e (to r qu e /p o w e r ) s w itc h to
"
to r q u e
"
p o s iū o n
T u m
"
z e r o a dj
u s t
"
k n o b u n til a z e ro r e a d in g is s h o w n o n th e c o rT e sp o n d in g d is p la y
A t le a s t 5 m in u te s w a r m in g u p tim e n e e d e d b e fo r e z e r o
3 6 T u m th e s w itc h to
"
p o w e r
"
p o s itio n a n d c h e c k th a t th e d is pla y r e a d in g is a ls o z e r o
3 7 T u m o ff th e m a in s w itc h T h e e d d y c u lT e n t b r a k e is n o w s e t a n d r e a d y fo r o p e r a tio n
3 8 T h e s u p e r v is o r s h o u ld n o w c h e c k th e c o n n e c tio n s
ı S w itc h o n th e p o w e r p a c k
2 T lm o n th e v a r ia b le A C v o lta ge s w itc h a n d a dj
u s t th e v o lta ge to 22 0 V N o te a ll d e fle c ū o n s o f
th e in s tn ı
m e n ts a n d r e c o r d a t ta b le (8 2 ) T u m o ff th e A C v o lta ge s w itc h
習
T a ble (8 2 )
V A L U E S
C A L C M T E D V A L U E S
V Ly 》 l
m I
团团I = s Q Q

3 L o c k e d R o to r T e s t
1 Se t th e s ta r/d e lta s w itc h to p o s itio n
"
A "
a n d the re v e rs in g sı
n rle r wltçh (Z ) Io polon
"
F o rw a r ď"
H o ld o n to th e r o to r s o th a t th e m o to r do e s n o l slo tt,
C he c k th n the e d«ly c u rre n t
b r a ke is tu m o n ,
a t m a x im u m
2 R e c o r d in ta b le (8 4 )th e r a te d c u r re n t to m o to r
3 T u m o n th e A C v o lta ge s w itc h n n d c a u tio u s ly In c re n se tho v o ltn 吕
e s o tha t the Ĥ ln lo ıc u rrû n i
in c r e a se s to r a te d c u ı
T e n t M a k e a n o te o f U ,
It a n d P ln a t ta b l
e (8 4 ),
T ı
e n lu ı
n th e A C v o llt
tge
d o w n to z e ro
T n h ln (R m
C O S O =
F
.
.
)
R 2
= C O S O × Z L R
R ) L R 1«
X = s ln Q × z
,
ı
T ı
n «
Q u e s tio n s
1 D r a w th e e qu iv a le n t c irc u it fo r th e in d u c tio n m a c h in e L a be l the c lrc u lt pn rn m ô te rs a n d th e
v a lu e s o b ta in e d in th e 1ab

D ia gr a n ıfig u r e R 团团ıl
l
-
°
.
R
h
.

E x p e r im e n t (9 )
In d u c tio n M o to r (2 )
o ◆e c tiv e
T o in v e e tig a te a ta r d e lta e ta r t a n d p lu g g in g ,
to m e a 8 u r e th e e fn c ie n c y a t d iffe r e n t
lo a d ß,
a n d to 1ı
ı
e a s u r e th e to r q u e c h a r a c te r is tic ,
T ・ f (e ),
i e Th e d e liv e r e d to r q u e a 8
fu n c tio n o f th e a lip
T h e o r y
In du c tio n m o to rs h a v e a w ide a pplic a ti
o n in in d u s try b y v ir tu e o f th e a dv a n ta ge s th e y h a v e o v e r o tı
ı
e r
typ e s o f m o to rs
A s im p lic ity in c o n s tr u c tio n
B re lia b ility i
n s e r v ic e
C le s s c o s t
m e s im p lifie d spe e d to r qu e e qu a tio n fo r the in d u c tio n m o to r c a n b e w r itte n in th e fo llo w in g w a y
W n e re V p - s ta to r p h a s e v o lta ge
R s ,
R r
'
. s ta to r a n d re fe 】
T e d r o to r r e s is ta n c e s
X s ,
X r
'
. s ta to r a n d re fe rr e d r o to r in du c ta n c e s
n
.
