4. 2. The principle also known as the 80–20 rule,
the law of the vital few, and the principle of
factor sparsity. A Business-management
consultant Joseph M. Juran suggested the
principle and named it after Italian famous
economist, who observed in 1906 that 80% of
the land in Italy was owned by 20% of the
population; he developed the principle by
observing that 20% of the pea pods in his
garden contained 80% of the peas.
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10. 5. The origin of this system of analysis comes from
US Armed Forces Military During the 1970s, use of
this system and related techniques spread to other
industries. It helps select remedial actions that
reduce cumulative impacts of life-cycle
consequences (risks) from a systems failure (fault).
It is used in many formal quality system such as QS-
9000 or TS 16949. The development of these
specifications helps to ensure the product will meet
the defined requirements and customer needs.
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12. 6. During the Middle Ages, guilds adopted responsibility for quality control
of their members, setting and maintaining certain standards for guild
membership.
Royal governments purchasing material were interested in quality control
as customers. For this reason, King John of England appointed William
Wrotham to report about the construction and repair of ships. Centuries
later, Samuel Pepys, Secretary to the British Admiralty, appointed multiple
such overseers.
It refers to the systematic activities implemented in a quality system so
that quality requirements for a product or service will be fulfilled. It is the
systematic measurement, comparison with a standard, monitoring of
processes and an associated feedback loop that confers error prevention.
Two principles included in it are: "Fit for purpose", the product should be
suitable for the intended purpose; and "Right first time", mistakes should
be eliminated
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14. 7. It was originated as a set of practices designed to
improve manufacturing processes and eliminate
defects. With the help of this powerful practice
process controls was visualise, John F. Mitchell the
chief engineer of Motorola launched the Iridium
satellite constellation, one of the most complex
projects undertaken by a private company, which
involved some 25,000 electronic components and
took 11 years to develop and implement at a cost of
$5 Billion. The processes resulted in $16–17 Billion
savings to Motorola as in 2006 with the help of the
practice which Mitchell implemented for Motorola.
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20. 11. In 1747, while serving as surgeon on HMS Salisbury, James Lind carried out a
controlled experiment to develop a cure for scurvy. Lind selected 12 scurvy
patients from the ship. Lind he provided strict entry requirements to reduce
extraneous variation. He divided them into six pairs, giving each pair different
supplements to their basic diet for two weeks. The treatments were all remedies
that had been proposed.
The men who had been given citrus fruits recovered dramatically within a week.
One of them returned to duty after 6 days and the others cared for the rest. The
others experienced some improvement, but nothing was comparable to the citrus
fruits, which were proved to be substantially superior to the other treatments.
This a very tool came into existence which helps one to find the root cause.
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22. 12. The concept first developed in 1961 in
Yamaha electric plant, where manual
assembly of a child part in a two way push
button switch was undetected and could only
be discovered when it reaches its end user,
which fetch the huge embarrassment on
customer front. Mr. Shiego Shingo came with
out a concept which could save the company
from humiliation and the such a stable
process thatt could make mistake impossible.
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59. 32. Malcolm Baldrige National Quality
Award recognizes U.S. organizations
in the business, health care, education,
and nonprofit sectors for performance
excellence, a similar type of quality
award popular among TATAs name it?
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75. 40. Among the 7 QC tools, which tool is missing
1) Flow Chart
2) Checksheet
3) Histogram
4) Pareto
5) Cause & Effect
6) _________
7) Control Charts
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