1. 1

2. 2

3. B.A (Geo,), B.Ed, M.Ed,
Ph.D (Pedagogy)
University of Tsukuba, Japan
3

4. txl; cGifhjyKcsuf
þjrefrmbmomjyefpmwrf;tm; rl&if;rysuf rnfolrqdk?
rnfonfhtoif;tzGJYrqdk? rnfonfh vlrsKd;rqdk?
rnfonfhbmom0ifrqdk? rnfonfhEdkifiHurqdk vGwfvyfpGmjzifh
ykHESdyfxkwfa0a&mif;cscGifhay;ygonf/
bmomjyefqdkol? wnf;jzwfol? xkwfa0olrsm;xHrS
cGifhjyKcsuf awmif;cH&efrvdkyg/
pm½Iolrsm;tm; tpOfav;pm;vQuf
a'gufwm,mprD;efAif;efaohtAÁ'kv’m[f
4

5. þpmtkyfjzifh &&SdrnfhtusKd;p0g;Afukokdvfaumif;rIrsm;udk
tv’m[ft&SifjrwftrdefYawmfcH,loGm;&SmNyDjzpfaom
zcifBuD; tAÁ'kv’m[f? rdcifBuD;&mbD,mESifh
tm&f0gtaygif;tay: tdqGmavp0g;Af ydkYoyg/
a'gufwm,mprD;ef Aif;efaoh tAÁ'kv’m[f
5

6. rmwdum
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7

8. jrefrmbmomjyefqoltrSmpm
dk
tvGefw&moem;Muifem n§mwmawmfrlaom? teEÅ*½kPm&Sifjzpfawmfrlaom? tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf
emrawmfjzifh tpjyKyg/
cspfvSpGmaom pm½Iol ---------
jrefrmrGwfpvifrfavmuwGif?acwfESifhtnDpmayrsm;xGufay:vmaeonfhtwGufaumif;aomtvm;t
vm jzpfygonf/ þacwf? þavmuBuD;udk vlwdkYrS IT acwf? Knolwledge Age acwfponfjzifh
trnfrsm;wwfí trsKd;rsKd;ac:a0:Muaomfvnf;? rajymif;vJaomtajccHoabmt&ajym&rnfqdkvQif
þacwfudk pumwifacwf (Screening Age)[kac:oifhygonf/ rnfonfht&mudk pumwif
ygoenf;/ ar;p&mar;cGef;jzpfygonf/ rnfonfht&mudk pumwifoenf;qdkvQif vlom;onf
vlom;yDoygavm[laom vlom;t&nftaoG;rsm;teufrS vlom;yDojcif;(Humanity)[laom
t&nftaoG;udk pumwifMunfhaomacwf[k ac:oifhygonf/
pm½Ioltm;vkH;odxm;NyD;onhftwdkif;? urÇmhEdkifiHtoD;oD;touudk taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;ESifh ajcqefY
oGm;vmMuonfh a½Tjrefrmrsm;tm;vkH;owdjyKrdMuonfhtcsufrSm ,aeYwdk;wufxGef;um;vSygonf[l
aomEdkifiHrsm;wGif ½kyf0wÅKypönf;rsm;xl;jcm;qef;jym;vmrI? vlrIpD;yGm;a&;tajctaersm; wdk;wuf
zGYHNzdK;rIrsm; taMumif;t&if;cHrSm todynmzGYHNzdK;vmjcif;aMumifh[laomtcsufjzpfonf/ rSefygonf/
tjrifhydkif;rSvlrsm;(Highly Educated) ajymqdkaeMuonfrSm todynmESifhqdkifaom zGYHNzdK;wdk;wufrI
qdkif&mpHEIef;wpfckrSm Culture [laom ,Ofaus;rIyif jzpfygonf/ bmomjyefqdkoltaeESifh
EdkifiH&yfjcm;a'owpfcsKdUwGifaexdkifbl;jcif;aMumifh owdjyKvmrdaomtcsufrSm ,aeYtcsdefwGif
wdk;wufcsrf;omaomEdkifiHol? EdkifiHom;rsm;,Ofaus;rIonf jrifhrm;oa,mifjzpfoGm;jcif; jzpf
ygonf/ þurÇmajrwGif rajymif;vJaomtajccHoabmw&m;BuD;wpf&yfrSm aiGaMu;&wwf csrf;om
aomoludk vl,Ofaus;tjzpfcH,lusifhokH;Mujcif;jzpfygonf/ tvG,fqkH;Oyrmav;wpf&yfay;ygu
urÇmhukvor*¾BuD;udk pDrHcs,fvS,faeonfh vkHNcKHa&;aumifpD(Security Council)wGif pDrH
jc,fvS,faeonfh tNrJwrf;tzGJY0if[kac:qdkaeMuaom BuD;ig;BuD;[lonfhEdkifiHrsm;rSm aiGaMu;csrf;om
aom? tiftm;tzufzufrS awmifhwif;aomEdkifiHBuD;rsm;jzpfNyD;? 4if;EdkifiHrsm;MoZmtmPmtwdkif;
vdkufemaqmif½GufaeMu&ayonf/ jyefícsKyf&rnfqdkaomf ,aeYvltzGJUtpnf;wpfckcsif;wGifomru
EdkifiHtoD;oD;wGifrqdk urÇmBuD;wpfckvkH;udk todynmtm;jzifh a½SUwef;a&mufaom? Opöm"e<u,f0
csrf;omaom? tzufzufrS tiftm;awmifhwif;aom vlwpfpkrSu BudK;udkif cs,fvS,faeMujcif;om
jzpfygonf/
xdktcgwGif trSefwu,f todynmacwfa&mufaeygNyD? tdkifwDacwfa&mufaeygNyD[k ajymEdkifyg
onf/ txufyg vlwpfpkwGif tdkifwDESifh ynm½SdMuygonf/ odkYaomfjim;vnf; xdkuJhodkY ynm
jynfhpkHolrsm;? tvGef ,Ofaus;ygonfqdkaomvlrsm;uyif urÇmha'otoD;oD;wGif pdk;rdk;tEdkifusifh
AdkvfusrIrsm;udk OD;aqmifaecJhMuygonf/ Oyrm- tar&duef-tD&wfppfyGJ? tar&duef-tmz*ef
8

9. epöwefppfyGJ? ½k½S-a*smf*sD,mppfyGJ? tpöa&;-ygvpöwdkif;ppfyGJrsm;wGif awGY½SdEkdifygonf/ urÇmh
ukvor*¾BuD;rSvnf; emrnfomusefawmhNyD;? bmrS pGrf;aqmifay;Edkifjcif; r&Sdawmhacs/
xdkYaMumifh ynmwwf,Ofaus;Muygonfqdkaomvlrsm;uyif vlrqefaom? t½kdif;qefaom? t½kdif;
0g'(barbarism)tm; usifhokH;aeMuonfudk awGYjrifMu&ygonf/ vlYobm0t& rdrdu vl½kdif;jzpf
onfudk tajzaumif;ay;&ef OmPfeD? OmPfeufokH;MuonfrSm obm0yif jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh xdk
vl½kdif;BuD;rsm;uyif tjcm;aomvlrsm;udk vl½dkif;emrnfwwfí vufn§dK;xdk;wwfMuonfrSm "r®wm
yif/ vl½kdif;rsm;u tkyfpkzGJYMuonf/ ulnDMuonf/ ½kdif;yif;Muonf/ pnf;vkH;Muonf/ nDnmMu
onf/ igESifhrwl igh&efolvkyfwwfvmMuonfponfhjyoemrsm;tusKd;qufwpfckrSm tjypfrJholrsm;
tm; trnftrsKd;rsKd;ay;? acgif;pOftrsKd;rsKd;wwfí tEdkifusifh pdk;rdk;Adkvfusjcif;omjzpfonf/
urÇmESifht0Srf; xdkuJhodkY tEdkifhusifh pdk;rdk;AdkvfusrIrsm;udk ykHo@meftrsKd;rsKd;ESifh ae&mtrsKd;rsKd;wGif
awGYEdkifygonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm EdkifiHa&;t& ppfyGJqifETJjcif;? pD;yGm;a&;qufEG,frI jzwfawmufjcif;?
vlrIa&;t& ypfy,fjcif;--- ponfhponfh ykHo@mefrsKd;pkH½Sdygonf/ 4if;wdkY &vm'fwpfckrSmum;
vlYtcGifhta&;ac: vlYtcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk csKd;azmufjcif;yifjzpfonf/ urÇmhukvor*¾
vlYtcGifhta&;aMujimpmwrf; (Universal Human Rights) wGif trsm;ESifhqdkifaom vlYtcGifhta&;rsm;
udk pdefpDaompum;&yfrsm;ESifh urÇmodatmifaMujimxm;aomfvnf; trSefwu,f vlYtcGifhta&;
csKd;azmufcHae&onfhudp&yfrsm;udkrl tqdkyg,Ofaus;odrfarGY ynmwwfvSygonfqdkaom? wuúEdkvdk*sD
ö
enf;ynm&yfrsm;zGHYNzdK;ygonfqdkaomvlrsKd;BuD;rsm;u ESmap;aeMuygonf/ rsufpdrIefaeMuygonf/
em;yif;aeMuygonf/
tqdk;0g;qkH;jypfrSwfrSmum; uREkfyfwdkY cspfvSpGmaomtjypfrJhrGwfpvifrfrsm;om jzpfMuygonf/
taemufwdkif;rD'D,mrsm; xdk;ESufcsufwpfckrSm tpövmrftm; vlYtcGifhta&;csKd;azmufaombmom?
rGwfpvifrfrsm;tm; vlYtcGifhta&;uif;rJhaeaom? qkH;½IH;aeaomvlom;rsm;[k ykHazmfaeMujcif;yif
jzpfonf/ þonfrSm tvGef 0rf;enf; aMuuGJzG,f&maumif;aom? &ifemp&maumif;aomjzpf&yfrsm;
yif jzpfonf/ vludk vlvkd rjrifwwfMuaomolrsm;u vlom;tqefqkH;? vludkvlvdkjrifaom?
vlYtcGifhta&; tjynfht0ay;aom tpövmrfESifh vlYtcGifhta&; tjynfht0&½Sdaeaom rGwfpvifrfrsm;
udk udk,fxdvufa&mufESdyfpufolu ESdyfpuf? wzef tdkif'D,mtm;jzifh wdkufcdkufMuollrsm;u wdkufckduf
jyKvkyfae Muygonf/
þpmwrf;udk a&;om;xkwfa0aom 'gtf0[ftu,f'rD (ygupöwefEdkifiH) &nf½G,fcsufrSm
rGwfpvifrfrsm;twGufomru? rGwfpvifrfr[kwfaom tjcm;bmom0ifnDaemifrsm;twGufyg
&nfpl;í tpövmrfomoemESifhywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ckdifrmaom taxmuf
txm;rsm;jzifh t&Sdudk t&Sdtwdkif;? trSefudk trSeftwkdif; wifjyxm;aompmwrf;wpfapmif jzpfyg
onf/ tvf-[rf;'kvdv’m[f? csD;rGrf;jcif; axmyem[l[lorQonf tv’m[ft&SifjrwftzdkYom
jzpfawmfrlonf/ þodkY &nf½G,fcsufaumif;xm;&Sdaom 'gtf0[ftu,f'rDonf t"GefY&Snf
wnfNrJygapaomf0f/ 4if;vkyfief;rsm;tay: t&Sifjrwf tvkdwlrI&Sdygapaomf/
uREkfyf tawGYtBuKHt& vlom;wdkYbmombm0t& vlom;onf ta0;&Sd tjcm;vlom;rsm; pm;?
0wf? aerI "avhp½kdufrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;Mu? pyfpkwwfMuaomfvnf;? twlwuG aexdkifMuol
tcsif;csif;? Oyrm- rdrd rdwfaqG,kHMunfrI? ,Ofaus;rIESifh vlrIa&;ausmaxmufaemufcH
tajctaet&yf&yfudk avhvm oif,l&ef tm;xkwfBudK;yrf;rIr½Sd? pdwf0ifpm;rIr&SdMuacs/ wenf;tm;
jzifhqdk&aomf twlwuG ,SOfwGJaexdkif Muolrsm;tcsif;csif; wpfOD;taMumif;udk wpfOD;wpfOD;od&ef
BudK;pm;rIr&Sd/ em;vnf&efBudK;pm;rI uif;rJhjcif;rsm;aMumifh em;vnfrIvGJrSm;jcif;? 'Gd[oHo,rsm;
9

10. rMumcPjzpfay:avh&SdNyD;? ,if;tao;trTm; 'dG[oHo, rsm;rS vlrsKd;a&;y#dyu© (Racial Conflicts)
txdBuD;xGm;NyD;? rsKd;wkef;owfjzwfjcif;? jynfwGif;ppfjzpfyGm;jcif;ponfhtajctaetxd BuD;xGm;
us,fjyefY vmwwfMuonfrSm urÇmwvTm;wGif Oyrmtajrmuftrsm; &Sdaeygonf/
þtrSmpmtpwGifqdkcJhaom pumwifacwf (Screening Age)qdkonfrSm vlESifh vlYwd&dpämefudk
pumwifppf aeaomumv[k qdkvdkcsifygonf/ wenf;qdk&aomf urÇmhaemufqkH;
w&m;pD&ifrnfhaeYwGif tNyHK;ESifh &Sifjyef xajrmuf&rnfh vlqefaomvlESifh xdkaeYwGif nK§d;csKH;NyD;
pdwftm;i,fpGmxajrmuf&rnfh vlrqefaomvludk pumwifppfaeaomumvvnf;jzpfygonf/
uREkfyfwdkY rGwfpvifrfrsm;onf tpövmrfhenf;usb0wnfaqmufa&;wGif tcsif;csif; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;
taqGcifyGef;rsm;jzpfMuaomaMumifh wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; az;rulnD oGefoifvrf;nTefMu&ayrnf/
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf rdefYawmfrlxm;onfrSm
rGwfpvifrfrsm;ESifh rGwfpvifrfr[kwfolrsm;twGuf 'gtf0[ftu,f'rDrS xkwfa0onfh
]]tpövmrfhabmifwGif;rSvlYtcGifhta&;}}[laom (Human Rights in Islam)[laompmwrf;udk
bmomjyefqdk jrefrmrIjyK a&;om;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ þpmwrf;udk zwf½Iavhvm okH;oyfjcif;tm;jzifh
jynfh0 pkHvifvSaom tpövmrfomoemtvSw&m;udk av;pm;tyfaomzwf½Ioludk,fwdkif em;vnf
cHpm;EdkifNyD;? tjcm;aomrdwfaqGrsm;udk 'gtf0[fjyK&mwGifvnf; tvGefyif tokH;0ifayvdrfhrnf/
pumwifppfaq;aomumvwGif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf pdppfvdkufaom pumxJwGif nyfusef?
wifusefvdkygu vlyDoaom? rGwfpvifrfyDoaomoljzpfatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfMuygpdkY/
10

11. rSwfcsuf/ / þpmwrf;yg taMumif;t&mrsm;udk rlvpmwrf;&Sif a&;om;wifjyrIrsm;twdkif;
tpövmrf vlYtcGifhta&;udk wduspGmbmomjyefqdk jrefrmrIjyKjcif;rSty rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,muf?
rnfonfh tzGJYtpnf;wpfckudkrQ &nf½G,fíapmif;ajrmif; jypfwif? a0zef½IHUcsxm;jcif; r&SdygaMumif;
0efcHtyfygonf/
pm½Iolrsm;tm; tpOfxm0&av;pm;vQuf
a'gufwm,mprD;ef Aif;efaoh tAÁ'kv’m[f
27 - 12 - 2007
11