= s yn c hr o n o u s s p e e d o f th e m o to r ,
c a lc u la te d fr o m th e e q u a tio n
w n e r e
f ,
= fre qu e n c y o f th e m a in s s u pp ly
P . n u m be r o f p o le s
s = s li
p o f th e m o to r, c a lc u la te d fr o m the e q u a tio n
吕目
目し三미
虹
in flu e n c e th e to qq u e c h a r a c te ń s tic s o f the in d u c tio n m o to r A s c a n be s e e n fro m th e e q u a tio n (8 1),
fo r
u ı
y giv e n v a lu e o f s lip , the to rqu e de v e ı
o pe d by th e m o to r,
w ill be pro p o rtio n a l to th e s q u a r e o f th e
T he fo llo w in g fig u re giv e s a ty pic a l in du c tio n m o to r to qq u e s p e e d c h a r a c te ń s tic

斓
唱
掣
In th e la bo ra to ry e x e rc is e the e ffi
c ie n c y T ı
o f th e m o to r is th e ra tio b e tw e e n o u tp u t p o w e r P o u t a n d in p u t
p o w e r p in
'
P - I ,
V ,
c o s o q =
(
P a ı
/p h )* 10 0 %
ı
iı
L n L n
t h e o u tp u t p o w e r (P o u t) is de te rm in e d b y m e a s u r in g th e s p e e d o f the r o to r n (rp m )a n d th e to r q u e T
P o u t
=
(2 tt n l óo)* T
T he in pu t p o w e r is m e a s u r e d w ith a M e a s u r in g u n it
U ı
e s lip S is c a lc u la te d fr o m th e s p e e d ,
a =
W n e r e n l - 15 0 0 rp m u s in g a n in du c tio n m o to r 4 p o le s
W n e n th e lo a d o n the m o to r s h a ft is s m a ll,
th e s p e e d w ill b e c lo s e to n 1,
h e n c e th e a c c u ra c y in th e
c a lc u la tio n o f th e s lip is p o o r In su c h c a s e th e ro to r fr e q u e n c y f ,
is fo u n d b y c a lc u la tin g th e n u m b e r o f
o s c illa tio n s d u r in g e g 30 s e c o n ds o n th e a m m e te r in th e ro to r c irc u it H e n c e ,
s lip is e qu a l
SaTı
f ,
w he re f = 60 1o
S ta r de lta s ta r t is e ffe c te d b y c h a n g in g o v e r th e w in din gs M e s ta r t c u lT e n t fo r s ta r de lta s ta r t is re du c e d
Ħu ggi
n g is e ffe c te d b y r e v e r s in g tw o o f th e m o to r te rm in a tio n s ,
s o c a u s in g a te n de n c y to ro ta te in th e
o pp o s ite d i
r e c tio n

M e n s u r e m t
P ro c e d u re
1 C o n n e c t th e c dtly c u rre n t b rn ko n n d th Đ n d u c tı
o n n ílı
o r ı
n w c o n ı
n n c o w iı
i
u o ciı
tı
; ı
ı
ı
g ı
ı
ı
ı
ı
ï
fl吕
u re (9 3 ) M n ko su re thn t h o po w e r p n c k ls In the
"
o fr pn s ltio n
2 N o te n n d ı
E c o lD the m o to r rn tln 吕
s
3 1 C he c k tlı
n t thc n c h o ge n e r n to r e r m ln n ls n n d tho stmln ga u ge ı
e n d w e c o n n e c te d to tı
o
spe c ifie d te r m in a ls a t the h a c k o f h o c o n tro lu n it
3 2 S e t the m n ln sw itc h to the (o ft
) p o s lll
o n
3 3 m o n th o m a in sw itc h ,
the 11吕
ht fro m tlı
e d l吕
ltn ı
d l
s pı
n y In d lc n te s th n t ı
ı
e e dd y c u ı
T e n t bmkc
is ı
Ę a dy fo ım n n lpu ln tio n
3 4 ħim th e
"
bm k e fo rc e
ı
ı
kn o b a n il c lo c k w is e to m in m u ı
n to rqu e po s l
lo n
3 5 R e n d n n d m a ke n n o te o f thc s pe e d v a lu e S e t th e (to rq u e /po w e r) s w itc h to
"
to rqo
"
po s lllo n
n rn
ı
ı
z e r o a dj
u s t
"
kn o b u n til n z e ro ı
e n d i
n g is s h o w n o n the c o r
T e s po n d in g d ls plo y
N o te A t ı
e n s t 5 n ı
ı
n ı
lc s wnı
mı
ı
ı
g ı
ı
p ı
in c n c c «ı
c d b c lo ı
c z c r n ı
n R
3 6 ħ lm th e s w itc h to
"
p o w e r
"
p o s itio n ł
ı
n d c he c k tlı
n t the d is pla y ı
e n d in g l
s a lso z e ro
3 7 T u m o ff the m a in sw itc h T h e e dd y c u n '" n t b r n ke ls n o w s c t n n d ı
e n d y fo r o pc ı
n tl
o n
T he su p e rv is o r sh o u ld n o w c he c k th e c o n n e c tio n s
4 C o n n e c t th e in d u c tio n m o to r (M ) to th e e d d y c u T e n t b rn kc n n d c he c k th a t the c o n n e c tio n ls In
a c c o rd a n c e w ith the c irc u it dingmm F ig u ı
