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AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(HCE151)
SEMINAR ON:
CONTROL OF SULFURDIOXIDE
EMISSION
DONE BY:
MAHASWARI JOGIA
1/3/2017 1air pollution control
1/3/2017air pollution control 2
CONTENTS:
 INTRODUCTION
 DRY METHODS
WET METHODS
REFERENCES
1/3/2017 3air pollution control
INTRODUCTION:
•Sulfur oxides are produced from the burning of fossil fuels, mainly coal and oil, and the smelting of
metal ores that contain sulfur.
•Emissions of sulfur oxides cause serious impacts on human health and the environment, both
directly and as a result of the way they react with other substances in the air.
•Sulfur oxides are main precursors of atmospheric acidification, aerosol generation, and acidic dry
and wet deposition.
•There are many methods available for controlling the emission of SO2. Such as:
1. extraction of sulfur from fuel oils.
2. Sulfur reduction within combustion chamber.
3. Treating of flue gases.
1/3/2017air pollution control 4
DRY METHODS:
•Mainly in industries dry, elevated temperature removal processes are used as cold plume is not
formed and problem of handling large amount of slurry in flue gases is avoided.
•But there are technical issues resulting in such method making wet method more applicable in
industries.
•Adsorption of SO2 by metal oxides to from stable sulphites or sulphates with subsequent
regeneration.
-Alkalized Alumina Process
-Manganese Oxide Process
•Adsorption on activated carbon followed by regeneration and conversion of concentrated SO2 to
sulphuric acid or elemental sulphur.
-The Reinluft Process
1/3/2017air pollution control 5
1)PROCESS USING METAL OXIDES:
• Many oxides and oxide mixtures are identified as adsorbents and catalysts for SO2 in flue gases.
• Aluminum sodium oxide and manganese oxide have been found to be better adsorbents. Cobalt
and copper are also active.
• A metal oxide with a support exhibit enhanced reactivity compared to that of bulk oxides.
• Oxides of Na, K, Sr, Cr, Cu supported on alumina are rated as superior catalysts.
1/3/2017air pollution control 6
ALKALIZED ALUMINA PROCESS:
•Also called as Cyclic Adsorption Process.
• It was developed by U.S Bureau of Mines.
•Adsorbent used : Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3)-it is porous form.
•This process uses Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3) to remove SO2 in fluidized bed at 315°C.
Na2O.Al2O3 + SO2 + ½ O2 → Na2SO4 + Al2SO3
•The product of above reaction is then contacted with a reducing gas such as H2 in a regenerator at
680°C to produce H2S.
Na2SO4 + Al2O3 + 4H2 → Na2O.Al2O3 + H2S + 3H2O
•Sodium Aluminate is recycled back and H2S is sent to Claus Process for producing Sulphur.
1/3/2017air pollution control 7
Fig: alkalized alumina process
1/3/2017air pollution control 8
MANGANESE OXIDE PROCESS:
•Developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan.
•The powdered adsorbent is fed into the reactor wherein the Manganese Oxide reacts with SO2 to produce
Manganese Sulphate (MnSO4) :
MnOx.yH2O + SO2 + ½ (2-x) O2 → MnSO4 + YH2O
•Where x ranges from 1.5 to 1.8, and y ranges from 0.1 to 1.0.
•The spent adsorbent is regenerated by reacting with Manganese Sulphate with Air and Ammonia to produce
Ammonium Sulphate:
MnSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O + (y-1) H2O + ½ (x-1) O2 → (NH4)2SO4 + MnOx.yH2O
•The activated manganese oxide is filtered from the Ammonium Sulphate (NH4)2SO4 Solution and the filtrate is
passed through a crystallizer where Ammonium Sulphate (NH4)2SO4 is Recovered.
1/3/2017air pollution control 9
FIG: MANGANESE OXIDE
PROCESS
1/3/2017air pollution control 10
PROCESS USING ACTIVATED CHARCOAL:
•This is an attractive method for continuous removal of SO2 from flue gases due to high surface area
and low cost of activated carbon.
•It can be produces from variety of sources such as wood, coconut, or nut shells, or petroleum feed
stocks.
•Its has many limitations: - its attrition
- tendency towards spontaneous ignition
- problems of thermal regeneration.
1/3/2017air pollution control 11
THE REINLUFT PROCESS:
•Uses cheap semi coke of peat, carbonized under vacuum at 600°C as a adsorbent.
•The flue gas enters the lower section of the adsorber at 150-200°C and after partial adsorption of
the SO2 gas it is withdrawn and then passed through the cooler where it is cooled to about 110°C.