12. jrefrmbmomjyefqdkrItm;
wnf;jzwfol trSmpm
tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf u½kPmawmfrS ESifxkwfjcif;cHcJh&aom ½IdifoGmefrm&fewfaESmuf,Suf zsufpD;
jcif;[lorQrS uif;vGwfyg&ef tv’m[ft&SifjrwfxHawmfyg;ü cdkvIHyg/
tvGefw&moem;Muifemn§mwmawmfrlaom? txl;oem;awmfrlaomtv’m[ft&Sifjrwfemrawmf
jzifh tpjyKyg/
cspfcifav;pm;&wJhpm½Iol
,ckrdwfaqGvufxJwGif a&muf&SdaompmtkyfrSm ygupöwefEdkifiHrS ygupöwefEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m tpövmrfh
tzGJYcsKyftm; pwifwnfaxmifol? xdktzGJUcsKyf yxrOD;qkH;trD;&fOuúXBuD;jzpfcJhol armfvmem
tAlttfvmarmf'l'DocifjyKpkcJhonfh ]Human Rights in Islam} qdkonfhusrf;i,ftm; jrefrm
rGwfpvifrftrsKd;orD; ynm&SifwpfOD;jzpfaom q&mrBuD;a'gufwm,mprD;ef Aifefaoh tAÁ'kv’m[frS
jrefrmrIjyKxm;onfh ]tpövmrfhabmifwGif;rS vlYtcGifhta&;}[lonfh usrf;i,fav;yif jzpfygonf/
rl&if;jyKpkol pma&;q&mBuD;onf jrefrmjynf&Sd rGwfpvifrfavmuwGifru rGwfpvifrfurÇmwcGifwGif
vnf; tvGefyif ausmfMum;xif&Sm;vSygonf/ eADwrefawmfrsm;rSty vlom;wdkif;wGif trSm;udk,fpD
&SdMuouJhodkY? tjypfudk,fpD&SdMuayonf/ odkYaomfqG[mAm[fom0uBuD;rsm;? qG[mADom0dumrBuD;
rsm;onfum; r[fzl;Zf[kac:onfh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfxdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufjcif;cH&aomolrsm;jzpf
onfomru xdkolrsm;ESifhywfoufí tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf auseyfESpfNrdKUawmfrlcJhNyD; jzpfaMumif;udk
vnf; usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif tv’m[ft&Sifudk,fawmfwdkif rdefYawmfrlxm;NyD;jzpfayonf/ ynm&Sif
BuD;rsm;onfvnf; vlom;rsm;yifjzpfMuay&m rrSm;aoma&SUae? raoaomaq;orm;r&SdouJhodkY &Hzef
&HcgwGif rSm;wwfMuayonf/ odkYaomf ,if;trSm;rsm;onf tpövmrfhaomif[D;'fw&m;ESifhqefYusif
aom trSm;rsm; rjzpf&efrSm tvGefyifta&;BuD;vSayonf/ useftrSm;rsm;udkum; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf
tvdkawmfwlygvQif xdkynm&Sifrsm;onf cGifhvTwfjcif;cHMu&ayrnf/ uRefawmfwdkYtaeESifh xkdynm&Sif
BuD;rsm;twGuf t&SifjrwfxHawmfyg;wGif vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifh yefMum;Mu&ayrnf/
,aeYrsufarSmufumvwGif ynm&Sifrsm;tm; raumif;ajymqdka&;om;rIrsm; aygrsm;vmaeayonf/
uRefawmfwdkYonf ynm&SifBuD;rsm;trSm;rsm;udk &SmazGjcif;bufü tm;oefaeMuaomfvnf; xdk
ynm&Sifrsm; jyKpka&;om;cJhaom ynm&yfrsm;rS tusKd;cHpm;&efudkrlum; arhavsmhaeMuayonf/
uRefawmfwdkYtaeESifh jyKvkyfoifhonfhudprSm xkdynm&SifBuD;rsm; jyKpkcJhaomusrf;*efrsm;udk
ö
aoaocsmcsm avhvmíokawoevkyfoifhayonf/ rSm;aeonfhtcsufrsm;udk rSefatmif xyfrHjyifqif
í rsufarSmufavmuESifh o[Zmwjzpfatmif vkyfMu&rnfum; uRefawmfwdkY rsufarSmufumv&Sd
tmvifrfynm&Sifrsm; wm0efyifjzpfayonf/ yk*d¾Kvfa&;rkef;wD;rIaMumifh omoemudk ckwkH;vkyfí
ykyfxD;? ykyfrwyfjcif;rsm;udk a&SmifMuOfoifhayonf/ uRefawmfwdkYonf rdrdudk,fwdkif avhvmqef;ppf
okawoevkyf&rnfhtpm;? wqifhpum;? wqifhMum;íajymqdkaeMujcif;jzpfayonf/ þed'gef;udk
uRefawmf tb,faMumifha&;ae&ygoenf;/ tcsKdUpma&;q&mrsm;onf tAlttfvmarmf'l'DtrSm;
tcsKdUudk xkwfjyvQuf tAlttfvmarmf'l'Dtm; tpövmrfhynm&Sifrsm; pmrsufESmrS z,f&Sm;jypfvdkaeMu
ayonf/ uRefawmftxufwGif qdkcJhovdk ynm&Sifrsm;wGif csKdU,Gif;csufrsm;? rSm;,Gif;cRwfacsmfrIrsm;
&SdwwfMuygonf/ urÇmhtmvifrfynm&Siftausmftarmfrsm;rS taumif;qkH;aomozfpD;&f (uk&ftmef
tvif;jyusrf;)[k owfrSwfxm;onfh ausmfMum;vSaom ozfpD;&f tdAfaeYudqD;&fwGifyif trSm;t,Gif;
tcsKdY yg&SdcJhayonf/ xdktrSm;t,Gif;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;jcif; okawoetm; ½IdifcfqGzD;tk&f&[rmefESifh
12

13. ynm&Sifwpfpk pkaygif;um ]rdqGfbm;[kvfrkeD;&f zD;o[fZD;Af tdAfeduqD;&f}[laomtrnfjzifh aqmf'D
tma&;AD;,m;EdkifiH? &d,m;'fNrdKU&Sd 'g½kvfpvmrfykHESdyfwdkufrS &dkufESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/ ,if;pmtkyfudkyif
'g½kvfpvmrfykHESdyfwdkufrS t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh jyefqdkí twGJq,fwGJcGJum xkwfa0cJhaMumif; od&
ayonf/ xdkYjyif tl&f'lbmomjyefvnf; &SdaeNyD[kodMu&ayonf/ ynm&SiftAlttfvmarmf'l'Da&;om;
jyKpkcJhonfh pmtkyf? pmwrf;tcsKdUudkvnf; aqmf'Dtma&;AD;,m;EdkifiHwGif ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0jzefYcsdaeyg
onf/ aqmf'Dtma&;AD;,m;EdkifiHwGif tpövmrfhw&m;awmfESifh qefYusifaom? rudkufnDaompmtkyf?
pmwrf;? usrf;*efrsm;udk &dkufESdyfxkwfa0avh r&Sdyg/ ,if;taMumif;ESifh ywfoufNyD; uRefawmfonf
uRefawmfq&mwpfOD;tm; ar;jref;cJhbl;ygonf/ q&mcifAsm... tdE´d,jynfESifh jrefrmjynfrS tdkvrm
ynm&SiftcsKdUonf tAlttfvmarmf'l'Dtm; vrf;rSm;aeaomoltjzpf owfrSwfxm;Muygonf/ xdkYjyif
olwdkYonf armf'l'Dqyf pmtkyf? pmwrf;rsm;udk rdrdwdkYudk,fwdkif rzwf½IMuouJhodkY ¤if;wdkYESifh
eD;pyfaomolrsm;udkvnf; rzwf½IMu&ef wdkufwGef;vQuf &Sdygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; aqmf'D
tma&;AD;,m;EdkifiH&Sd cdkifrm pdwfcs&aom ykHESdyfwdkufrsm;rS pdkif,'ftAlttfvm armf'l'D ozfpD;&f
(uk&ftmeftvif;jyusrf;)ESifh tjcm; pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;udk xkwfa0 jzefYjzL;aeygonf/
xdktcg q&mrS ]pdkif,'ftAlttfvmarmf'l'Donf rdrda&;om;pD&ifcJhonfh ozfpD;&f (uk&ftmeftvif;jy
usrf;) jzpfonfh ozf[D;rkvfuk&ftmefwGif trSm;tcsKdUyg&SdcJhonfrSm rSefuefygonf/ Oyrm –
eADwrefawmfrsm;onf tjypfuif;pifaomvlom;rsm;(rtfpGef)rsm;r[kwfMu[k olrSa&;om;cJhygonf/
,if;uJhodkY tcsKdUtrSm;rsm;udk remvdk0efwdkpdwf&Sdaomolrsm;u ykHBuD;csJUum armf'l'Dqyfa&;om;cJhonfh
usrf;rsm;? pmtkyf? pmwrf;rsm;tm;vkH;udk yifv,fxJwGif vTwfypfvdkuf&awmhrvdkvdk? rD;bJ ykH½IdUvdkuf&
awmhrvdkvdk ajymqdkaeMuonfudk uRefawmfodygonf/ ,if;tdE´d,ESifhjrefrmjynfrS tdkvrmomoemY
ynm&Sifrsm; pdk;&drfjcif;uvnf; twdkif;twmwpfcktxd rSefuefygonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
rsufarSmufacwfwGif "r®EÅ&m,frsm;onf pmayrsm;? pmtkyf? pmwrf;rsm;udk tajrmuftrsm; a&;om;
xkwfa0vQuf&Sdygonf/ omoemhtdvifrftajccHynmrwwfuRrf;aomolrsm;onf trSm;ESifh trSefudk
a0zef ydkif;jcm;EdkifpGrf;r&Sdojzifh tawG;tac:? t,ltqcRwfacsmfwdrf;yg;rIrsm;jzpfay:vmEdkifygonf/
,ck aqmf'Dtma&;AD;,m;EdkifiHwGif ykHESdyf xkwfa0aeonfhpmtkyfrsm;rSm vdktyfvQifvdktyfovdk
jyefvnf pDppfwnf;jzwfxm;ygonf/ tawG;tac:? t,ltqcRwfacsmfwdrf;yg;rnfhtEÅ&m,fr&Sdyg/
t&m&mwGif w&m;rQwrI&SdMu&rnf/ trSm;udk trSm;vdkY azmfxkwf0HhouJhodkY trSefudkvnf; trSef[k
csD;usL;&J&jcif;onf vlolawmfaumif;wdkY]xkH;}yifjzpfayonf}[k ajzMum;cJhygonf/ vlawmf
vlaumif;wdkYxkH;udk ESvkH;rlí uRefawmfwdkYtaeESifh vdkufemusifhokH;tyfay‫ ‏‬nf/}o
,ck pm½Iolvuf0,fwGif a&muf&Sdaeaom ]tpövmrfhabmifwGif;rS vlYtcGifhta&;}qdkonfh
bmomjyefusrf;i,fonf tpövmrfhtajccHtaxmuftxm;rsm;jzpfaom usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef? pGefem[f?
td*sfrm[fESifh ud,m;pfwdkYESifh udkufnDaom usrf;i,fjzpfygonf/ pm½IoltaeESifh ,kHMunfpdwfcspGm
zwf½Iavhvm jzefYcsdydkYcsEdkifygonf/ bmomjyefqdk&mwGifvnf; bmomjyefqdkolq&mrBuD;onf
twwfEdkifqkH;BudK;pm;í bmomjyefqdkxm;ouJhodkY uRefawmfonfvnf; tpGrf;ukef pdppfwnf;jzwf
xm;ygonf/ odkYaomf vlom;rsm;jzpfonfhtm;avQmfpGm tarhtrSm;yg&SdEdkifayonf/ xdkodkY yg&SdcJhyg
vQif pm½IoltaeESifh rdrda&;om;xm;onfh pmtkyfozG,foabmxm;um jyifqifzwf½Iay;Muyg&ef
arwÅm&yfcHygonf/ tBuHjyKpmrsm; ay;ydkYvdkyguvnf; m.m.yasinn@hotmail.com odkY ay;ydkYEdkifyg
onf/
tdk - tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf? þusrf;i,ftm; a&;om;jyKpkcJhol q&mBuD;tAlttfvmarmf'l'Dociftm;
vnf;aumif;? bmomjyefqdkol q&mrBuD;a'gufwm,mprD;eftm;vnf;aumif;? jrefrmbmomjyeftm;
wnf;jzwfol uRefawmfhtm;vnfaumif; ESpfb0? ESpfXmewGif aumif;jrwfvSonfhtpm; csD;jr§ifh
ay;oem;awmfrlyg/ uRefawmfwdkY uG,fvGefoGm;NyDjzpfaom rdb? q&morm;? aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;?
13

14. rdwfaqGrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifhay;oem;awmfrlyg/ &SifoefvQuf&Sdaom rdbrsm;?
q&morm;rsm;? aqGrsKd;om;jcif;rsm;? rdwfaqGo*F[rsm;udk tDrmefcdkifrmrI? Nidrf;csrf;rI? csrf;omrI?
usef;rmrI? *kPfodu©m&SdrIponfh ponfh aumif;csD;tajrmuftrsm; csD;jr§ifhay;oem;awmfrlyg/
rGwfpvifrftrsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; þusrf;i,fjzifh tusKd;cHpm;EdkifpGrf; csD;jr§ifhay;oem;
awmfrlyg/ þusrf;i,fudk taMumif;jyKí uRefawmfwdkYtm; *s[Eémrfi&JrD;ab;rS u,fwifawmfrlí
*sEéofokcbkHodkY ydkYaqmifay;awmfrlyg/ tmrD;ef
tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfaus;uRef
armfv0Drk[r®'f,mpD;ef ‫‏‬
14

15. usrf;OD;pum;
uREkfyfwkdY touf&SifaexkdifMuaom acwfumvBuD;tm; owif;tcsuftvufaygif; ajrmufjrm;
pGmukd r,kHMunfEkdifavmufatmif vsifjrefvSaomtjrefEIef;jzifh o,faqmifay;aeonfh qufoG,fa&;
acwfumvBuD;[k ac:qkdEkdifygonf/ owif;ESifhenf;ynmrsm; rnfrQyifrsm;jym; wkd;wufvifhupm; rdrdwkdY
ywf0ef;usif&Sd vlom;rsm;tm; xkd;azmufausmfvTm; em;vnfEkdifaom pGrf;tm;&Sdrnfr[kwfyg/ uREkfyfwkdYonf
vlom;rsm;tm; vlrsKd;pk? tom;ta&mif? bmompum;? ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrI? ,Ofaus;rIponfwkdYjzifh cGJjcm;
½Ijrifavh&Sdygonf/ bmomaygif;pkH? ,Ofaus;rIaygif;pkH twlwuGaexkdifMuaom vlUtzGJUtpnf;BuD;rsm;üyif
&mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm twlwuG ,SOfwGJaexkdifMuaomfvnf; uREkfyfwkdYonf rdrdwkdUESifhtwlaexkdifMuolrsm;
ukd;uG,f,kHMunfrI? ,Ofaus;rIESifhvlrIa&; ausmaxmufaemufcHtajctaersm;ukd b,faomtcgurQ
wkduf½kduf avhvmoif,l&ef tm;rxkwfcJhbl;yg/
þokdY twlwuG ,SOfwGJaexkdifMuolrsm; tcsif;csif; wpfOD;taMumif;wpfOD;od&ef BudK;pm;rIr&Sdjcif;?
em;vnf&ef BudK;pm;rI uif;rJhcJhrIrsm;aMumifh em;vnfrIvGJrSm;jcif;? 'Gd[oHo,rsm; rMumcP jzpfay:
avh&Sdonf/ taemufwkdif;wGif rGwfpvifrfrsm;ESifhywfoufaom vwfwavmaqG;aEG;rIrsm;rSm wpfrsKd;wnf;
aomyHkpHESifh OD;wnfyHkazmfaeMuonf/ wpfcgu *sL;vlrsKd;qdkvQif uyfap;ESJaumfw&mrsm;? pD;yGm;a&;udk
BudK;udkifjc,fvS,folrsm;tjzpf qdkprSwfjyKcJhaom umv&SdcJhygonf/ ,cktcgwGifrl rGwfpvifrf[kqdkvQifyif
tpGef;a&muform;? tMurf;zuf0g'D? tajccH0g'D[ktrnfwyfcH&aomumv jzpfaeayonf/ trSefpifppf
rGwfpvifrfrsm;tm; ¤if;wdkY ,HkMunfudk;uG,frI? vkdufemusifhoHk;rIrsm;ESifhywfoufí wdkuf&dkufavhvm
pl;prf;rI? ar;jref; pHkprf;rIrsm;rSm tvGefyifenfyg;aeayonf/
'tf0[ftu,f'rDtaejzifh rGwfpvifrfrsm;twGufomru tjcm;bmom0ifrsm;twGufyg tpövmrf
ESifhywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ½kdk;½Sif;aom?wdusaomyHkpHjzifh wdkuf½dkufwifjyay;&ef[laom
tcsuf udk&nf&G,fcsuftjzpfcsrSwfcJhygonf/ tpövmrfESifhoufqdkifaom okawoevkyfief;rsm;udkvnf;
pmtkyfpmwrf; txlBuD;rsm;tjzpf xkwfa0rnfhtpm; pmtkyfi,frsm;? pmpDpmuHk;rsm; ESifh vkyfief;aqmif&GufrI
pmwrf;rsm; tpD&ifcHpmrsm;yHkpHjzifhxkwfa0oGm;&ef rl0g'wpf&yfcsrSwfcJhygonf/ ,ckwifjyrnfhpmwrf;rSm
rGwfpvifrfxktwGufomru wpfurÇmvHk;twdkif;twmESifh &ifqdkifae&aom vlYtcGifhta&;qdkif&mjyóemudk
wifjyxm;ygonf/ uREkfyfwdkYtaeESifh rGwfpvifrfrsm;xHrS&&Sdaom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh acwfNydKif
jzpfay:aeaom jyóemtrsdK;rsdK;ay:ütajccHí tpövmrfhtaMumif;udk pDppfwifjyxm;jcif;aMumifh tpövmrfh
taMumif;odvdk olrsm;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/
uREkfyfwdkYonf ,ckxkwfa0jcif;ESifhywfoufí tBuHay;csuf? a0zefcsufESifh pHkprf;ar;jref;rIrsm;
tm;vHk;udk BudKqdkyg/ pm½IoltaeESifh tpövmrfqdkif&mokawoevkyfief;rsm;twGufvdktyfrnfh rnfonfh
pmtkyfpmwrf; ESifh rSwfwrf;rSwf&mrsm;udkrqdkay;jcif;jzifh oifokawoeaqmif&GufrIudk ulnDvdkygonf/
taxGaxGñTefMum;a&;rSL;
'tf0[f tu,f'rD
15