e (9 3)
5 k e e p o n a ll s w itc h e s (X )n n d (Z ) n t z e r o p o s itio n
6 M m o n th e v a r ia b le A C v o lta ge s w itc h (F ) a n d n «lju s t to 2 20 V T u rn thc s ta r/d e lta s w ltc lı to
ı
ı
Y ı
ı
7 T u m o n th e s w itc h (Z ) to
"
F O r w w d "
,
w h c re u p o n th e m o to r s ta r ls W h e n thc s pe e d o f the ı
n o to l
h a s s to p p e d in c re a s in g ,
s e t th e s ta r/d e lta s w itc h to p o s itio n
"
d "
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P in ,
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N a n d P o ı
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12 R e du c e th e lo a d o f th e ln o to r to m in im u m T u tT r o ff th e A C v o lta ge s w itc h (Ħ
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re n t p o r e a c h s te p m a ke a n o te o f U a n d II a t ta b ı
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4 S e t th e s ta r/de lta s w itc h to p o s itio n
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a n d tu m it u p to 2 20 V ,
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"
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w h e re u p o n the m o to r s ta r ts W n e n th e m o to r h a s
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c o lu m n s in th e ta b le s
2 U s in g th e re s u lts fr o m ta b le (9 4 ),
? a w th e gr a ph Il= f (V ),
the s ta rtin g c u lT e n t a s a fu n c tio n o f
th e s ta to r v o lta ge T h e V a x is m u s t r u n to 2 2 0 V E x te n d th e c u rv e a n d re a d th e s ta r tin g c lı
lT e n t
a t r a te d v o lta ge ,
3 C a lc u la te th e ra tio b e tw e e n s ta r tin g c u iT e n t fo r d e lta a n d s ta r c o n n e c tio n W n a t is th e th e o r e tic a l
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4 D r a w th e gr a ph s (17 - f(P o u t) fo r m e a s u r e m e n ts a t T a b le (9 3)D ra w th e gra p h s T ・
m e a s u r e m e n ts a t T a b ı
e (9 3)
E x tr a p o la te th e gra ph s to T - 0 W n a t s h o u ld be th e s lip fo r T - O? E x p la in th e d iffe r e n c e
5 C a lc u la te th e p e r c e n ta ge o f n o lo a d c u rr a n t in re la tio n to th e r a te d c u rr e n t
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S y n c h r o n o u s G e n e r a to r
O bje c tiv e s
T o de te r m e n t th e n o lo a d c h a r a c te ń s tic ,
th e sh o r t c i
r c u it c h a ra c te ń s ti
c a n d th e lo a d c h a r a c te ris tic s
&
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T h e o r y
T he s yn c h r o n o u s ge n e r a to r o r a lte m a to r is th e m o s t c o m m o n m a c h in e u s e d to c o n v e rt m e c h a n ic a l p o w e r li
to e ı
e c tr ic ity T h e m a in o bje c t o f th is e x p e ń m e n t is to g a in e x pe ń e n c e in o p e r a tin g a s yn c hro n o u s
m a c h in e a s a ge n e r a to r
th e s te a d y s ta te b e h a v io r o f th e s yn c h r o n o u s m a c h in e m a y b e e x p la in e d w ith v a r y i
n g d e gr e e s o f
a c c u r a c y u s in g p e r ph a s e e qu iv a le n t c i
r c u it m o de ls T h e s im p le s t c irc u it m o de l u s e s a v o lta ge s o u r c e E
f
the m a g n itu de o f w h ic h is p r o p o r tio n a l to th e fie ld c u rr e n t fo r a c o n s ta n t s pe e d E
r
is in s e d e s w ith th e
s yn c h r o n o u s r e a c ta n c e a n d th e s ta to r re s is ta n c e
, i gur e 9- :Eq ui va l en t Ci rc u i t of a Sy nc h ron o u s Ma c h i ne
T h e v a r ia b le s s h o w n in ľ ı
e y 1 a r e de fin e d a s fo llo w s
E f internal v o lta ge (B a c k E M F )
V t te rm i
n a l v o lta ge
R s ta to r r e s is ta n c e
X s : s yn c hr o n o u s re a c ta n c e
Ia a rn ı
a tu r e c u rre n t

V .