• After cooling it is returned to the upper section of the adsorber and leaves the top of adsorber at
temperature 100°C.
•The spent carbon is dropped into a regenerator where it is heated up to 380-450°C by an inert gas
stream which removes the adsorbed acidic materials and produces SO2 of 10 – 15% concentration
which can be used as a feed gas for contact acid plant.
1/3/2017air pollution control 12
FIG: REINLUFT
PROCESS
1/3/2017air pollution control 13
WET PROCESS:
•Several wet flue gases desulfurization methods are available using solutions and slurries of
compounds of calcium, magnesium, sodium.
•Some process require fly ash removal before scrubbing while others remove SO2 and ash
simultaneously.
•Disadvantage : -temperature reduced to 30-50 oC.
•Reheat of the effluent gases, consuming 3% more heat of fuel than combustion chamber.
•Absorption of SO2 to from stable sulphites or sulphates with subsequent regeneration.
•Process such as:
-Lime Stone Scrubbing Process (Calsox Process)
-Magnesium Oxide Scrubbing Process (Chemico Process)
-Welman Lord Process (Single Alkali Process)
1/3/2017air pollution control 14
LIME STONE SCRUBBING(CALCOX):
•Uses slurry of Lime or Lime stone as scrubbing liquid.
•Waste gases are first made free from any objectionable materials like ash in a ash collector and then
introduced into Scrubber.
•The flue gas is scrubbed within 5 to 15% slurry of Lime and Limes stone through which SO2 is
absorbed forming Calcium Sulphate & Sulphite. (CaSO4 , CaSO3)
•The solids are continuously separated from the slurry and are discharges into settling pond.
•The remaining liquor of pH 6 to 8 is recycled back to the scrubbing tower after fresh lime or limestone
has been added.
1/3/2017air pollution control 15
Removal Efficiency:
Generally can remove 80-90% of SO2 . However if designed properly can remove upto 99% of SO2.
Removal Efficiency :
CaO + H2O → Ca (OH)2
Ca (OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O → Ca (HCO3)2
Ca (HCO3)2 + SO2 + H2O → CaSO3.2H2O + 2CO2
CaSO3.2H2O + ½ O2 → CaSO4.2H2O
2CaCO3 + 2SO2 + ½ O2 → CaSO3 + CaSO4+ 2CO2
2CaOH2 + 2SO2 + ½ O2 → CaSO3 + CaSO4+ 2H2O
1/3/2017air pollution control 16
FIG: LIME STONE SCRUBBING
1/3/2017air pollution control 17
MAGNESIUM OXIDE SCRUBBING:
•Also known as Chemico Process.
•Uses Slurry of Magnesium Oxide to scrub the flue gas in a Venturi Scrubber.
•The flue gas is scrubbed with a slurry of magnesium oxide in venture scrubber which absorbs SO2
and yields Magnesium Sulphite and Sulphate according to the following reaction:
MgO + SO2 → MgSO3
MgSO3 + SO2 + H2O → Mg (HSO3)2
Mg (HSO3)2 + MgO → 2MgSO3 + H2O
MgSO3 + ½ O2 → MgSO4
1/3/2017air pollution control 18
•The mixed sulphite/sulphate slurry along with unreacted MgO is separated from the liquid phase in a
Centrifuge and the mother liquor is recycled to the absorber.
•The centrifuged wet cake is dried and regenerated in a calciner.
•Carbon is added in the calcining step to reduce any MgSO4 to MgO and SO2:
MgSO4 + ½ C → MgO + SO2 + ½ CO2
•MgO is returned to the process, while the concentrated SO2 can be reprocessed into H2SO4 or elemental
sulphur.
1/3/2017air pollution control 19
FIG: MAGENESIUM OXIDE SCRUBBING
1/3/2017air pollution control 20
WELMAN-LORD PROCESS:
•Also known as Single Alkali Process.
•Uses Slurry of aqueous solution of sodium sulphite to scrub the flue gas in a Absorber.
•In this process sulphite is converted into bisulphite as the SO2 from the flue gases is absorbed by
saturated solution of sodium sulphite according to the following reaction:
Na2SO3 + SO2 + H2O → 2NaHSO3
•The sodium bisulphite formed is led to a double effect evaporator cum crystallizer where it decomposed
into sodium sulphite at a temperature 100°C. This results in ejection of SO2 and steam.
2NaHSO3 → 100°C → Na2SO3 + SO2 + H2O
1/3/2017air pollution control 21
•Fly ash is removed before the SO2 scrubbing to keep the rate of its accumulation in the scrubbing
liquid low. SO2 and water vapour released from the evaporators are passed into a condenser and the
product goes to the dissolving tank for dissolution of Na2SO3 crystals and the rich SO2 gas is
processed.