16. usrf;jyKol tAlttfvmarmf'l'D
udk,fa&;&mZ0iftusOf;
 c&pfouú&mZf 1903 ckESpf? pufwifbmv (25)&uf ([d*s&Douú&mZf 1321 ckESpf? &*sAfv
(3)&ufaeYwGif tdE´d,wdkufi,f? [kduf'&mbwfjynfe,f (,aeYtac: - r[m&m&SfMwm;
jynfe,f? tl&ef*gbwfNrdKUü arG;zGm;cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1918 wGif bD*sEdk;&ftl&f'lowif;pmü *sme,fvpftjzpf trIxrf;aqmifonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1920 wGif *smygyl;&fNrdKUü xkwfa0jzefYcsdaeaom wm*sfaeYpOfowif;pmwGif
t,f'Dwmtjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1925 wGif tdE´d,EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mtdkvrmomoemhynm&Sifrsm;toif;BuD;rS
xkwfa0jzefYcsdaeaom rGwfpvifrfaeYpOfowif;pm (aemifwGif - tvf-*srDtofowif;pm[k
trnfajymif;cJh) wGif t,f'DwmtjzpfcefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1927 wGif tvf-*sd[m'fzdvftpövmrf (tpövmrfhabmifwGif;rS *sd[m'f)
qdkonfh pmwrf;tm; a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1930 wGif q&mBuD;ausmfMum;aompmtkyfjzpfonfh 'D;efed,m;ofqdkonfh
pmtkyftm; a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1932 wGif o&f*sKrmEkvfuk&ftmef (uk&ftmefbmomjyef)tm; [kduf'&mbwf
jynfe,fü bmomjyefqdkrIudk tpjyKcJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1938 wGif tv’mr[fa'gufwmtdufAg;vfqGm[dAf tBuHay;csuft&
edtm;ZftvDcef;rS rdrdydkifqdkifaom yoefukwfNrdKUtaemufbuf (5)uDvdkrDwmtuGmwGif
wnf&Sdaom *srmyl;&fNrdKUü&Sdonfh (66){uus,fjyefYonfhajrtus,ft0ef;ay:wGif wnf
aqmufxm;aom 'g½kvfpvmrfb@ma&;XmeodkY ajymif;a½TUcJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1941 wGif tdE´d,EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m tpövmrfhtzGJUcsKyf (*srmtofaohtpövmrD
[if;'f) udk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifí ,if;tzGJUcsKyfwGif trD;&f (OuúX)tjzpf a½G;aumuf
wifajr§mufjcif;cHcJh&onf/
16

17.  c&pfouú&mZf 1942 wGif *srmtoftzGJUcsKyf XmecsKyftm; yoefukwfNrdKUodkY ajymif;a½TUcJh
onf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1943 wGif ozf[D;rkvfuk&ftmef (usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeftm; odem;vnfjcif;)
trnfjzifh ausmfMum;aomozfpD;&f(uk&ftmeftvif;jyusrf;)tm; pwifa&;om;cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1947 wGif ygupöwef *smrmtofaohtpövmrD(ygupöwefEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m
tpövmrfhtzGJUcsKyf) XmecsKyftm; vm[kd&fNrdKUodkY a&TUajymif;cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1948 wGif tpövmrfhnDvmcHESifh tpdk;&tzGJYtwGuf wuf<upGmyg0if vIyf&Sm;cJh
onf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1948 wGif “um'D,meDjyoem”[kac:qdkonfh pmtkyfi,ftm; a&;om;cJh
onf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1948 wGif tpdk;&rS axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1949 wGif tpdk;&rS tzGJUcsKyf tpövmrfhnDvmcHtwGuf BuKHawGUae&aom
jyoemrsm;udk jyefvnfajz&Sif;ay;jcif;tm; vufcHcJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1953 wGif um'D,meDrsm;tm; twdkufcHjyKonfhtwGuf ppfckH½kH;rS q&mBuD;
tm; ao'PfcsrSwfcJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1953 wGifyif q&mBuD;tm; ao'PfcsrSwfcJhjcif;tm; wpfoufvkH;
axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;jcif;trdefYESifh tpm;xkd;cJhonf/ aemufydkif;wGif ,if;trdefYtm;vnf;
y,fzsufcJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1955 wGif q&mBuD;onf rw&m;axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;jcif;rS vGwfajrmuf
cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1958 wGif tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmydkiftdkif,lAfcef;onf rm&Sm,favmOya'jzifh
q&mBuD; wnfaxmifcJhonfh tpövmrfhtzGJUcsKyf(*srmtofaohtpövmrD)tm; zsufodrf;cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1964 wGif q&mBuD;tm; wzefxyfrHí rw&m;zrf;qD; axmifoGif;tusOf;cs
xm;jcif;cH&jyefonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1964 wGif q&mBuD;onf rw&m;zrf;qD;tusOf;csxm;jcif;rS vGwfajrmufcJh
onf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1971 wGif q&mBuD;onf rdrdaemufvdkuftzGJU0iftoif;om;wdkYtm; yghuf
wyfrawmfESifhvufwGJí ygupöwefjynfaxmifpktwGuf wdkufyGJ0if&ef trdefYay;cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1972 wGif q&mBuD; pDrHa&;om;onfhozf[Drkvfuk&ftmef(usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef
tm; odem;vnfjcif;)trnf&Sd ozfpD;&f(uk&ftmeftvif;jyusrf;)rSm atmifjrifpGm NyD;pD;cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1972 wGif q&mBuD;onf tpövmrfhtzGJUcsKyftrD;&f(OuúX)&mxl;rS EIwfxGuf
ay;cJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1979 wGif q&mBuD;onf aq;uko&eftwGuf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkodkY
xGufcGmcJhonf/
 c&pfouú&mZf 1979 wGif q&mBuD;onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpküyif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf
trdefYawmfudk cH,lcJhavonf/ (tifemvdv’m[d 0tifemtdvdkif;[d &m*sdtl;ef)
 c&pfouú&mZf 1979 wGif q&mBuD;&kyfuvyftm; ygupöwefEdkifiH? vm[kd&fNrdKUwGif 'zef
tpövmrfhenf;usoN*dKvfjr§yfESHcJhonf/
17

18. rSwfcsuf / / q&mBuD;"gwfykHtm; rjrifbl;onfhpm½Iolrsm;jrifbl;ap&ef &nf½G,fí azmfjy
xm;jcif;om jzpfygonf/
18

19. tpövmrf EdifiHa&;qdif&muefYowfcsufrsm;
k k
tpövmrfEdkifiHa&;pepfonf tajccHoabmw&m;oHk;cktay:wGif tajccHxm;onf/ ,if;wdkYrSm-
(1) aomif[D;'f[laom tajccHoabmw&m; (Oneness of God -udk;uG,f&mt&Sif wpfyg;wnf;
wnf&Sdjcif;)? (2) &Dpmvof[laom tajccHoabmw&m; (wrefawmfjzpfjcif;)? (3) cdvmzof[laom tajccH
oabmw&m; (udk,fpm;vS,fqufcHrI)wdkYjzpfonf/
aomif[D;'f[lonfrSm udk;uG,f&mt&Sifwpfyg;wnf;uom zefqif;jyKpkysdK;axmifol? xdef;odrf;
apmifha&SmufolESifh pMu0VmtwGif;&Sd ouf&SdoufrJht&mcyfodrf;wdkYudkpdk;ydkifawmfrlol[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/
xdkt&Sif wpfyg;wnf;üom trdefYay;ydkifcGifh? wm;jrpfydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ c0yfudk;uG,fjcif;? emcHwnfaqmufjcif;
tm;vHk;wdkYonf xdkt&Sifwpfyg;wnf;ESifhom xdkufwefonf/ trsdK;rsdK;taxGaxG txl;xl;tjym;jym;jzpfaom
ouf&Sdrsm;? uREkfyfwdkY cE¨mudk,ftpdwftydkif;rsm;? twGif;uvDpmrsm;? ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;tay:
oufa&mufaeaom vTrf;rdk;jc,fvS,frIrsm;? tvdktavsmuf jzpfay:wnf&SdaeMuaom ½kyfw&m;rsm;tm;vHk;
onf uREkfyfwdkYbmom pDrHzefwD;xm;rI[lí wpfpHkwpf&mrQr&Sdacs/ þtcsif;t&mtm;vHk;onf tEdIif;rJh
xm0& udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (tv’m[f)u uREkfyfwdkYtay:tyfESif;xm;onfh tvGef&ufa&mvSonfh axmufyHh
ay;urf;jcif;rsm;omjzpfayonf/
txufygtaMumif;w&m;rsm;aMumifh uREkfyfwdkYjzpfwnfaejcif; &nf&G,fcsuf? &nfrSef;csufrsm;udk
qHk;jzwfowfrSwfjcif;? uREkfyfwdkYavmuDqdkif&mtcGifhtmPmESifh vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;uefYowfcsufrsm;udk
uREkfyfwdkY bmomqHk;jzwf&efrSm tcGifhr&Sdacs/ xdkYtwl rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufurSvnf; qHk;jzwfay;Edkif
aomtcGifhta&; r&Sdacs/ xdktcGifhta&;rSm udk;uG,f&mt&Siftv’m[fwpfyg;wnf;ESifhom oufqdkifaom
tcGifhta&;jzpfonf/ udk;uG,f&mt&Sif wpfyg;wnf;&Sdjcif;[laom tajccHoabmw&m;aMumifh vlom;
Oya'a&;&mowfrSwfjy|mef;rIESifh EdkifiHa&;t& tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifpdk;rI[laom todonmrsm;udk t"dyÜg,f
rJhaponf/ rnfonfhyk*¾dKvf wpfOD;wpfa,muf? rdom;pkwpfpk? vlwef;pm;wpf&yfESifh vlrsdK;EG,fpkwpfpkurQ
xm0&udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (tv’m[f) txufrS ae&mr,lEdkifacs/ udk;uG,f&mt&Sifwpfyg;wnf;onfomvQif
tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifol? pdk;rdk; tkyfcsKyfoljzpfonf/ olynwfawmfrsm;onfomvQif tpövmrf w&m;
Oya'tjzpf jzpfwnfaejcif;jzpfonf/
&dpmvof[lonfrSm udk;uG,f&mt&Sif(tv’m[f) Oya'orsm;udk uREkfyfwdkYvlom;rsm; vufcH&&Sd&m
Mum;cHudkac:onf/ &dpmvof[laom wrefawmfjzpfjcif;rS uREkfyfwdkY vufcH&&Sdaomt&mESpfck &Sdygonf/
,if;wdkY teufwpfrsdK;rSm usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefjzpfNyD; þusrf;wGif xm0&udk;uG,f&mt&Sif (tv’m[f)u ol
Oya'orsm; udk tao;pdwf &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;ygonf/ tjcm;wpfrsdK;rSm wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'f ()onf
tv’m[ft&Sif apvTwfcH&oltjzpf ,if;uk&ftmefusrf;udk pum;ESifhvkyf&yftm;jzifh t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkjyjcif;
ESifh vufawGUpHerlem usifhokH;jycsufwdkYjzpfygonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrS vlYb0wnfaqmufa&;ESifh
ywfoufNyD; us,f0ef;aom tajccHoabm w&m;rsm;udk csrSwfay;onf/ þodkY uk&ftmefrScsrSwfay;aom
tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;t& tpövmrfenf;usb0wnfaqmufa&;pepfudk tv’m[fwrefawmfu pHerlem
tjzpf xif&Sm;aponf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefESifh wrefawmfb0wnfaqmufrI pHerlemESpfckudkaygif;pnf;í
&S&Dt[fac: tpövmrfhw&m;Oya' jzpfvm&onf/
19

20. cdvmzofqdkonfrSm udk,fpm;jyKjcif;(odkYr[kwf) udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfjcif;[k t"dyÜg,f&onf/ tpövmrf
omoemwGif vlom;onf udk;uG,f&mt&Sifu urÇmN*dK[ftwGuf cefYtyfaomudk,fpm;vS,fjzpfonf/ xdkY
tjyif t&Sifjrwf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&olvnf;jzpfonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm udk;uG,f&mt&SifrSay;tyfaom
vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk&&SdaomaMumifh xdktmPmESifhvkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk owfrSwfjy|mef;csufabmiftwGif;üom
usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh&Sdayonf/
txufazmfjyyg ]]udk,fpm;vS,fjzpfjcif;}} oabmw&m;udkxif&Sm;ap&ef Oyrmjy&vQif toifydkifqdkif
aom ajr,mwpfuGuftwGuf toifhudk,fpm; pDrHtkyfcsKyfrnfholwpfOD;udk cefYxm;rnfqdkMuygpdkY/ toifhtae
ESifh tNrJwrf;vkyfaqmifcdkif;Edkifaom tajctaersm;rSm- yxrOD;pGm ajruGuftrSefwu,fydkifqdkifrIonf
toifhvuf0,füom&Sdí pDrHtkyfcsKyfolrSm toifudk,fwdkifrjzpfEdkifacs/ 'kwd,taeESifh oifudk,fpm;vS,frS
oifydkifqdkifrIrsm;udk oifñTefMum;csufrsm;t&om wdkuf½kdufpDrHtkyfcsKyfapjcif;jzpfonf/ wwd,taeESifh
oifhudk,fpm;vS,fu oifuefYowfcsufrsm;udkvdkufemvsuf olYukd,fydkif tcGifhtmPmudk toHk;jyKí pDrH
tkyfcsKyfjcif; jzpfonf/ pwkwtaejzifh olutoif,HkMunfrIudk&,lNyD; oifhqE´rsm;udkudk,fpm;jyKí oifh
¦
&nf&G,fcsufrsm; jynfh0atmif taumiftxnfazmfay;jcif;[laom yHkpHav;rsdK;jzifh vkyfaqmifapEdkifygonf/
udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD; wpfa,muftaeESifh txufazmfjyyg tajctaeav;&yfudk rjznfhpGrf;EdkifcJhaomf xdkol
onf tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf tyfESif;xm;aom vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmudk tvGJoHk;pm;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ olu
udk,fpm;jyKcJhaom udk,fpm;vS,f (odkYr[kwf) udk,fpm;jyKjcif;[laom y#dnmOftm; csdK;azmuf&mrnf/
þonfrSm tpövmrfrSzGifhqdkaom vlom;onfurÇmN*dK[ftwGuf xm0&udk;uG,f&mt&Sif
udk,fpm;vS,fawmfjzpfonf[laomoabmudk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/ txufazmfjyyg tajctaeav;&yfpvHk;
onf udk,fpm;vS,f (cvDz[f)[laom todynmudk twdtusazmfñTef;aeayonf/ þodkYaom EdkifiHa&;
oabmw&m;udk vdkufemusifhoHk;aom EdkifiHawmfonf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tcsKyftjcmtmPmatmuf0,f
udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk udk,fpm;jyKí tkyfcsKyfaejcif;rnf/
txufyg&Sif;vif;zGifhqdkcsufrsm;t& (cvDz[f)[lonf rnfonhfyk*¾dKvfwpfpHkwpfa,muf (0g)
rif;qufwpfck (0g) vlwef;pm;wpfckrS jzpf&rnf[laom owfrSwfcsufr&SdaMumif; odomxif&Sm;onf/
cvDz[ftcGifhtmPm[lonf aomif[D;'fESifh &dpmvof[laom tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;udk todtrSwf
jyKvufcHNyD;onfhaemuf udk,fpm;jyKjcif;tajctaet&yf&yfudk jznfhpGrf;ay;Edkif&eftoifh&Sdaom rnfonfh
vlYtpkta0;udkrqdk tyfESif;xm;aomvkyfydkifcGifhtmPmjzpfonf/ þodkYcvDz[fwm0ef,lxm;aom vlY
tpkta0;taeESifh vlYtzGJUtpnf;BuD;wpfckvHk;tay:ü wm0ef&Sdonfomru tpktzGJU0if vlwpfOD;csif;tay:
üvnf; wm0ef&Sdonf/
þtcsufrSm tpövmrfwGif 'Drdkua&pDudk pwiftajcjyKapaomtcsufjzpfonf/ tpövmrfvlYabmif
twGif;yg0ifaom vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;csif;pDonf udk;uG,f&mt&Sifudk,fpm;vS,f[laom tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh
vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk yg0iftusdK;cHpm;EdkifcGifh&Sdojzifh vlwpfOD;csif;pDwGif nDrQaomtcGifhta&;&Sdonf/ rnfol
wpfOD;wpfa,mufurQ vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ydkifcGifhr&Sd/ EdkifiHawmf
ta&;udpöt00udk wm0ef,laqmif&Gufaeaom at*sifpD[lonf vlwpfOD;csif;pD oabmwlnDcsufESifh
zGJUpnf;&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkYjyif EdkifiHawmf[lonf txufygat*sifpDwGifyg0ifonfh udk,fpm;vS,f
wpfOD;csif;pD tcGifhtmPmudk wdk;csJUxm;jcif;omjzpf&rnf/ þudk,fpm;vS,frsm; oabmxm;rsm;onf
20