= E
f
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.
x X
.
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F igu re 9 ,
1 n o w b e c o m e s
剧
V
E
F igu re 9 2 E qu iv a le n t C ir c u it o f a S yn c h ro n o u s M a c h in e (n e g le c tin g s ta ı
o r re s is ta n c e )
F o r p o w e r s y s te m a n a ly s is th is r e p re s e n ta tio n is u s u a lly s u ffic ie n tly a c c u r a te ,
b u t b e a e r re s u k s a n d a
gre a te r in s ight in to th e m a c h in e is o b ta in e d w h e n X s is d iv ide d in to tw o p ar ts ,
X a n d X A a n u m n e
le a k a ge re a c ta n c e X A r e a c ta n c e o f a r m a tu re re a c tio n )
R e fe r rin g b a c k to th e e q u iv a le n t c irc u it,
it c a n b e s e e n ,
th a t in a s yn c hr o n o u s m n r h in p ņ lhm V t ı
a g s E f
th e m a c h in e is g e n e r a tin g a n d w h e n V t le a d s E f th e m a c h in e is m o to r in g P u ttin g th is in o th e r W
w he n th e m a c h in e is g e n e r a tin g th e ro to r m a gn e tic fie ld is p u ı
lin g a r o u n d th e s tÆ o r m a g n e tic fı
e ltL T be
o p p o s ite is tr u e fo r m o to rin g th e s ta to r m a g n e tic fie ld is p u llin g a r o u n d th e ro to r m a tic f i e
49
In a s yn c hro n o u s ge n e r a to r ,
th e r e is a m a g n e tic fie ld pro d u c e d o n th e r o to r b y e ith e r a n e m a g n e t
o r a p e r m a n e n t m a gn e t T h e r o to r o f th e g e n e r a to r is th a n tu r n e d b y a pr im e m o v e r , p r o du l
c in g a to ta lin g
m a gn e t fie ld w ith in th e m a c h in e T h is ro ta tin g m a gn e tic fie ld i
n d u c e s a th r e e p h a s e se t o f v o ı
ta ge s
w ith i
n th e s ta to r w in din g s o f th e g e n e r a to r T h e p rim e m o v e r c a n b e a c o m b u s tio n eiı
gi w in d t n r b
m o v in g w a te r (s te a m )o r e v e n a h a m s te r ,
a s lo n g a s it c a n pro d u c e th e re qu h e d po w e r
T yp ic a lly a s yn c hr o n o u s m a c h in e s r o to r is a la r ge e le c tr o m a g n e t T he p o le s o f th e ro to r c a n b e e iı
h e r
s a lie n t o r n o n s a lie n t S in c e th e ro to r is m o v in g,
it is d iffic u lt to s u pp ly th c ro to r w ith th e D C c ı
m e n t
(1)U s e s lip r in g s a n d c a rb o n b ru sh e s to s u p p ly th e D C c u lr e n t fr o n ıa iıe x tm ı
a l s o u r c e (2 ) B y m o m ı
tin g
M e th o d 1 is o fte n u se d b e c a u s e o f a lo w e r in itia l c o s t T he d o w n s ide o f th is m e th o d is th a t it re qu ire s
m o r e m a in te n a n c e b e c a u s e th e s lip r in gs a iı
d br u s he s w e a r d o w n d u e to fric tio n A ls o ,
w he iım i
n g la rg e r
ñ e ı
d c u r r e n ts ,
th e v o lta ge dr o p a c r o s s th e b ru s h e s c a n be a s o u r c e o f s ign ific a aı
t ı
o s s e s