•Sodium sulphate is produced in this reaction which is removed and substituted by an equivalent
amount of NaOH.
•Clear solutions of either sodium or ammonia are excellent absorbers of SO2. The regeneration step
can be carried out a low temperature in liquid system.
1/3/2017air pollution control 22
FIG: WELMAN LORD PROCESS
1/3/2017air pollution control 23
REFERENCES:
1) ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL ENGINEERING BY C.S. RAO
2) AIR POLLUTION CONTROL BY DHAVAL N YADAV
3) CONTROL OF SULPHUR OXIDES BY S. ZANDARYAA AND A. BEUKENS
1/3/2017air pollution control 24
THANKYOU!

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Air pollution control

  • 1. AIR POLLUTION CONTROL (HCE151) SEMINAR ON: CONTROL OF SULFURDIOXIDE EMISSION DONE BY: MAHASWARI JOGIA 1/3/2017 1air pollution control
  • 2. 1/3/2017air pollution control 2 CONTENTS:  INTRODUCTION  DRY METHODS WET METHODS REFERENCES
  • 3. 1/3/2017 3air pollution control INTRODUCTION: •Sulfur oxides are produced from the burning of fossil fuels, mainly coal and oil, and the smelting of metal ores that contain sulfur. •Emissions of sulfur oxides cause serious impacts on human health and the environment, both directly and as a result of the way they react with other substances in the air. •Sulfur oxides are main precursors of atmospheric acidification, aerosol generation, and acidic dry and wet deposition. •There are many methods available for controlling the emission of SO2. Such as: 1. extraction of sulfur from fuel oils. 2. Sulfur reduction within combustion chamber. 3. Treating of flue gases.
  • 4. 1/3/2017air pollution control 4 DRY METHODS: •Mainly in industries dry, elevated temperature removal processes are used as cold plume is not formed and problem of handling large amount of slurry in flue gases is avoided. •But there are technical issues resulting in such method making wet method more applicable in industries. •Adsorption of SO2 by metal oxides to from stable sulphites or sulphates with subsequent regeneration. -Alkalized Alumina Process -Manganese Oxide Process •Adsorption on activated carbon followed by regeneration and conversion of concentrated SO2 to sulphuric acid or elemental sulphur. -The Reinluft Process
  • 5. 1/3/2017air pollution control 5 1)PROCESS USING METAL OXIDES: • Many oxides and oxide mixtures are identified as adsorbents and catalysts for SO2 in flue gases. • Aluminum sodium oxide and manganese oxide have been found to be better adsorbents. Cobalt and copper are also active. • A metal oxide with a support exhibit enhanced reactivity compared to that of bulk oxides. • Oxides of Na, K, Sr, Cr, Cu supported on alumina are rated as superior catalysts.
  • 6. 1/3/2017air pollution control 6 ALKALIZED ALUMINA PROCESS: •Also called as Cyclic Adsorption Process. • It was developed by U.S Bureau of Mines. •Adsorbent used : Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3)-it is porous form. •This process uses Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3) to remove SO2 in fluidized bed at 315°C. Na2O.Al2O3 + SO2 + ½ O2 → Na2SO4 + Al2SO3 •The product of above reaction is then contacted with a reducing gas such as H2 in a regenerator at 680°C to produce H2S. Na2SO4 + Al2O3 + 4H2 → Na2O.Al2O3 + H2S + 3H2O •Sodium Aluminate is recycled back and H2S is sent to Claus Process for producing Sulphur.
  • 7. 1/3/2017air pollution control 7 Fig: alkalized alumina process
  • 8. 1/3/2017air pollution control 8 MANGANESE OXIDE PROCESS: •Developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan. •The powdered adsorbent is fed into the reactor wherein the Manganese Oxide reacts with SO2 to produce Manganese Sulphate (MnSO4) : MnOx.yH2O + SO2 + ½ (2-x) O2 → MnSO4 + YH2O •Where x ranges from 1.5 to 1.8, and y ranges from 0.1 to 1.0. •The spent adsorbent is regenerated by reacting with Manganese Sulphate with Air and Ammonia to produce Ammonium Sulphate: MnSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O + (y-1) H2O + ½ (x-1) O2 → (NH4)2SO4 + MnOx.yH2O •The activated manganese oxide is filtered from the Ammonium Sulphate (NH4)2SO4 Solution and the filtrate is passed through a crystallizer where Ammonium Sulphate (NH4)2SO4 is Recovered.