21. tpdk;&tzGJUtpnf; aemufqHk;tqHk;tjzwf jzpfap&rnf/ tpdk;&tzGJUwpfckvHk;onf udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
tBuHay;csufrsm;? olwdkYqE´oabmxm;rsm;t&om pDrHaqmif&Guf&rnf/
xdkYaMumifh at*sifpDwGifyg0ifolwpfOD;csif; ,HkMunfpdwfcsrIcH&ol rnfolrqdk tpdk;&tzGJU
udk,fpm;wm0efESifh 0wÅ&m;rsm;udk ]]udk,fpm;vS,f}}tjzpf aqmif&GufEdkifcGifh&Sdonf/ at*sifpDtwGif;yg0ifol
rsm; ,HkMunfpdwfcsrIuif;rJhoGm;aomtcsdefwGifrl xdkolonf ]]udk,fpm;vS,f}}tjzpfrS qif;ay;&ef
vdktyfonf/ þtcsufaMumifh tpövmrfEdkifiHa&;pepfrSm jynfh0aom'Drdkua&pDtoGifaqmifaeayonf/
tpövmrfh'Drdkua&pDESifh taemufwkdif;'Drdkua&pDudk rnfonfht&mu cGJjcm;ay;ygoenf;/ taemuf
wdkif;'Drdkua&pDonf trsm;uvufcHaom tcsKyftjcmtmPm[laom todonmay:wGif tajccHxm;jcif;
jzpfí tpövmrfh'Drdkua&pDrSm trsm;uvufcHaom cvDz[f ]]udk,fpm;vS,f}}[laomoabmw&m;tay:
tajccHxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ taemufwdkif;'Drdkua&pDwGif jynfolvlxku tcsKyftjcmtmPmudkydkifqdkifNyD;?
tpövmrfwGifrl tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifolrSm udk;uG,f&mt&SifjzpfNyD; vlom;rsm;tm;vHk;onf udk;uG,f&m
t&Sif cvDz[f (odkY)udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;jzpfMuonf/
taemufwdkif;'Drdkua&pDwGif Oya'udk vlxkrS rdrdwdkYbmomjy|mef;NyD; tpövmrfwGif udk;uG,f&mt&Sif
u wrefawmfjrwf()rSwpfqifhcsrSwfay;aom &S&Dt[fac:tpövmrfhw&m;Oya'udk vdkufemusifhokH;
Mu&onf/ taemufwdkif; 'Drdkua&pDpepfwGif tpdk;&rS jynfolvlxkqE´udk vdkufavsmjznfhqnf;ay;&ef
wm0ef&Sdonf/ tpövmrfwGifrl tpdk;&ESifhjynfolu udk;uG,f&mt&Siftvdkawmftwdkif; vdkufemusifhokH;&ef
vdktyfonf/
(rSwfcsuf- xdkudk;uG,f&mt&Sif tvdkawmfwdkif;rSm vlom;rsm;aumif;usdK;twGufom jzpfNyD;
udk;uG,f&mt&Sifonf vdkvm; awmifhwcsufrsm;rS uif;vGwfawmfrlaomt&Sifjzpfawmfrlyg/ bmomjyefol)
,cktcg uREfkyfwdkYonf aomif[D;'f? &dpmvofESifh cdvmz[f[laom tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;udk
tajccHíwnfaqmufxm;aom EdkifiHawmfyHkpHrsdK;udk ydkrdkoabmaygufEdkifap&ef avhvmqef;ppf&rnfhtqifhodkY
a&muf&Sdaeygonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrS &Sif;vif;pGmzGifhqdkxm;onfrSm ]]tpövmrhfEdkifiHawmf &nf&G,fcsuf
ESifh &nfrSef;csufyef;wdkif[lonf vlom;tusdK;twGuf zefqif;&Sifu jzpfapvdkaomtvdkawmfrsm;ESifh vlom;
tm;vHk; qHk;½IH;epfemysufpD;aprnfh pufqkyf&GH&SmzG,fudpörsm;rS umuG,fwm;qD;tjrpfjzwf acsrIef;
okwfoifypf&efqE´&Sdaom opömw&m;rsm;udktajccHí wnfaxmifxm;aom? opömw&m;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;
xm;aom? opömw&m;rsm;udk zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufapaom EdkifiHawmfrsdK;jzpfonf/}} xdkYaMumifh tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmf
[lonf EdkifiHa&;t& pDrHtkyfcsKyfrItwGufom toHk;jyKonfhud&d,mwpfckr[kwf/ vlwpfpk oabmxm;
qE´rsm;jynfhpHkatmif aqmif&Gufay;onfh tzGJUtpnf;wpfckvnf;r[kwf/ tpövmrftaeESifh EdkifiHawmf
txufwGif taumif;wumhtaumif;qHk; pHwpfckcsrSwfxm;onf/ xdkpHEIef;odkYa&muf&SdzdkYta&; enf;vrf;rsdK;pHk
udk toHk;jyK&rnfjzpfNyD; taESmifht,Suf twm;tqD;rsm;udkvnf; pHEIef;t& z,f&Sm;&Sif;vif;&rnfjzpfonf/
tpövmrfEdkifiHawmf pHEIef;qdkonfrSm tjypfuif;pifjcif;? tvSw&m;? aumif;jrwfjcif;? pifMu,f
aomtusifhoDv? atmifjrifjcif;? <u,f0csrf;omjcif;rsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm udk;uG,f&mt&Sifu vlom;
b0&SifoefrItwGuf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufjzpfay:apvdkaom pHEIef;rsm;jzpfonf/ wpfzufwGifrl tm;vHk;aom
acgif;yHkjzwf tjrwfxkwfjcif;? w&m;rQwrIuif;rJhjcif;wdkYonf udk;uG,f&mt&Sif rsufarSmufwGif
azmufjyefrIrsm;jzpfonf/ urÇmN*dK[fudkzsufqD;olrsm;rSm zefqif;cHrsm;b0udk xdcdkufepfemapolrsm;jzpfonf/
21

22. ¤if;wdkYudk tzsufvkyfief;rsm;rS xdef;csKyfumuG,f&rnf/ tpövmrfrSwdus&Sif;vif;aom udk,fusifhw&m;
qdkif&m tESpfcsKyfoabmw&m;udk vdkufemaqmif&GufapvdkonfhtusifhoDvESifh a&SmifMuOfapvdkonfh
tusifhoDvrsm;tjzpf rD;armif;xdk;azmfjyxm;ayonf/ þtESpfcsKyfyHkMurf;oabmudk xdef;odrf;vdkufem
usifhaqmifjcif;tm;jzifh tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmftaeESifh ,if; om,m0ajyma&;tpDtpOfrsm;udk acwfwdkif;
ywf0ef;usifwkdif;ü pDrHaqmif&GufEdkifayonf/
tpövmrfrS tajymif;tvJr&Sd awmif;qdkaeaomt&mrSm tusifhoDvqdkif&m tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;
jzpfí ¤if;wdkYudk vlom;wpfOD; b0c&D;vrf;wpfavQmufvHk;ü pGefYvTwfrIrsm;ESifh tepfemcH&rnf[laom
tcsuf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tpövmrfrS rajymif;vJEdkifaomrl0g'wpfckcsrSwfay;onf/ EdkifiHawmftaeESifh
xdkrl0g'tay:wGif tajccHNyD; w&m;rQwrI?trSefw&m;ESifh ajzmifhrwfrSefuefjcif;[laom oabmw&m;rsm;?
rl0g'rsm; wnfaqmuf&rnf/ rnfodkYaomtajctae? tcsdeftcgrsdK;wGifürqdk EdkifiHa&;? pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh
trsdK;om;a&;twGuf twkta,mifaqmifrkom;xGufqdkjcif;? w&m;rQwrIr&Sdjcif;wdkYudk oifhovdk
vkyfaqmifrIrsdK; rjyKvkyfap&/ EdkifiHawmfESifhEdkifiHom;rsm;Mum;wGifjzpfap? EdkifiHawmfESifh tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;Mum;
wGifjzpfap rSefuefrI? ½dk;om;ajzmifhrwfrIESifh w&m;rQwrIudkom a&SUwef;wifrIjyK&ayonf/
tpövmrfrS EdkifiHawmfESifh vlwpfOD;csif;pDtay:ü qifwlaomwm0ef0wå&m;rsm; owfrSwfay;xm;yg
onf/ ,if;owfrSwfjy|mef;csufrsm;rSm tm;vHk;aomoabmwlpmcsKyfrsm;udk rjzpfrae jynfh0atmif
aqmif&Gufjcif;? qufqHa&;wGifwlnDaom pHEIef;rsm;&Sdapjcif;? tcGifhta&;ESifhtwl wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;
vkyfaqmifay;&mwGif tjcm;olrsm;tm; ¤if;wdkYwm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifap&mwGif olwdkY&ydkifcGifhrsm;udk
rarhavsmhapjcif;? w&m;rQwrIudk xlaxmifa&;twGuf tmPmESifhvkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udktoHk;jyKjcif;? jypfrI
usL;vGefjcif;ESifh w&m;rQwrI r&Sdjcif;twGuf tmPmESifhvkyfydkifcGifhrsm;udk tvGJoHk;pm;rjyK&jcif;? wm0efudk
tav;tjrwfxm;p&m 0wå&m;[k owfrSwfjcif;? wm0efudkaphpyfaocsmpGm vpf[if;rIr&SdbJ xrf;aqmif
apjcif;? tmPmudk udk;uG,f&mt&Sif ,HkMunftyfESHrI[kowfrSwfí wpfpHkwpfa,mufrS þtmPmudk
tvGJoHk;pm;jyKygu tmac&ofaemifwrvGefb0 wGif jyefvnfay;qyf&rnf[k ,HkMunfjcif;wdkYjzpfonf/
tpövmrfEdkifiHawmfwpfckudk urÇmN*dK[f&Sdrnfonfhae&mwGifrqdk wnfaxmifEdkifaomfvnf; EdkifiHawmf
e,fedrdwftwGif; vlYtcGifhta&;ESifh txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk uefYowfcsKyfcs,f wm;qD;ydkifcGifhr&Sd/
tpövmrfrS tajctaet&yf&yfwGif tcsdefra&G; vdkufemusifhoHk;Edkifonfh trsm;ESifhqdkifaom tajccH
vlYtcGifhta&;rsm;udk csrSwfay;onf/ Oyrm- vlaoG;onf tav;tjrwfwefzdk;xm;oifhaomaMumifh
cdkifvHkaomusdK;aMumif;jycsufr&SdbJ aoG;xGufoH,kdrI rjzpfap&/ xdkYtjyif trsdK;orD;rsm;? uav;oli,frsm;?
touft&G,fBuD;&ifholrsm;? rusef;rrmolrsm;? 'Pf&m temw&jzpfaeolrsm;udk zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fcGifhr&Sd?
trsdK;orD;rsm; *kPfodu©mESifh tdajE´udkav;pm;&rnf/ qmavmifrGwfodyfaeolrsm;udk auR;arG;&rnf/
t0wftpm;uif;rJhaeolrsm;udk t0wf tpm;qifay;&rnf/ 'Pf&m&aeolrsm;? a&m*ga0'em&Sifrsm;tm;
rGwfpvifrfjzpfap? rGwfpvifrf &efoltkyfpkrsm;rSyifjzpfap aq;0g;ukoay;&rnf/ þodkY jyKrl
qufqHjcif;rsm;ESifh tjcm;axmufyHhjcif;rsm;udk vlom;wpfOD;twGuf vlom;*kPfodu©m? vlYtqifhtwef;ESifh
tnDay;xm;aom tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonf/
tpövmrfwGif EkdifiHom;rsm;tcGifhta&;udk owfrSwfay;&mwGif owfrSwfxm;aom EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH
twGif; arG;zGm;olrsm;twGufom uefYowfxm;rIr&Sday/ xdkYaMumifhyif rGwfpvifrfwpfOD;onf tpövmrfEdkifiH
22

23. wpfcktwGif;odkY tajccsaexdkifoGm;&ef&nf&G,fcsufjzifh tajccsvdkufonfESifhwpfNydKifwnf; xdkEdkifiHwGif
arG;uwnf;u tajccsaexdkifolrsm;ESifh wef;wltcGifhta&;rsm;udk wef;wlcHpm;cGifh&Sdonf/ rGwfpvifrfwdkif;
taeESifh olvlrsdK;EG,f? tom;ta&mifESifh vlwef;pm;rsm;udk cGJjcm;jcif;r&SdbJ tpövmrhfEdkifiHtwGif;
tjrifhrm;qHk; tqifhtwef;wGifxm;í *kPfjyKumuG,f&avonf/
tpövmrfwGif tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmfe,fedrdwftwGif; aexdkifonfh rGwfpvifrfr[kwfonfholrsm;
twGufvnf; wdusaomtcGifhta&;rsm; owfrSwfay;xm;onf/ ,if;wdkYtm; tpövmrfzGJUpnf;yHk
tajccHOya' tcef;u@wpfcktjzpfvnf; jy|mef;&efvdktyfonf/ tpövmrfha0g[m&ü þuJhodkYaom
rGwfpvifrfr[kwfonfh EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; ]]ZifrD}}tapmifha&SmufcH[kac:onf/ tpövmrfh EdkifiHwpfckodkY
rdrdwdkYoabmjzifh 0ifa&muf aexdkifMuNyD; tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmfrS ¤if;wdkYtm;umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef ¤if;wdkYESifh
y#dnmOfjyKMuolrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ ZifrDwpfOD; touf?ydkifqdkifrIOpöm ypönf;rsm;ESifh *kPfodu©mwdkYudk
rGwfpvifrfEdkifiHom;wpfOD;ESifh wef;wltav;xm; umuG,fay;&onf/ xdkYaMumifhw&m;rOya'ESifh jypfrI
qdkif&mOya'ESpf&yfvHk;wGif rGwfpvifrf ESifh rGwfpvifrfr[kwfaom EdkifiHom;rsm;tMum; cGJjcm;rIvHk;0r&Sdyg/
tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmftaeESifh rGwfpvifrfr[kwfolrsm; yk*¾dKvfa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
aESmifh,Suf [efYwm;rIrsm;jyKrnfr[kwf/ ZifrDrsm;taeESifh pdwf"mwfydkif;qdkif&mESifh ,if;wdkY,HkMunfrIrsm;
twGuf jynfh0aom vGwfvyfrI&Sdap&rnfjzpfonf/ olwdkY bmoma&;qdkif&m "avhxHk;pHrsm;? tcrf;tem;
rsm;udk olwdkY BudKufESpfoufonfhyHkpHrsm;jzifh usifhoHk;ydkifcGifh&Sd,HkrQru ,if;wdkYoabmw&m;rsm;udkvnf;
vGwfvyfpGm0g'jzefYydkifcGifh &Sdonf/ xdkrQru ,if;wdkYrS tpövmrfudk a0zefrIjyKvkdyguvnf; csrSwfxm;aom
Oya'ESifh vlrIa&;usifh0wfqdkif&m uefYowfcsufrsm;twGif;ü a0zefydkifcGifh&Sdonf/
txufazmfjyyg rGwfpvifrfr[kwfolrsm;ESifh oufqdkifaomtcGifhta&;rsm;onf jyKjyifajymif;vJí
r&aom tcGifhta&;rsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYudk EdkifiHom;rsm;tjzpf tmrcHcsufay;xm;onf/ rSDcdk&mEdkifiHrS
¤if;wdkY udk,fwdkifrpGefYcGmoa&GU rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufurQ rGwfpvifrfr[kwfol EdkifiHom;rsm;
tcGifhta&;udk ydwfyifwm;qD;EdkifcGifhr&Sd/ rGwfpvifrfr[kwfaomEdkifiHwpfcku ,if;EdkifiHrS rGwfpvifrf
EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; zdESdyfcsKyfcs,f ESdyfpufaumif;ESdyfpufrnfjzpfaomfvnf; tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmftaeESifh
,if;EdkifiH rGwfpvifrfr[kwfol EdkifiHom;rsm;tm; vufwHkYjyef n§if;yef;ESdyfpuf&efcGifhrjyKay/ tu,fí
tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmfjyify&Sd rGwfpvifrfrsm;tm; tpkvdkuftNyHKvdkuf owfjzwfrIjzpfcJhvQifawmif rS
tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmfonf rdrdEdkifiHawmftwGif; rSDwif;aexdkifMuukefaom tumtuG,fcHrGwfpvifrfr[kwfol
EkdifiHom;wpfOD;aoG;udkrQ EdkifiHawmftwGif; rusqif;ap&/
tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmfwpfcktwGif; tpdk;& pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;wm0efudk trD;&f-acgif;aqmifxH tyfESHxm;
onf/ EdIif;,SOfjy&vQif taemufwdkif;'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHrsm; or®w(odkYr[kwf)0efBuD;csKyfESifh tqifhtwef;
csif; wlnDonf/ zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' owfrSwfjy|mef;csufESifhtusHK;0ifaom t&G,fa&mufol
usm;rtm;vHk; onf trD;&fa&G;cs,faoma&G;aumufyGJwGif rJay;ydkifcGifh&Sdonf/
trD;&fjzpf&ef vdktyfaomt&nftcsif;rsm;rsm ynm? tpövmrfhpdwf"mwfESifhywfoufí vltrsm;pk
,HkMunfav;pm; axmufcHrI&&Sdxm;oljzpf&rnf/ tpövmrfhpdwf"mwf&Sdonf[kqdk&mwGif ouú0g[fac:
udk;uG,f&mt&Siftm; aMumuf&GHU½dkaocefYNim;aomol jzpf&rnf/ xdkuJhodkYaomolomvQif EdkifiHawmf
23