M e th o d 2 is u s e ￠
ıin la rg e r m a c h in e s In th e s e m a c h in e s a s m a ll a c ge n e ra to r c a u e d a b m s h le s s e x c ite r
h a s its a r m a tu r e c ir c u it m o u n te d o n th e s h a ft o f th e r o to r ,
a n d its fie ı
d c irc u it fn «x m te d o n th e s ta ï o r T be
ge n e r a te d A C c u r r e n t is th e n r e c tifie d d ir e c tly o n th e ro to r u s in g a 3 ph a se re c tifie r F o r th e ge n e r a to r to
be c o m p le te ly in de p e n de n t o f external p o w e r s o u r c e s ,
a p iı
o t e x c ite r (a s m a ll æ ge m m m m lł
ia t h a s

# a
pe m ı
a n e n t m a gn e ts m o u n te d o n th e s h a ft o f th e r o to r a n d a thr e e p h a s e »
su pply th e fie ld c ir c u it w ith p o w e r
n g o n the s ta to r ) is u s
W n e n ge n e r a tin g p o w e r u s in g a s yn c h r o n o u s m a c h in e yo u m u s t be a ble to ke e p s th e ge n e r a to r
a t t
h e s a m e s p e e d r e g a r d le s s o f th e lo a d o th e r w is e th e re s u ltin g o u tp u t fr e qu e n
iy w o u ld X,
'
c o n sta n t
帮
n n
Ł
1 C o n n e c t th e D C m a c h in e a s m o to r a n d th e s yn c hr o n o u s m a c h in e a s ge n e r a to r i
n a c c o r
2 M a k e a n o te o f th e r a tin g s o f th e s y n c hr o n o u s m a c h in e s h o w n o n th e r a tin g p la te e r e a r o f
n r y x e&e lse s
th e m a c h in e T h e s e r a tin g s m u s t n o t b e e x c e e de d a t a n y tim e du rin g th e 1abo ra t
3 T h e s u p e r v is o r sh o u ld n o w c h e c k th e c o n n e c tio n s T h e s w itc h S m u s t b e o ff
4 S w itc h o n th e to r qu e m e a s u r in g u n it a n d a dj
u s t th e p o te n tio m e te r to o bta in m a x e x c ita tio n
c u iT e n t to th e D C m a c h in e
5 S e t th e v a r ia ble D C v o lta ge c o n tr o l o n th e p o w e r p a c k to z e ro a n d tu m o n th e v a r ia b le D C
ria b le D C
v o lta ge sw itc h T h e n s ı
o w ı
y tu m u p th e v a r ia ble D C v o lta g e to 2 2 0 V a n d c o n tin u o u s ly c h e c k
th e ro to r c u 1T e n t (Ia ) o f th e D C m a c h in e
6 A dj
u st th e D C m a c h in e to bń n g th e s p e e d to e x a c tly 150 0 rp m 1h is s p e e d m u s t b e k e p t c o n s ta n t
.
thr o u gh o u t th e e x e r c is e
M e a su re m e n t o f N o L o a d C h a r a c te ris tic E - f (i. )
T h e in du c e d n o lo a d v o lta g e a s fu n c tio n o f th e e x c itin g c u r r e n t
1 T u m o n th e fix e d D C v o lta ge s w itc h A dju s t th e sh u n t r he o s ta t s o a s to o b ta in m in im u m
:
e x c itatio n c u rre n t to th e s yn c hro n o u s ge n e r a to r
2 T he s w itc h S m u st b e o ff V a r y th e e x c ita tio n c u rr e n t I.
in s te p s o f 0 2 A fr o m z e ro to m a x im u m
(se e ra tin gs) F o r e v e ry s te p m l
a 】
ūe a n o te o f I.
a n d the i
n du c e d v o lta ge re a d o n th e v o ltm e te r U

q
;
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yr ş 券
M e a su r e m c il L o 1 ö n o r L L 1r c u 1[ n a r a c te n s tic I - f (i.
y I
J
T he a rm a tu r e c u 1T e n t,
a s fu n c tio n o f th e e x c ita tio n c u lT e n t w h e n th e s ta td . I
ŕ
. ,
1 A d j
u s t th e sh u n t r h e o s ta t R o f th e s yn c hr o n o u s m a c h in e to b ń gg th e e
S h o r t c ir c u it a ll thr e e p h a s e s o n th e s w itc h S o n th e s id e to w M c ıth e l
2 T u m o n s w itc h s v a r y th e a r m a tu re c u iT e n t in s te ps o f o 5 A f r o , o
r a tin gs ) w ith th e sh u n t r h e o stat R m y a n d fo r e a c h s te p m a k e a n o te o f I. a iı
d I.
: 넣
3 C h e c k th e s p e e d !
4 A dj
u s t th e sh u n t rhe o s ta t o f th e s yn c hr o n o u s m a c h in e to br in g th e e x c itin g w e g ￠
O T
o ff s w itc h S a n d r e m o v e the sh o rt_ c i
r c u it
、
菇私 '
目
1 A dj
u s t th e s h u n t r he o s ta t R .
o f th e s yn c hr o n o u s m a c h in e to b r in g th e v o lta ge m t V M a k e
a n o te o f th e s e tti
n g o f th e n e r a to r e x c itin g c u iT e n t I T his v a lu e o f I ,
lik e th e s p e e d t l q ğį
2 T u m o n th e s w itc h S a n d w ith th e lo a d r e s is to r R B v a r y th e a m ı
a ttı
r e c u 1T e n t in s A
to m a x im u m (ş e e r a ti
n g s )F o
T e a c h s te p m a k e a n o te o f th e c u 1T e n t IA a n d v o lta ge
￡h . c
e x c ita tio n c u rr e n t a n d s p e e d !
3 T u m o ff s w itc h S a n d r e p la c e th e lo a d r e s is to r b y th e de lta c o m ı
e c te d lo a d in d
4 T u n ıo n s w itc h s a n d w ith th e lo a d in d u c to r v a r y th e a rm a tu r e c u 1T e n t in s
tepX_ i m
(s e e r a tin g s) F o r e a c h s te p m a k e a n o te o f th e c u iT e n t IA a n d v o lta ge U C h e c k th e
e n
c u rr e n t a n d s p e e d ' æ
5 T u m o ff s w itc h S a n d r e p la c e th e lo a d in d u c to r b y th e s ta r c o n n e c te d lo a d c a p a m ,
6 T u m o n s w itc h S a n d w itı
ıth e lo a d c a p a c ito r v a ry th e a m ı
a tu r e c u n te n t iı
ıs te p s U to n ı
a x im u m
习
(s e e r a tin g s ) F o r e a c h s te p m a k e a n o te o f th e c u r r e n t IA a n d v o lta g e U T e n n in a te th e
m e a s u re m e n t w h e n th e v o lta ge h a s ū s e n to 3 0 0 V C h æ k th e e x c ita ū o n c u rr e n t a n d s p e e d !
M e a su r e m e n t o f L o a d C h a r a c te r is tic s U = f (IA )
T he ge n e ra to r v o lta ge a s a fu n c tio n o f th e a rm a tu r e c u n e n t

P ro b le m s
1 D r a w gr a p h s o f th e n o lo a d c h a r a c te r is tic a n d s h o rt c ir c u it c h a r a c te ris tic in th e s a m e
w ith c o m m o n I a x is
7 D ra w thr æ v e c to r dia gra m s to sc a le w ith E = 13 0 V ,
90 de g e e s re s p e c tiv e ly T h e n u m e ric a l v a lu e o f 兀
Eİ-
8 R e a d U in th e v e c to r d ia gr a m s a iı
d c o m p a r e w ith th
c h a r a c te ń s ti
c u r r e n t Im o
5 C a lc u la te th e s yn c h r o n o u s re a c ta n c e o f th e ge n e r a to r p e r ph a s e a s X
6 c a lc u la te h e s h o r t c irc u it r a tio o f th e ge n e r a to r k .
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