24. tBuD;tuJjzpf&ef xdkufwefol jzpf&rnf/ twdkcsKyfqdk&aomf trD;&f[lonf t&nftcsif;&SdouJhodkY
pifMu,faomtusifhoDvESifhvnf; jynfhpkHoljzpf&rnf/
½SL&m[kac:aom tBuHay;aumifpDudkvnf; jynfolvlxk a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufrIjzifh zGJUpnf;xm;
onf/ ,if;wm0efrSm trD;&facgif;aqmiftm; ulnDrIESifhvrf;ñTefrIjyK&ayrnf/ trD;&f acgif;aqmif
taeESifh rdrdwdkif;jynfudk½SL&mtzGJU tBuHÓmPfjzifhom pDrHcefYcGJ&efwm0ef&Sdonf/ trD;&ftaeESifh jynfol
vlxk pdwfcs,HkMunfrI&Sdaeoa&GU tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmESifh ½kH;awmfudk xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifcGifh&Sdonf/ jynfol
vlxk ,HkMunfudk;pm;rI qHk;½IH;oGm;aomtcgwGifrl tkyfcsKyfEdkifrItcGifhta&;ESifh ½kH;awmfudk pGeYfvTwf
&rnfjzpfonf/ EdkifiHom;wdkif;taeESifh trD;&facgif;aqmifESifh ol tpdk;&udk a0zefydkifcGifh&Sdonf/
jynfolrsm;oabmxm;udk yGifhvif;pGm zGifh[aqG;aEG;Edkif&ef oifhwifhavsmufywfaomenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh
jzpfajrmufatmif aqmif&Gufay;&onf/
tpövmrfhEdkifiHawmf Oya'jyKjcif;rSm &S&Dt[fac: tpövmrfhw&m;Oya'abmiftwGif; uefYowf
xm;csufrsm;t& Oya'jyKydkifcGifh &Sdonf/ udk;uG,f&mt&Siftv’m[fESifh wrefawmf w&m;0iftrdefYrsm;udk
vdkufemvufcHusifhoHk;&rnf jzpfonf/ rnfonfhOya'jyKtzGJUtpnf;urS xdktrdefYrsm;udk ajymif;vJcGifh?
jyKjyifcGifh? qefYusifcGifh? y,fzsufcGifhr&Sd/ xdktrdefYynwfcsufrsm;teuf teuft"dyÜg,fESpfck
(odkYr[kwf)ESpfckxuf ydkEdkifzG,f&Sdygu tpövmrfha&;&m tpövmrfhOya'uRrf;usifwwfajrmufolrsm;
yg0ifzGJYpnf;xm;aom tBuHay;aumifpD qyfaumfrDwDESifh aqG;aEG;wdkifyif qHk;jzwf&rnfjzpfonf/ &S&Dt[f
Oya'rS txl;trdefYrsm;ESifh jyóem&yfrsm;udk vTrf;NcHKajz&Sif;EdkifpGrf;r&Sdawmhonfh e,fy,frsm;twGuf
Oya'jyKa&;rSm tBuHay;aumifpD(odkYr[kwf)Oya'jyKtzGJUrS jyKvkyfydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ ,if;udpö&yfrsm;ESifhywfouf
í vGwfvyfpGm pD&ifqHk;jzwfydkifcGifhvnf;&Sdonf/
tpövmrfwGif w&m;olBuD;tzGJUonf tkyfcsKyfa&;(tpdk;&tzGJU)vufatmufwGifr&Sdyg/ w&m;olBuD;
tzGJUonf ,if;tmPmudk &S&Dt[fac:tpövmrfhw&m;Oya'rS wdkuf½dkuf&&SdNyD; udk;uG,f&mt&SifodkY
tajzay;&ef wm0ef&SdaomtzGJUvnf; jzpfonf/ w&m; olBuD;rsm;udk tpdk;&tzGJUrS cefYtyfxm;onf/
w&m;olBuD;tjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&onfESifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sif owfrSwfjy|mef;xm;aom Oya't& pD&if&rnf
jzpfonf/ rsufESmrvdkuf&? ormorwfusus qHk;jzwf&rnfjzpfonf/ tpdk;&,EÅ&m;rsm;ESifh
0efxrf;t&mxrf;rsm;tm;vHk;onf ol w&m;0ifw&m;pD&ifcGifh jyifyür&Sdap&/ xdkYaMumifh tpdk;&
tjrifhqHk;w&m;pD&ifa&;tzGJUonfyifvQifw&m; ½kH;awmfrSqifhac:vQif w&m;vdktjzpfvnf;aumif;?
w&m;cHtjzpfvnf;aumif; ½kH;awmfa&SUvm&yfMu&rnf/ tkyfcsKyfolESifhtkyfcsKyfcH ESpfOD;pvHk;onf Oya'
atmufwGifom&Sd&rnf/ &mxl;tmPmESifh tcGifhxl;cHponfjzifh tqifhtwef;rcGJbJ Oya'a&SUarSmufwGif
wpfajy;nDjzpf&rnf/ tpövmrfhaemufvdkufrsm;onf Oya'pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm;udk nDrQrIESifh ½dk;om;
ajzmifhrwfpGm vdkufem&onfomjzpfonf/ vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiHa&; tm;vHk;aom e,fy,frsm;udkvnf;
nDrQjcif;? wpfoa0rwdrf;vdkufemjcif;jzifh taumiftxnfazmf&yfwnf&rnf jzpfonf/
24

25. vltcGifhta&;? taemufwdkif;ESiftpövmrf
Y h
taemufwdkif;om;rsm;wGif urÇmüjzpfxGef;cJhaom vlom;tm; tusdK;jyKaponfh zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI
tm;vHk;onf ,if;wdkYaMumifhjzpfonf[k rSwf,lwwfaomtusifh&Sdonf/ Oyrmjy&vQif vlYtcGifhta&;oabm
w&m;udk NAdwdefEdkifiH r*¾emumwm Magna Carta yxrqHk; pGJ,loHk;pGJcJhonf[k qlnHpGm
a<u;aMumfaecJhMuonf/ ,if;rSm tpövmrfay:xGef;NyD; ESpfaygif;(600)MumrS a&;qGJcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif
trSefpifppf r*¾emumwmwGif cHktzGJUtjzpf ppfaq;pD&ifjcif;wnf;[laomoabmw&m;yg&Sdjcif;? tcGefpnf;
Muyfjcif;[laom tcGifhtvrf;udk ygvDrefrSxdef;csKyfEdkifonf[laom oabmw&m;yg&Sdjcif;udk 17-&mpk
wdkifatmif tusdK;taMumif;jyazmfxkwf&ef tdyfrufyifrrufcJhyg/ tu,fí r*¾emumwmrlMurf;udk a&;qGJcJh
onfhyk*¾dKvfrsm;om ,aeYwdkif touf&Sifaeao;rnfqdkygu olwdkYa&;om;csufonf þtaumif;qHk;
oabmw&m;rsm;udk tjrwfwEkd; xdef;odrf;xm;Muonfudkodygu tvGefyiftHhMooGm;Murnfjzpfonf/
pma&;ol taumif;qkH;A[kokwt& pOf;pm;MunfhvQif 17-&mpkESpfrwdkifrD taemufwdkif;wGif
vlYtcGifh ta&;? EdkifiHom;wdkYtcGifhta&;[laom todonmrsm;r&SdcJhay/ 18-&mpkESpftxdvnf; xdktcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk oabmaygufem;vnfusifhoHk;rI r&SdcJhay/ odkYaomf 18-&mpktqHk;ydkif;ESpfrsm;wGifom tar&duef
ESifh jyifopfEdkifiHwkdYtajccHOya'rsm;wGif vlYtcGifhta&;ESifh EdkifiHom;wdkYtcGifhta&;[laom todynm
rsm;udk ,if;wdkYrl&if; teuft"dyÜg,ftwdkif; ouf0ifusifhoHk;cJhonfudk awGU&onf/
þtjzpftysufrsm;aemufydkif;wGif EdkifiHrsm;pGm tajccHOya'rsm;wGif tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;ESifh
ywfoufí &nfñTef;csufrsm; ay:aygufvmonf/ txufygtcGifhta&;rsm;rSm vufawGU toHk;0ifrIxuf
pm&Gufay:wGif&Sdaom tcGifhta&;rsm;tjzpfom &SdcJhonf/ 20-&mpktv,fydkif;ESpfwGif urÇmhukvor*¾
(United Nations) ,cktcg ydkíqDavsmfaomtrnfjzifhac:&vQif urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;cGJjcm;a&;toif;BuD;
(Divided Nations)rSm trsm;ESifhqdkifaom vlYtcGifhta&;aMunmpmwrf;BuD;udk xkwfjyefcJhonf/ xdkokdY
xkwfjyef&jcif; &nf&G,fcsufrSm rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif;rsm;udk jypfwifa0zefvsuf ,if;jyóemrsm;
ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;ay;onhftaeESifh jyóemrsm;xyfrHray:ayguf&ef xdef;odrf;vdkonfh &nf&G,fcsuf
jzpfcJhonf/ okdYaomf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHrS rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfjcif;udk [efYwm;vdkaomtcg urÇmhukvor*¾
tzGJUBuD;udk zdtm;ay;awmif;qdkaomfjim;vnf; rnfonfh ajz&Sif;xdef;odrf;ay;jcif;rsdK;rS r&SdcJhyg/ urÇmh
ukvor*¾rSm &nf&G,fcsufaumif;aomfvnf; jzpfEdkifajcr&Sdaom arQmfvifhcsufrsm;om azmfjyrI&SdcJhonf/
urÇmhukvor*¾taeESifh þodkYajymqdkcsufrsm;aemufuG,fwGif rnfonfh cGifhjyKrdefYrS rxkwfjyefyg/ xdkokdY
rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfaeolrsm;tm; rnfonfh ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m? udk,fusifhw&m;qdkif&m zdtm;ay;rIrsdK;rS rjyKvkyfyg/
xdkodkYtrSefwu,fjzpfysufaeonfh tajccHvlYtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufcH&rIrsdK;udk ajz&Sif;ay;rnfhtpm; urÇmh
ukvor*¾ qlnHaom ajz&Sif;rIrsm;? qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;aMumifh vlYtcGifhta&;rSm qufvuf csdK;azmuf
eif;acsapmfum;cHae&rIrsm;om qufvufjzpfay:aeqJ jzpfonf/
25

26. tpövmrfwGif uREfkyfwdkYajymqdkaeaom vlYtcGifhta&;[lonf udk;uG,f&mt&Sifu tmrcHcsuf
ay;xm;aomtcGifhta&;rsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ tkyfcsKyfolbk&ifrsm;ESifh Oya'jyKtzGJUtpnf;rsm;u ay;aomtcGifh
ta&;[lonf rdrdwdkYESpfoufovdk tcGifhta&;rsm;udk jyefvnf½kyfodrf;Edkifonf/ odkYaomf udk;uG,f&m
t&Sifu ay;tyfxm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udkrl rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,muf(odkY) rnfonfh tzGJUtpnf;
wpfckurQ ½kyfodrf;Edkifaom tcGifhtmPmr&Sdacs/
ukvor*¾ y#dnmOfpmwrf;aMunmcsufrsm;ESifh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ponfwdkYudk udk;uG,f&mt&SifrS
cGifhjyKcsufay;xm;onfh tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfjcif;rjyKEdkif/ y#dnmOfpmwrf;aMunmjcif;ESifh qHk;jzwfcsuf
wdkYrSm vlwpfOD;twGufrjyKrae& wm0efr[kwfaomfvnf; udk;uG,f&mt&SifrS ay;xm;aomtcGifhta&;?
cGifhjyKcsufrsm;rSmrl tpövmrhf,HkMunfrI tpdwftydkif;jzpfaomaMumifh rGwfpvifrftm;vHk;ESifh rdrdudk,fudkrdrd
rGwfpvifrf[kzGifh[aMunmol pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;orm;wpfOD;taeESifh udk;uG,f&mt&Sifu cGifhjyKxm;onfh tcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk vufcH&rnf/ todtrSwfjyK&rnf/ tusdK;oufa&mufrI&Sdap&rnf/ tu,fí xdkolrS ,if;tcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk tusdK;oufa&mufrIr&SdapcJhvQif (odkYr[kwf) xdktcGifhta&;rsm;udk EIwfjzifhomajymaeNyD; tcGifh
ta&;rsm;udk csdK;azmufcJhvQif olwdkYESifhywfoufí usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;rSm jywfom;wdus
vSayonf/
atmufazmfjyygusrf;ydk'fwGif tvm;wlñTef;qdkonfrSm- ]]¤if;tjyif rnfolrqdk tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf
csrSwfawmfrlonfh w&m;pD&ifqHk;jzwfjcif;rjyKcJhygvQif xdkuJhodkYaomolrsm;yif trSm;usL;vGefaomolrsm;
jzpfMuukefownf;/}} xdkYjyif cJbG,fabmZOfu@wGifyif wwd,usrf;ydk'ftaejzifh
wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdk&aomf ,m,DtmPmydkifrsm;taejzifh rdrdwdkYudk,fydkifpum;rsm;? qHk;jzwfcsuf
rsm;uom rSefuefNyD; tv’m[ft&SifjrwfcsrSwfay;aomtrdefYrsm;tm; rSm;,Gif;onf[k ,lqMuaomolrsm;
onf umzd&fr,HkMunfolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ wpfzufwGif tmPmydkifrsm;taeESifh tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf
trdefYynwfcsufrsm;rSm rSefuefonf[k vufcHaomfjim;vnf; ,if;wdkYqHk;jzwfcsuf rsm;udkom tom;ay;
vdkojzifh tv’m[ft&Sif trdefYawmfrsm;udk wrif&nf&G,fí jiif;y,fcJhonf&SdcJhaomf xdkolwdkYonf trSm;
26

27. usL;vGefolrsm;jzpfonf[k qdkvdkonf/ Oya'csdK;azmufolrsm;rSm EdkifiHawmfopömudk Oayu©mjyKjcif;om
jzpfí trsdK;om;a&;udk opömrJholrsm; jzpfMuonf/
27

28. tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;rsm;
vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf þEdkifiHrSjzpfonf (odkYr[kwf) xdkEdkifiHrSjzpfonf/ xdkolonf ,HkMunfol
wpfOD;jzpfonf (odkYr[kwf) r,HkMunfolwpfOD;jzpfonf/ olonfopfawmxJwGif tajccs aexdkifoljzpfonf
(odkYr[kwf) oJuEåm&twGif; touf&Sifaexdkifoljzpfonf ponfjzifh rnfodkYyifjzpfapumrl olonfvlom;
wpfOD;jzpfjcif;wnf;[laom taMumif;w&m;aMumifh olYrSm tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;rsm;&SdaeaMumif;udk uREfkyfwdkY
odjrifEdkifNyD;jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif rGwfpvifrfwdkif;taeESifh þtajccHvlYtcGifhta&;rsm;udk tav;xm;í
todtrSwfjyK&rnf[laomtcsufudkvnf; uREfkyfwdkY em;vnfcJhonf/ ,if;tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;rsm;rSm-
touf&SifaexdkifcGifh&&SdrIonf tajccHvlYtcGifhta&;rsm;teuf yxrOD;qHk;ESifht"dutusqHk; tcGifh
ta&;jzpfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif ,if;tcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufí zGifhqdk&Sif;vif;xm;onfrSm-
vlowform;wpfa,muftm; vufwkHYjyefonfhtaeESifh toufowfjcif;(odkYr[kwf) urÇmN*dK[f
ay:wGif ysufpD;jcif;udkjzpfapaomudpö&yfrsm;wGif rSefuefpGmqHk;jzwfrIudk tcGifhtmPm&Sdaomw&m;½kH;rSom
qHk;jzwfydkifcGihf&Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh ppftwGif;umvjzpfvQif þodkYaomqHk;jzwfrIrsdK;udk rSefuefoifhavsmfpGm
zGJYpnf;xm;onfhtpdk;&tzGJUuom qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&Sdonf/ rnfonfh jzpf&yfwGifrqdk rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,muf
urQ txufygjyóem (vlom;toufudkowfjcif;)rsm;twGuf olYbmomqHk;jzwfydkifcGifh r&Sdacs/
þtcsufudk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrS &Sif;vif;pGm axmufjyonfrSm-
28

29. þonfrSm vlowfrIudk w&m;Oya't& touf0dnmOfowfjcif;rS cGJjcm;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ wref
awmfjrwfrk[r®'f()rS twdtvif;rdefYMum;xm;awmfrlaom wpfyg;ruaom ewfbk&m;rsm;udkudk;uG,fjcif;
(tv’m[fESifhudk;uG,f&mt&Sifrsm;udk wkyEdIif;,SOfudk;uG,fjcif;)[laomvkyf&yfaemuf tjypftBuD;qHk;trIrSm
vlowfrIomjzpfonf/ wrefawmf"avhawmfrsm;wGif ]]tBuD;qHk;tukodkvf tjypfrsm;rSm udk;uG,f&mt&Sif
tv’m[ftm; tjcm;udk;uG,f&m wpfpHkwpf&mESifh wkzufEdIif;,SOf udk;uG,fjcif;ESifh vlom;tm; owfjzwfjcif;
jzpfonf}} [k a&;om;wifjyxm;onf/
txufazmfjyyg usrf;jrwfuk&ftmef usrf;ydk'frsm;? wrefawmfjrwfMo0g'awmf? "avhawmfrsm;rS
em;vnfEdkifonfrSm ezfhpf-0dÓmOf[laom a0g[m&udk a,bk,spum;vHk;tjzpfom oHk;xm;onfudk
awGU&onf/ touf0dÓmOf[kqdk&mwGif rnfonfh EdkifiHwpfckrS EdkifiHom;jzpf&rnf/ (odkYr[kwf) rnfonfh
vlrsdK;? rnfonfh bmom0ifjzpf&rnf[k ñTef;qdkxm;jcif;r&Sd/ þw&m;0iftrdefYonf vlom;tm;vHk;twGuf
oHk;xm;aom a0g[m&jzpfonf/
vlom;xkwpf&yfvHk; touf&SifaexdkifcGifh[laom tcGifhta&;udkay;xm;onfrSm tpövmrfbmom
wpfckwnf;üom&Sdonf/ EdkifiHrsm;tajccHOya'rsm;rS vlUtcGifhta&;rsm;(odkYr[kwf) vlUtcGifhta&;qdkif&m
w&m;0if aMujimpmwrf;rsm;udk &nfñTef; avhvmMunfhygu xdktcGifhta&;rsm;onf oufqdkif&mEdkifiHrsm;
EdkifiHom;rsm;? vljzLrsdK;EG,frsm;twGufomjzpfaMumif;awGU&ayonf/ Oyrm-Mopaw;vsm;EdkifiHwGif
vlom;rsm;tm; wd&pämefrsm;tm; trJvdkufouJhodkY vdkufzrf;onf/ xdkYjyif ajr,mrsm;udk vljzLrsm;
tajccsaexdkif&ef a'ocH a&S;vlrsdK;rsm;u ckwfxGif&Sif;vif;ay;&onf/ tvm;wl tar&duwdkuf a'ocH
wdkif;&if;om;rsm; vlOD;a&udk pepfwus zsufqD;avQmhcsjcif;cHcJh&ayonf/ tdE´d,ef;vleDrsm;tm; rsdK;jzKwf
owfjzwfrIrsm;jyKcJhaomaMumifh touf &Sifoef usef&pfaeaom rsdK;EG,frsm;tm; xdef;odrf;&ef uefYowf
xm;onf/ tmz&duwdkufwGifvnf; vlom;rsm;onf wd&pämefrsm;uJhodkY trJvdkufowfjzwfjcif; cH&onfudk
awGUEdkifonf/ txufazmfjyyg vlwpfpktwGuf&nf&G,fonfh vlYtcGifhta&;[laom wpfpdwfwpfydkif;
todonmrsm;ESifhqefYusifvsuf tpövmrfrS þtcGifhta&;rsm;tm;vHk;udk vlom;tm;vHk;twGuf
tav;teufxm;onf/
touf&SifoefaexdkifrIESifhqdkifaom vlom;tcGifhta&;taMumif; wifjyNyD;NyD;csif; qufvufí
udk;uG,f&mt&SifrSrdefYawmfrlonfrSm
vlom;toufudk aojcif;w&m;rS u,fwifyHku,fwifenf;rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ tu,fí vlyk*¾dKvf
wpfOD;onfzsm;emjcif;? rusef;rmjcif;jzpfonf(okdYr[kwf) 'Pf&mtemw&&ygu olYtm; aq;0g;ukorI
29

30. qdkif&m tultnD&&Sdap&ef ydkYaqmifay;&rnfrSm oifwm0efyifjzpfonf/ tu,fíolYtaeESifh tpm
iwfrGwfí aovkarsmyg;jzpfaeygu olYtm; auR;arG;&rnfrSm toifhwm0efyif/ tu,fí vlwpfOD;a&epfae
rnfqdkygu olYudka&xJrS u,fwifay;&rnf/ uREkfyfwdkYtaeESifh usrf;jrwfuk&ftmeftwdkif; vkdufemusifhoHk;
onf[kqdkvQif vlom;toufudk u,fwifrIonf uREkfyfwdkYwm0ef[k rSwf,l&ayrnf/
tpövmrfuay;xm;aom vlYtcGifhta&; wwd,ta&;tBuD;qHk;u@rSm trsdK;orD;xkumtdajE´?
*kPfodu©mESifh ywfoufaeonf/ uREkfyfwdkYtaejzifh trsdK;orD;wpfODtm; olronf uREkfyfwdkYEdkifiHol
[kwfonfjzpfap (0g) &efolEdkifiHrS trsdK;orD;yifjzpfap? uREkfyfwdkYtaeESifh olrtm; a0;uGmaom opfawm
wpfcktwGif;ü&Sdonfjzpfap (0g) ppfEdkifxm;aomNrdKUüawGUonfjzpfap? olronf uREkfyfwdkYESifh bmomw&m;
wloljzpfap? tjcm;bmom0ifjzpfap? bmomrJhwpfOD;jzpfap olrumtdajE´udkav;pm;&rnf/ tcsdefumv
tm;vHk;twGuf tumtuG,fjyK&rnf/ rGwfpvifrfwpfOD;taeESifh tm;vHk;aomtajctaersdK;wGif olrtm;
um,tMurf;zufrIrsdK; jyKvkyfrnfr[kwf/ rGwfpvifrftrsdK;om;wpfOD;twGuf trsdK;orD;wpfOD;rS qE´jyif;jy
aom tazmftjzpfawmifhwaeapumrl ¤if;ESifhqufqHjcif;rjyK&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf/ trsdK;orD;u rnfonfh
tqifhtwef; (odkYr[kwf) rnfonfhtajctaewGifrqdk trsm;ESifhaomif;ajymif;vdifqufqHrIrsdK; rjyKvkyf&/
þvdifrIudpörsdK;udk a&SmifMuOf&eftvdkYiSm usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif rdefYqdkxm;onfrSm-
vdifazmufjyefrIESifhywfoufí BuD;av;aomtjypf'Pfudk owfrSwfxm;onf/ xdktjypf'PfrS
avsmhyg;oufomapEdkifaomenf;vrf;udkrl ñTefjyrxm;acs/ tpövmrfwGiftrsdK;orD;umtdajE´udk csdK;azmuf
usL;vGefrIudk wm;jrpfxm;onf/ xdkYaMumifh jypfrIusL;vGefaom rGwfpvifrfwpfa,mufonf ,if;tjypf'Pf
udk cH&rnfjzpfonf/ xdktjypf'Pfonf vuf&SdavmuwGifaomfvnf;aumif;? aemifwrvGefb0wGif
vnf;aumif; ajy;rvGwfwrf;cH&rnfrSm taotcsmyif jzpfonf/ umtdajE´qdkif&m rGefjrwfoefY&Sif;rI
todonmESifh trsdK;orD;rsm;tm; umuG,fay;jcif;udk tpövmrfomoemwGifrSvGJí rnfonfhae&mwGifrQ
rawGUEdkif/ taemufwdkif;tmPm wefcdk;xGm;pOfu ppfwyfrsm;onf ¤if;wdkYEdkifiHrsm;orD;ysdKrsm;udk
ppfom;rsm; umrqE´jznfhqnf;&ef toHk;jyKcJhonf/ tu,fí ¤if;wdkYtaeESifh tjcm;wdkif;EdkifiHrsm;udk
odrf;ydkufrnfqdkvQif xdkEdkifiHrsm;rS rdef;rom;rsm;uHMur®monf a&;om;azmfjyonfxufyif ydkrdkqdk;&Gm;aom
tajctaeESifh BuHKawGU&rnfudk pdwful;ESifh rSef;qMunfhEdkifygonf/
odkYaomfrGwfpvifrfrsm;ordkif;aMumif;wGifrl wpfOD;csif; owdvpf[if;rIaMumifhjzpfcJhaom
jyóemrsdK;rSvGJí trsdK;orD;xktm; usL;vGefapmfum;cJhonfjypfrIrsdK;r&Sdacs/ rGwfpvifrfppfwyfwpfckrS tjcm;
EdkifiHrsm;tm; rk'drf;usifhonfhtrIudpörsdK;eSifh ppfatmifEdkifaomEdkifiHrStpdk;&taeESifh ppfEdkifaomppfwyftm;
vdifqufqH&ef Zdrfr,frsm;pDpOfí qE´jznfhay;&onf[laomudpörsdK; tpövmrfhordkif;wGif wpfcgbl;rQ
r&SdcJhay/
30

31. pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifhywfoufí usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrS rGwfpvifrfvdkufemusifhoHk;ol
rsm;tm; vrf;ñTefxm;onfrSm- ]]xdkYtjyif xdkolwdkY<u,f0csrf;omrIwGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;í aiGaMu;Opöm
vdktyfaeolrsm;ESifh cdkudk;&mrJhMuolrsm;twGufyg cHpm;cGifh&Sdonf/}}
txufyg w&m;0iftrdefYay;csuf azmfjycsufrsm;u ñTefjyaeonfrSm þtrdefYonf t<uif;rJh
jzpfaom jywfom;wdusonfhtrdefYjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;onf/ xdkYtjyif txufygtrdefYudk ñTefay;jcif;
cH&aomae&ma'orSm xdktcgu rGwfpvifrfvlYtzGJUtpnf;r&Sdao;onfh ruúm[fNrdKUwGif jzpfonf/
rGwfpvifrfrsm; 0ifvmcsdefwGifvnf; r,HkMunfolrsm;ESifhqufqHae&aom tcsdefumvjzpfonf/
txufazmfjyygusrf;pmydk'f &Sif;vif;aomt"dyÜg,frSm tultnDvdktyfí awmif;cHae&aomolESifh
csdKUwJhqif;&Jjcif;udk cHpm;ae&olwpfOD;rS rGwfpvifrfwpfOD;ydkifqdkifrIESifh <u,f0csrf;omrIudk rQa0cHpm;ydkif
cGifh &Sdonfudkqdkvdkonf/ þae&mwGif xdkqif;&JEGrf;yg;ol? cdkukd;&mrJholtaeESifh rnfonfhEdkifiHom;jzpf&rnf
rnfonfh vlrsdK;EG,fpkrSjzpf&rnf[laom uefYowfcsufr&Sday/ vlwpfOD;wpfa,muftaeESifh ulnDEdkifonfh
taetxm;wGif&SdNyD; csdKUwJhaeolwpfOD;u tultnDawmif;cHvmcJhvQif (odkYr[kwf) wpfpHkwpfa,mufu
xdkolwpfOD;onf trSefwu,fvdktyfaeaMumif;od&Sd&ygu xdkyk*¾dKvftm; rjzpfraeulnD&rnfrSm ulnDEdkif
onfh taetxm;wGif&Sdonfh vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;wm0efomjzpfonf/
tpövmrfwGif vGwfvyfaomvlwpfOD;udkzrf;qD;í uRefjyKjcif;(odkYr[kwf) aus;uReftjzpf
a&mif;csjcif;[laom a&S;OD;usonfhvlzrf;wwfonfhtavhtusifhudk jywfjywfom;om;wm;jrpfxm;onf/
þtcsufESifhywfoufí r[mwrefawmfjrwfMo0g'awmfrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
]]urÇmhw&m;pD&ifrnfhaeYü igwrefawmfrS w&m;vdktjzpf awmif;qdktem;,laprnfh vlyk*¾dKvfoHk;rsdK;
&Sdonf/ ,if;oHk;rsdK;aomyk*¾dKvfxJrS wpfrsdK;rSm vGwfvyfolwpfOD;tm; aus;uRefjyKvkyfí olYtm;a&mif;csNyD;
pm;oHk;aomoljzpfonf/}} (Akcg&Dusrf;? tdAfEkrm*s[fusrf;)
wrefawmfjrwf txufyg"avhawmfESifhMo0g'awmfrSm EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH? vlrsdK;EG,fwpfpkESifh bmom
w&m;wpfckudk vdkufemusifhoHk;olwpftkyfpktwGuf uefYowfowfrSwfxm;jcif;? &nfñTef;oifMum;xm;jcif;
r[kwf? taemufwkdif;rS Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;u olwdkYonfomvQif urÇmwGifuRefpepfudk csKyfNidrf;apNyD;
uRefb0rS vGwfajrmufapolrsm;omjzpfonf[k tBuD;tus,f*kPf,l ajymMum;aeMuonf/ trSefpifppf
uRefrsm;udk vGwfvyfcGifhay;í oifhwifhavsmufywf,Ofaus;zG,f&m jyKrlaexdkifrIrsdK;udk 20&mpktv,fydkif;
ESpfrsm;rSom pwifusifhoHk;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ BuD;rm;aomtwdkif;twmESifh vGwfvyfaomolrsm;udk
tvpf0ifa&muf zrf;qD;jcif;? tzrf;cH&olrsm;udk tusOf;om;b0xm;NyD; ,if;EdkifiHrsm; udkvdkeDa'orsm;udk
o,f,l ydkYaqmifay;avh&SdcJhMuonf/ ,if;taemufwdkif;om;rsm;u þuHMur®mqdk;0g;vSaomolrsm;tay:
jyKrlqufqHcJhonfrSm wd&pämefrsm;xufyifydkrdkqdk;0g;cJhonf/ þtcsufudk taemufwdkif;om;rsm;udk,fwdkif
a&;om;rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfh pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;wGif twdtvif;oufaocHaeMuayonf/
31

32. Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;u tar&duwdkufESifh taemuftdE´d, uRef;pkudkodrf;ydkufNyD;umv uRefukeful;rI
twGuf ul;vl;qufqHMujcif;rSm ESpfaygif;350wdkifatmif qufvufwnf&SdcJhygonf/ tmz&duvlrsdK;rsm;
tm; wdkuftwGif;ydkif;a'orsm;rS o,faqmifvmí oabFmrsm;ay:odkY wifay;onfh tmz&duwkduf&Sd oabFm
qdyfurf;rsm;tm;vHk;rSm uRefurf;ajc[k trnfwGifvmcJhonf/ NAdwdoQpma&;q&mrsm; cefYrSef;csuft&
ESpf(100)umvtwGif; (c&pfouú&mZf 1680rS 1786txd) NAdwdoQudkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;twGuf zrf;qD;cH&í
aus;uRefjyKcHcJh&aomvlOD;a&rSm pkpkaygif;oef;20cefY &Sdonf/ 1790ckESpfwGif vlaygif;75000udkzrf;qD;í
udkvdkeDa'orsm;wGif uRefvkyfom;rsm;tjzpf toHk;jyKjcif;cHcJh&aMumif; uREkfyfwdkYtm; ajymMum;cJhygonf/
aus;uRefrsm;udk o,f,lydkYaqmif&ef toHk;jyKcJhaom oabFmrsm;rSm ao;i,fínpfywfaya&aeayonf/
þuHMur®mqdk;0g;vSaom tmz&duefvlrsdK;rsm;onf uRJEGm;rsm;uJhodkY oHBudK;rsm;ESifhtaESmifcH&NyD;
opfom;pifrsm;xufwGif ae&mcsxm; jcif;cH&onf/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; 18vufrtuGmwGifxm;&Sdjcif;aMumifh
vIyf&Sm;&efrSm tvGefcJ,Of;Muyfwnf;vSonf/ xdkaus;uRefrsm;udk oifhwifhavsmufywfaom?vHkavmufaom
tpm;tpmrsm; ray;cJhyg/ rusef;rrm jzpfaomtcgrsdK;üvnf; aq;0g;ukoay;jcif;rsdK; vHk;0r&SdcJhyg/
taemufwdkif;pma&;q&mrsm;u zGifh[a&;om;xm;MuonfrSm uRefjyK&efESifht"r®cdkif;ap&ef tzrf;cH&
aom pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&20&mcdkifEIef;rSm tmz&duwdkufrS tar&duwdkufodkY o,f,lydkYaqmif&mvrf;aMumif;
wGif aoausysufpD;&onf[kqkdonf/ uRefukeful;aompepf txGwftxdyfa&mufcsdefumv tawmtwGif;
Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;rS uRefjyK&efzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifcH&aomvlOD;a&rSm cefYrSef;ajctenf;qHk; oef;(100)cefY&Sdonf[k
qdkonf/ þonfrSm tpövmrftm; aus;uRefpepfxlaxmifaomomoemjzpfonf[k vlod&SifMum;pGJcsufwif
½Iwfcsaeaomvlrsm; udk,fwdkifwifxm;aomrSwfwrf;rsm;t& odEdkifonf/ þonfrSm tjypfuif;rYJolwpfOD;
udk &mZ0wfrIusL;vGefouJhodkYydkif;í vufnd§K;xdk;tjypfwifaeouJhodkY tpövmrfu0dkif;í jypfwif½IHUcsaejcif;
om jzpfonf/
tma&;AD;,m;uRef;qG,fa'otwGif; vTrf;rdk;aeNyD;jzpfaom aus;uRefpepfyaysmuf&ef uRefrsm;tm;
olaumif;jyKjcif;? aus;uRefb0rS vGwfajrmufapjcif;wdkYjzifh uRefpepfyaysmufa&;twGuf tpövmrfrS ajz&Sif;
ay;cJhonf/ rGwfpvifrfrsm;tm; aus;uRefrsm;udk vGwfvyfapjcif;tm;jzifh ¤if;wdkYtjypfrsm;udk avQmfypf
EdkifaMumif;? ay;qyfEdkifaMumif; oifMum;ay;onf/ rdrdqE´tavsmuf aus;uRefwpfa,muf vGwfajrmufap
jcif;onf tvGefBuD;us,faomtusdK;aus;Zl;&SdaMumif;udk aus;uReftjzpfrSvGwfajrmufapaom vlyk*¾dKvf
wpfOD; ajcvuft*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;udk tvTwfcH&aomaus;uRef ajcvuft*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;
vGwfvyfoGm;ouJhodkY i&JrD;rS vGwfajrmufcGifh&rnf[k tav;teufajymMum;xm;onf/
þrl0g'tusdK;w&m;rSm ajzmifhrwfrSefuefí tusifhoDvpifMu,fMuukefaom cvDz[for®wBuD;
rsm;vufxufwGif tm;vHk;aomtm&yfaus;uRefrsm;tm;vHk; uReftjzpfrS vGwfajrmufvmí vGwfvyfcGifh
&&SdcJhMuonf/ wrefawmfjrwf()wpfOD;wnf;yif aus;uRefaygif;63OD;udk uRefb0vGwfajrmufapcJhonf/
tmtd&S[focifr( )rS uRef67OD;? tAfAg;pf()rS 70OD;? tAf'kvfvm[ft&f&[frmefocif()rS uRefaygif;
30000OD;udkvnf;aumif; 0,f,lí uReftjzpfrS vGwfajrmufapcJhonf/ xdkpm&if;tao;pdwftcsuftvuf
rsm;onf xdkacwfxdktcsdeftaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;wGif avhvmqef;ppf
Edkifonf/
32

33. xdkYaMumifh tma&AD;,m;uRef;qG,fa'o&Sd aus;uRefrsm;jyóemrSm ESpfaygif;40twGif; ajz&Sif;
EkdifcJhonf/ þonf aemufydkif;umvtwGif; tpövmrfvlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif usef&Sdaeao;onhf aus;uRef
rsm;rSm ppfyGJrsm;twGif; zrf;qD;&rdaomppfoHkYyef;rsm;jzpfNyD; tusOf;om;rsm;tjzpf&SdaecJhonf/ xdkppfoHkYyef;
rsm;udk rGwfpvifrftpdk;&rsm;rS xdef;odrf;xm;í ppfyGJrsm;twGif; zrf;qD;cH&aom rGwfpvifrfppfom;rsm;tm;
jyefa&G;&ef wpfzuftpdk;&rsm;ESifh oabmwlnDxm;aom tvJtvS,fcHrsm;vnf; jzpfMuonf/ tu,fí
rGwfpvifrfEdkifiHrS zrf;qD;&rdxm;aomppfom;rsm;udk wpfzufEdkifiHwGif ppfoHkYyef;rsm;tjzpf zrf;qD;cH&aom
rGwfpvifrfppfom;rsm;ESifh vJvS,fjcif;rjyKvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? wpfzufEdkifiHrS ,if;wdkYppfom;rsm;udk
¤if;wdkYvGwfajrmufa&;twGufa&G;&ef aiGray;vQifaomfvnf;aumif; rGwfpvifrftpdk;&taeESifh xdkppfoHkYyef;
rsm;udk ¤if;wdkYtm; zrf;qD;&rdcJhaom rGwfpvifrfppfwyfodkY vTGJay;rnfjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYonf xdkppfwyfrS
ppfom;rsm; tMum;wGifae&rnfjzpfonf/
þodkYjyKvkyfjcif;onf zrf;qD;&rdaomppfoHkYyef;rsm;udk uRJEGm;wd&pämefrsm;uJhodkY ae&mcsjcif;?
xdkYaemuf xdkolwdkYvkyftm;udk twif;t"r®apckdif;jcif;wdkYxuf vlom;qefaomvkyf&yfjzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif
ppftwGif; zrf;qD;rdaom rdef;rom;rsm;tm; Zdrfr,fvkyf&ef zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;xufvnf; vlom;qef
ayonf/ tpövmrfrS olwdkYtm;jzefYay;aomfvnf; wpfOD;csif;taeESifhrl vlom;qefqefqufqHaerdonf/
xdkYjyif ,if;oHkYyef;rsm;udk BuD;MuyfolwdkYtm;vnf; oHkYyef;rsm;udk aumif;pGmqufqHrIjyK&ef trdefYay;xm;NyD;
jzpfonf/
txufazmfjyyg ppfoHkYyef;rsm;? tusOf;om;rsm;ESifhywfoufaomrl0g' tusdK;aus;Zl;rSm ajrmufjrm;
pGmaomEdkifiH&yfjcm;rS ppfyGJrsm;wGif uReftjzpfzrf;qD;cH&NyD; rGwfpvifrfEdkifiHrsm;odkY ydkYaqmifcH&aomolrsm;u
tpövmrfomoemudk vufcH,HkMunfapaom taMumif;t&if;jzpfonf/ xdkolrsm;omru ¤if;wdkY
tquftEG,frsm;uyg tpövmrfodkY0ifa&mufvmBuNyD; BuD;us,faompmayynm&Sifrsm;? tDrmrfacgif;aqmif
rsm;? Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;? rsufarSmufa&;&mrsm;udk a[majyma&;om;aom jyKjyifa&;orm;rsm;?
EdkifiHtBuD;tuJrsm;ESifh ppfAdkvfcsKyfBuD;rsm; arG;xkwfay;cJhaom taMumif;w&m;vnf;jzpfonf/ xdkodkYaom
yk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm aemifwGif tpövmrfhurÇmudk tkyfcsKyfaomolrsm;jzpfvmMuonf/
,cktcg ppftusOf;om;rsm;udk urÇmwpfvTm;wGif ppfjyKjcif;?&efvdkjcif;rsm;udk&yfem;NyD; tjyeftvSef
vJvS,faeMujcif;rSm tpövmrfrSavhvmoif,lí vdkufemusifhoHk;aeaom tavhtusifhaumif;wpfck
jzpfayonf/ taMumif;&if;wpfckckaMumifh(odkYr[kwf) tjcm;taMumif;wpfckckaMumifh vJvS,fjcif;rjyKEdkifaom
tusOf;om;rsm;udk aumif;rGefpGmqufqHjcif;udkrl twk,lusifhoHk;rIr&Sd/ Oyrm- 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;twGif;u
*smrPDESifh *syefEdkifiHrsm;rS ppf½IH;aomppfwyfrsm;rS ½k&Sm;odkYydkYaqmifjcif;cH&aom ppfom;axmifaygif;
rsm;pGmuHMur®mrSm rnfuJhodkYjzpfcJh&onfudk wpfpHkwpfa,mufrSajymjyEdkifygovm;/ ,if;ppfom;rsm;teuf
rnfrQaom ppfom;rsm;onf ½k&Sm;ppfwyfvufatmuf vkyftm;ay;pcef;rsm;wGif yifyef;qif;&J
cufcJMurf;wrf;rIrsm;aMumifh aoaus ysufpD;Mu&onf/ rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufrQ rod&SdEdkifacs/ a&S;a[mif;
tD*spfEdkifiH zm½kdbk&ifrsm;vufxufwGif yd&rpfrsm;wnfaqmuf&mü aus;uRefrsm;vkyftm;udk twif;
n§if;yef;ESdyfpufNyD; t&,louJhodkY 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;rS ppftusOf;om;rsm;udkvnf; qdkufbD;&D;,m;a'o
ESifh tjcm;zGHUNzdK;rIr&Sdaoma'orsm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf vkyftm;rsm;udk twif;t"r® n§if;yef;
ESdyfpufrIjzifh &,lcJhonfrSm oHo,jzpfzG,fr&Sdacs/
33

34. þtcGifhta&;rSm tpövmrfrS vlom;okdYay;tyfaom tcGifhta&;rsm;teuf ta&;BuD;ouJhodkY
wefzdk;vnf;&Sdaom tcGifhta&;wpfckvnf;jzpfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif w&m;rQwrIqdkif&m tcGifhta&;
ESifhywfoufí csrSwfay;onfrlrSm-
þtcsufudk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGifxyfrHí tav;ay;azmfjyxm;onfrSm-
txufygtm,ofrsm;ü ñTefjyaeonfhtcsufrSm rGwfpvifrfrsm;taeESifh ¤if;wdkYrdwfaqG
oli,fcsif;rsm;udkomru &efolrsm;udkyg w&m;rQwpGmjyKrl&rnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf ,if;
aemufvdkuf rGwfpvifrfrsm;tm; awmif;qdkonfhw&m;rQwrI[lonf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH? vlrsdK;EG,fpkwpfpk?
wdkif;jynfwpfck? vlrsdK;wpfrsdK; (odkYr[kwf) rGwfpvifrfxkwpfckvHk;twGufomru tm;vHk;aom
vlom;rsdK;EG,fxkwpfckvHk;twGufyg tusHK;0ifonfh w&m;rQwrIrsdK;jzpfonf/
tpövmrfonf vlom;rsm;tMum; tom;ta&mif? vlrsdK;EG,f? EdkifiHom;ponfwdkYudk vHk;0rcGJjcm;bJ
vlom;tm;vHk;wGif tcGifhta&;vHk;0wlnDjcif;udk tajccHoabmw&m;tm;jzifh av;pm;pGm todtrSwf
jyKonfomru ,if;wlnDjcif;oabmw&m;udk t&Sdw&m;jzpfatmifjyKvkyfay;onf/ teEåbkef;awmf&Sif
tv’m[frS xdkt&Sdw&m;ESifhywfoufí usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif atmufygtwdkif; rdefYqdkxm;awmfrl/
34

35. wpfenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf tm;vHk;aomvlom;rsm;onf nD&if;tudk armif&if;ESrrsm;jzpfMuonf/
olwdkYtm;vHk;onf zcifwpfOD;ESifh rdcifwpfOD;wnf;rS aygufzGm;vmMuolrsm;jzpfMuonf/
þtm,ofawmft"dyÜm,frSm vlom;tm; EdkifiH? vlrsdK;tkyfpkrsm;? rsdK;EG,fpkrsm; cGJjcm;owfrSwfjcif;
rS cGJjcm;odjrifapvdkaom&nf&G,fcsufjzpfonf/ xdkodkY cGJjcm;jcif;tm;jzifh vlrsdK;wpfpk?vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;rS tjcm;
vlrsdK;? tjcm;rsdK;EG,frS vlom;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifNyD; wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifMu&ef
jzpfonf/
þodkYvlrsdK;cGJjcm;jcif;[lonf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHrS rdrdEdkifiHom jrifhjrwfomvGefonf[k *kPf,l0Hh<um;&ef
r[kwfovdk tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;udk rav;rcefYESdrfhcsqufqHjcif;rsdK; jyKvkyf&efvnf;r[kwf/ xdktcsufudk
usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif-
]]vlwpfa,mufu tjcm; wpfa,mufxuf omvGefjrifhjrwfonf[laomtcsufrSm xdkvlom;
tom;ta&mif? vlrsdK;? bmompum;? EkdifiHom;ESifhroufqkdifbJ xdkyk*¾dKvf ouú0gw&m;? ol
udk,fusifhw&m;oefYpifrI? tusifhpm&dwåjrifhrm;rIESifhom oufqdkifonf/}} xdkYaMumifh tjcm;aomvlyk*¾dKvfrsm;
[efyeftm;jzifhazmfjyaom jrifhjrwfrIrsm;udkomMunfhí rqHk;jzwfoifhyg/ odkYr[kwfygu oefYpif
rGefjrwfaom udk,fusifhw&m;&Sdaomvlrsm;wGif tjcm;olrsm;xufydkíomvGefaom txl;*kPfodu©m
tqifhtwef;[lonf &Sdrnfr[kwfawmhyg/
þtcsufudk wrefawmfjrwfrk[r®'f()rS olMo0g'awmfwpfckwGif Oyrmay;í &Sif;vif;
ajymMum;cJhonf/ ]]rnfonhftm&yfwpfa,mufurQ tm&yfr[kwfolwpfOD;xuf ydkírjrwfyg/ xdkYtwl tm&yf
35

36. r[kwfol wpfOD;urQ vlrnf;wpfOD;xufydkírjrwfyg (odkYr[kwf) vlrnf;wpfOD;urQ vljzLwpfa,mufxuf
edrfhusrnf r[kwfyg/ toifwdkYtm;vHk;onf tm'rfom;orD;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ tm'rfudk tv’m[ft&Sifu
&THUajcmufrS zefqif;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/}} (Adkif[uDusrf;)
þoabmw&m;udktajccHNyD; tpövmrfrS wlnDjcif;[laomoabmudk wnfaxmifcJhygonf/
xdkYaMumifh vlom;rsdK;EG,fwpfpkvHk;wGif wlnDjcif;[laom oabmudkvufcHNyD; vlom;tom;ta&mif?
vlrsdK;?bmompum;ESifh EdkifiHudk tajccHícGJjcm;aom cGJjcm;jcif; t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm;vHk;udk qefYusifyg
onf/
tpövmrfomoemt& udk;uG,f&mt&SifrS vlom;tm; nDrQjcif;?wlnDjcif;[laom tcGifhta&;udk
arG;&mygtcGifhta&;tjzpf ay;tyfxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufurQ vlwpfa,muf
udk oltom;ta&mif? olarG;zGm;&ma'o? vlrsdK;ESifhwdkif;jynfaMumifh tqifhtwef;cGJjcm;rI? rnfonfh
tqifhtwef; trsdK;tpm;cGJjcm;rIudkrqdk qefYusifonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrS tmz&duvlrnf;acgif;aqmif rJvfuGefrftdwfpf(Malcom X)onf olESifh
b0wlwpfjynfwnf;om; vlrnf;rsm;t&yfom;tcGifhta&;twGuf tar&duefvljzLrsm;ESifh cg;oD;aom
vlwef;pm;wdkufyGJudk qifETJcJhonf/ odkYaomfolonf ruúm[fNrdKUodkY [m*sfusifhpOfjyKvkyf&efoGm;cJhpOfu tm&S?
tmz&du? Oa&myESifhtar&duwdkufrsm;rS [m*sfjyKolrsm;onf wlnDaom0wfpHkrsm;0wfNyD; utfA[f
ausmif;awmfudk ajy;vTm;o0g;zfvSnfhvQif twef;vdkuftwef;vdkuf pDwef;0wfjyKcJh&onfudk jrifawGUcJhonf/
þjrifuGif;rS olowdjyKcJhonfrSm tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif ol&SmazGaecJhonfh tom;a&mifESifh
vlrsdK;cGJjcm;rIjyóem tajzjzpfonf[laomtcsufyifjzpfonf/ ,cktcg rGwfpvifrfr[kwfaom
tawG;tac:ynm&Sifrsm;pGmu 0efcHMuonfrSm þvlrsdK;ESifh tom;a&mifcGJjcm;rIjyóemudk ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf
ydkíaumif;aomenf;vrf;rSm tpövmrfrSvGJí tjcm;rnfonfhbmomw&m;? rnfonfhb0wnfaqmufrI
vrf;pOfwGifrS r&SdEdkifyg/ xdkYjyif ¤if;wkdYrS ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifaomtwdkif;twmrSmvnf; tpövmrfbmomu
ajz&Sif;Edkifonfhtwdkif;twmxd rDrnf r[kwfyg/
tpövmrfbmomtaeESifh vlom;rsm;twGuf tvGefYtvGefta&;BuD;aom trsm;rS vufcHusifhoHk;
EdkifpGrf;&Sdaom tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;udk owfrSwfjy|mef;ay;onf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif-
þtm,ofawmfqdkvdk&if;t"dyÜm,frSm aumif;jrwfaom? rGefjrwfaomvkyfief;vkyfrnfh vlwpfOD;
wpfa,mufonf awmif0if½kd;pGef; (0g) ajrmuf0if½dk;pGef;wGif aexdkifonfjzpfygap? rGwfpvifrfrsm;
axmufyHhjcif;? zswfvwfwuf<uaom yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;udk arQmfvifhEdkifonfh tcGifhta&;&Sdonf/
36

37. qefYusifbufoabmtm;jzifh vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufonf raumif;rIjyK&mwGifvnf;aumif;? usL;ausmf
apmfum;rI jyKvkyf&mwGifvnf;aumif; xdkolonf uREkfyfwdkYESifhrnfrQeD;pyfaom aqGrsdK; rdwfo*F[jzpfap
(0g) tdrfeD;csif;jzpfap uREkfyfwdkYtaeESifh olYtm;vlrsdK;?EdkifiH? bmompum; (0g) EdkifiHom;wlonf[laom
taMumif;jycsufrsm;jzifhjzpfap ulnDjcif;? yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;rjyKEdkif/ &ufpufMurf;MuKwfaom?
aMumufp&maumif;aomolonf uREkfyfwdkYnDtpfudkt&if;yifjzpfvifhupm; uREfkyfwdkYtxJrS rjzpfEdkifyg/
olonf olvrf;pOfudk aemifwr&? rjyifoa&GUumvywfvHk; uREfkyfwdkYtultnDudk olYtaeESifh
r&Edkifyg/ tjcm;wpfzufwGif aumif;jrwfaom rGefjrwfonfhvkyfief;udk vkyfaqmifygu olonf uREfkyfwdkYESifh
aqGrsdK;rawmfpyfaomfjim;vnf; rGwfpvifrfrsm;onf oltaygif;tazmf? olYudkulnD axmufyHholjzpf&rnf/
tu,fí olYtm; rnfodkYrQ axmufyHhEdkifjcif;r&Sdygu tenf;qHk; olvkyfief;twGuf wpfpdwf
wpf0rf;wnf;ESifh aumif;aomqE´ xm;&Sdoljzpf&rnf/
37

38. tpövmrfEkifiHwpfck EdifiHom;tcGifhta&;rsm;
d k
uREkfyfwdkYtaeESifh vlYtcGifhta&;ESifhywfoufí a,bk,swifjyNyD; jzpfygonf/ tpövmrfhEdkifiH&Sd
EkdifiHom;rsm; tcGifhta&;qdkif&mudpöudk txl;tav;ay;í aqG;aEG;MuygpdkY/ þtcGifhta&;rsm;rSm
tapmydkif;uwifjycJhaom vlYtcGifhta&;rsm;xufydkí us,fjyefYaomaMumifh ,if;wdkYudk oD;oefY&Sif;vif;
wifjy&ef vdktyfayonf/
wrefawmfjrwf() aemufqHk;[m*sfwGif rdefYMum;cJhaomrdefYcGef;rSm ]]toifwdkY toufESifhOpöm
"ersm;tm;vHk;udk wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;usL;vGefrIr&Sdap&/ ,if;trdefYonf urÇmhw&m;pD&ifrnfhaeY oifwdkY
udk;uG,f&mt&Sif tv’m[fESifh awGUqHkonfhaeYwdkifatmif wm;jrpfxm;NyD;jzpfacsonf/ }} teEÅbkef;awmf&Sif
tv’m[ft&SifrS usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif vlwpfOD;csif;touftdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfESifhywfoufí csrSwfxm;
onfhjypf'PfrSm ]]tMuifolonf rGwfpvifrfwpfOD; wpfa,mufudk wrifoufoufBuHpnf owfjzwfcJhygrl
xdkoltjypfonf *s[Eérfi&JbHkyifjzpfonf/ (xdkolonf),if;*s[Eérf i&JbHkü tpOftNrJaexdkif&rnf/
xdkYtjyif tv’m[ft&Sifjrwfonf ¤if;tay:ü rESpfNrdKUrIvnf;&Sdayonf/ xdkoltm; tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf
u½kPmawmfrSvnf; uif;a0;apawmfrltHh/ xdkol tzdk;BuD;av;aomtjypf'Pfudkvnf; tqifoifh
jyKxm;awmfrlthH}} [líjzpfonf/ (uk&ftmef 4;93) wrefawmfjrwf()u ZifrDac: tpövmrfhEdkifiHwGif
aexdkifol? rGwfpvifrfr[kwfaom EdkifiHom;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí rdefYawmfrlonfrSm]]tpövmrfhEdkifiHwGif
ckdvIHolZifrDwpfOD;wpfa,mufudk owfaomolonf *sEéof O,smOfawmf&eHYudkyif ½SL½dIufcGifh&&Sdrnfr[kwf/
(qG[D;[f tvf-Akcg&Dusrf;? tAl'g0k'fusrf;)
tpövmrfwGifw&m;Oya't& ao'Pfay;jcif;rsdK;rSvGJí tm;vHk;aomowfjzwfrIrsm;udk wm;jrpfxm;
onf/ þtcsufudk uk&ftmefwGif ]]Advf[muf}}(trSefw&m;ESifhtwl)[lí &nfñTef;xm;onf/ odkYaomf
ppfrufjzpfyGm;pOfumv (odkYr[kwf) ykefuefx<urIjzpfay:aeaom tcsdefumvtwGif;ü &S&Dt[f
w&m;Oya'udk vdkufemusifhoHk;aom w&m;rQwí ajzmifhrwfrSefuefonfh tpdk;&rsm;omvQif vlwpfa,muf
toufudk owfoifh rowfoifhudk qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&Sdonf/
txufygta&;BuD;aom (odkYr[kwf) txl;tav;ay;pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf&rnfh qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk
tv’m[ft&Sifjrwftvdkawmfudk tav;rxm;aom pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIrsm; vTrf;rdk;rIatmufwGif&Sdonfh
w&m;½kH;rsm;vuf0,f tmPmukefvTJtyfjcif;rjyKoifhay/ þuJhokdYaom w&m;pD&ifqHk;jzwfrIrsdK;onf
w&m;rQwrIr&SdbJ wvGJwacsmfjzpfwwfonf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrS jyqdkaomw&m;rQwrIESifh tpövmrfh
tpOftqufrS jyqdkcJhaomw&m;rQwrIrsm;udk EdkifiHawmftaeESihf &SmazGawGU&SdEdkifrnfr[kwfay/ tu,fí
w&m;½kH;awmfESifh EdkifiHawmfrS EdkifiHom;rsm;udk w&m;rQwrIr&Sdaomrl0g'rsm;ESifh vkyf&yfrsm;udkqefYusifrI?
,if;wdkY raumif;aomvkyf&yfrsm;udk a0zefrItwGuf ao'Pfay;rnf? owfjzwfrnfqdkvQif ,if;onf
tv’m[ft&Sifjrwf tvdkawmfudk vspfvsL½Ií w&m;pD&ifrIukd tvGJoHk;pm;jyKjcif;yifjzpfonf/
EdkifiHawmftaeESifh vkyfBuHowfjzwfrnf? vlowform;udk iSm;&rf;í tjypfrJhEdkifiHom;rsm;udk owfjzwfydkifcGifh
38

39. r&Sdovkd xdkvlowform;udk w&m;½kH;wGif aopm;aoap tjypf'PfrsdK; jyefcH&jcif;rsdK;r&Sd&avatmif
umuG,fydkifcGifhr&Sd/ þuJhodkYaom tpdk;&rsdK; wnf&Sdaejcif;onf &mZ0wfrIwpfckomjzpfNyD; ,if;tpdk;&
owfjzwfrIrsdK;onf usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefrS jyqdkaom w&m;rQwrItwGuf ao'PfpD&ifrIrsdK;[k rac:qdkEdkifacs/
touf0dnmOfvHkNcHKrIESifhtwl vlwpfa,muftdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfrsm; vHkNcHKrItwGufvnf; tpövmrfrS
&Sif;vif;aomtcGifhta&;udkom tyfESif;xm;onf/ usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif olwpfyg; ydkifqdkifrI Opömypönf;
rsm;udk rSm;,Gif;aom? w&m;r0ifaomenf;vrf;jzifh &,ljcif;rjyK&/ (uk&ftmef 2;188)
EdkifiHom;wdkif; 'kwd,ta&;tBuD;qHk;aomtcGifhta&;rSm ¤if;wdkY*kPfodu©mudk umuG,f
apmifhxdef;ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ wrefawmfjrwf()rS aemufqHk;jyKcJhonfh[m*sfwGif >rufMum;ay;cJhaom rdefYcGef;
wpf&yfü rdefYrSmcJhonfrSm ]]rGwfpvifrfrsm;tay:ü olwpfyg;touftdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfrsm;udk
rw&m;usL;ausmfjcif;rS wm;jrpfxm;onf/ olwpfyg;tdajE´odu©mudk av;pm;&rnf}}[líjzpfonf/
þtcsufudk usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif atmufygtcsufrsm;udk azmfjyxm;onf/
(u) tdk-ouf0if,HkMunfoltaygif;wdkY? oa&mforIrjyK&/
(c) wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; toa&rzsufMuvifh/
(*) wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ]]emrnfajymif}}rsm;ESifh apmfum;armfum; rac:MuESifh/
(C) wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; aemufuG,fwGif twif;tzsif; rajymMuESifh/
(uk&ftmef 49;11-12)
txufazmfjyyg tcsuftvufrsm;rSawGU&onfrSm tpövmrfrScsrSwfjy|mef;ay;aomOya'onf
taemufwkdif; toa&zsufjcif;Oya'oxufydkí jrifhrm;ygonf/ tpövmrfhOya't& wpfpHkwpfa,muf
tjcm;vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD; *kPfodu©mudk apmfum;aMumif;oufaojyEdkifygu apmfum;olbufrS rdrdonf
av;pm; bG,f*kPfodu©m&SdaomoljzpfaMumif; oufaojyEdkifonfjzpfap? rjyEdkifonfjzpfap apmfum;olonf
tjypfay;jcif;cH&rnf jzpfonf/ taemufwkdif; toa&zsufjcif;qkdif&mOya'o pdwf0ifpm;p&mtcsufrSm
toa&zsufrItm; trIzGifhaom(w&m;vdk)taeESifh olonf*kPfodu©m&Sdaom? vltrsm;utxifBuD;av;pm;
MunfndKjcif; cH&aomoljzpfaMumif; oufaojyEdkif&rnf/ xdkYtjyif ½kH;awmfrSar;jref;ppfaMumpOfwGif
½dkif;jyaompGyfpGJcsufrsm;ESifh wdkufcdkufrIrsm;vnf; jyKvkyfcH&ayrnf/ ,if;odkY ppfaq;&mü apmfum;cH&jcif;
onf ol rlv apmfum;cH&aom trIxufydkíyif olY*kPfodu©mtm; xdyg;Edkifayonf/ xdkYjyifw&m;vkdbufrS
oufaorsm;tm; w&m;½kH;awmfodkY wifjy&rnfjzpfonf/ jypfwifa0zefpGyfpGJcsufrsm;u ol*kPfodu©mudk
usqif;ysufpD;apaMumif;udkvnf; xif&Sm;ap&rnf/
b,favmufrsm; tHhMozG,f&maumif;ygoenf;/ þonfum; Oya' odrfarGUEl;nHhrIygavm/
Oya'o tESpfom&ygavm/ þuJhodkYrw&m;aom? rrQwaomOya'udk udk;uG,f&mt&SifrS xkwfjyefaom
Oya'ESifh tb,fuJhodkY EIdif;,SOfEdkifygrnfenf;/ tpövmrfwGif apmfum;cH&ol(toa&zsufcH&ol)onf
*kPf&Sdoljzpfap? *kPfrJholjzpfap toa&zsufrIrSm jypfrIwpf&yfyifjzpfaMumif; twdtvif;xkwfjyef
aMunmxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ (odkYr[kwf),if;trItm; ppfaq;onfhtcsdefü ,kwfnhHaompum;vHk;rsm;oHk;pGJí
wpfzufom;tm; jypfwif ½Iwfcsa0zefjcif;? w&m;vkd*kPfodu©mudk xdckdufepfemapjcif;onf jypfrIwpf&yf
39

40. jzpfaMumif;udkvnf; tpövmrfrS twdtvif;azmfjyxm;onf/ tpövmrfhOya'a&SUarSmufü apmfum;ol
(w&m;cH)onf trsm;em;vnfaom taetxm;ESifh w&m;vdk*kPfodu©mESifhausmfMum;rIudk ysufpD;qHk;½IH;
apaMumif; ckdifrmpGmoufaojyEdkifcJhygvQif vHkavmufNyDjzpfayonf/
tpövmrfhEdkifiHwGifaexdkifaom EdkifiHom;wkdif;tcGifhta&;udk tpövmrfrS todtrSwfjyKxm;onfh
tjyif EdkifiHom;rsm; yk*¾vduqdkif&mtcGifhta&;rsm;tm; wm0efrJh0ifa&mufpGufzufrIudk vHk;0vufrcHay/
þudpö ESifhywfoufí usrf;jrwfuk&ftmefwGif atmufygtwkdif; w&m;0iftrdefYudk xkwfjyefxm;onf/
(uk&ftmef 49;12)
(uk&ftmef 24;27)
wrefawmfjrwf() vrf;ñTefqHk;rMo0g'rsm;wGif olwpfOD;onf rdrdtdrfodkY0ifa&muf&mwGif
yifvQif ½kwfw&uf ckd;aMumifckd;0Suf0ifa&mufrIrsdK;rjyK&/ olYtaeESifh tdrfwGif;ü&SdolwdkYtm; ol0ifvmaMumif;
wpfenf;enf;ESifh odapoifhonf/ odkYrSom tdrfwGif;&Sd olrdcif? nDr? tpfr? orD;rsm;taeESifh rjriftyf
aom tajctaersdK;rS a&Smif&Sm;Ekdifrnfjzpfonf/
tjcm;olwpfOD;tdrfwGif;odkY acsmif;ajrmif;Munfh½Ijcif;udkvnf; wif;usyfpGm wm;jrpfydwfyif owd
ay;xm;onf/ wrefawmffjrwf()rS þudpöESifhywfoufíwif;usyfpGmrdefYawmfrlonfrSm ]]vlwpfOD;onf
tjcm; vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufrS tdrfwpftdrftwGif;odkY vsdKU0SufpGmacsmif;ajrmif;Munfh½Iaeonfudk awGU&Sdygu
xdkol rsufvHk;wpfvHk;(odkYr[kwf)rsufvHk;ESpfvHk;pvHk;udk xkwfypfEkdifonf/ xdkodkY tjypfay;aomoltm;
w&m;pGJqdkjcif; rjyKap&[k rdefYrSmawmfrlxm;onf/
wrefawmfjrwf()rS olwpfyg;pmudkckd;zwfjcif;udkvnf; wm;jrpfcJhayonf/ vlwpfa,mufrS
olpmudkzwfaepOf tjcm;olwpfa,mufrS iJhapmif;MunhfNyD;zwfvdkufjcif;udkyifvQif jypfwif½Iwfcsxdkuf
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40

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41

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42

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43

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44

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