  • 9. 1/3/2017air pollution control 9 FIG: MANGANESE OXIDE PROCESS
  • 10. 1/3/2017air pollution control 10 PROCESS USING ACTIVATED CHARCOAL: •This is an attractive method for continuous removal of SO2 from flue gases due to high surface area and low cost of activated carbon. •It can be produces from variety of sources such as wood, coconut, or nut shells, or petroleum feed stocks. •Its has many limitations: - its attrition - tendency towards spontaneous ignition - problems of thermal regeneration.
  • 11. 1/3/2017air pollution control 11 THE REINLUFT PROCESS: •Uses cheap semi coke of peat, carbonized under vacuum at 600°C as a adsorbent. •The flue gas enters the lower section of the adsorber at 150-200°C and after partial adsorption of the SO2 gas it is withdrawn and then passed through the cooler where it is cooled to about 110°C. • After cooling it is returned to the upper section of the adsorber and leaves the top of adsorber at temperature 100°C. •The spent carbon is dropped into a regenerator where it is heated up to 380-450°C by an inert gas stream which removes the adsorbed acidic materials and produces SO2 of 10 – 15% concentration which can be used as a feed gas for contact acid plant.
  • 12. 1/3/2017air pollution control 12 FIG: REINLUFT PROCESS
  • 13. 1/3/2017air pollution control 13 WET PROCESS: •Several wet flue gases desulfurization methods are available using solutions and slurries of compounds of calcium, magnesium, sodium. •Some process require fly ash removal before scrubbing while others remove SO2 and ash simultaneously. •Disadvantage : -temperature reduced to 30-50 oC. •Reheat of the effluent gases, consuming 3% more heat of fuel than combustion chamber. •Absorption of SO2 to from stable sulphites or sulphates with subsequent regeneration. •Process such as: -Lime Stone Scrubbing Process (Calsox Process) -Magnesium Oxide Scrubbing Process (Chemico Process) -Welman Lord Process (Single Alkali Process)
  • 14. 1/3/2017air pollution control 14 LIME STONE SCRUBBING(CALCOX): •Uses slurry of Lime or Lime stone as scrubbing liquid. •Waste gases are first made free from any objectionable materials like ash in a ash collector and then introduced into Scrubber. •The flue gas is scrubbed within 5 to 15% slurry of Lime and Limes stone through which SO2 is absorbed forming Calcium Sulphate & Sulphite. (CaSO4 , CaSO3) •The solids are continuously separated from the slurry and are discharges into settling pond. •The remaining liquor of pH 6 to 8 is recycled back to the scrubbing tower after fresh lime or limestone has been added.
  • 15. 1/3/2017air pollution control 15 Removal Efficiency: Generally can remove 80-90% of SO2 . However if designed properly can remove upto 99% of SO2. Removal Efficiency : CaO + H2O → Ca (OH)2 Ca (OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O → Ca (HCO3)2 Ca (HCO3)2 + SO2 + H2O → CaSO3.2H2O + 2CO2 CaSO3.2H2O + ½ O2 → CaSO4.2H2O 2CaCO3 + 2SO2 + ½ O2 → CaSO3 + CaSO4+ 2CO2 2CaOH2 + 2SO2 + ½ O2 → CaSO3 + CaSO4+ 2H2O
  • 16. 1/3/2017air pollution control 16 FIG: LIME STONE SCRUBBING
  • 17. 1/3/2017air pollution control 17 MAGNESIUM OXIDE SCRUBBING: •Also known as Chemico Process. •Uses Slurry of Magnesium Oxide to scrub the flue gas in a Venturi Scrubber. •The flue gas is scrubbed with a slurry of magnesium oxide in venture scrubber which absorbs SO2 and yields Magnesium Sulphite and Sulphate according to the following reaction: MgO + SO2 → MgSO3 MgSO3 + SO2 + H2O → Mg (HSO3)2 Mg (HSO3)2 + MgO → 2MgSO3 + H2O MgSO3 + ½ O2 → MgSO4
  • 18. 1/3/2017air pollution control 18 •The mixed sulphite/sulphate slurry along with unreacted MgO is separated from the liquid phase in a Centrifuge and the mother liquor is recycled to the absorber. •The centrifuged wet cake is dried and regenerated in a calciner. •Carbon is added in the calcining step to reduce any MgSO4 to MgO and SO2: MgSO4 + ½ C → MgO + SO2 + ½ CO2 •MgO is returned to the process, while the concentrated SO2 can be reprocessed into H2SO4 or elemental sulphur.
  • 19. 1/3/2017air pollution control 19 FIG: MAGENESIUM OXIDE SCRUBBING
  • 20. 1/3/2017air pollution control 20 WELMAN-LORD PROCESS: •Also known as Single Alkali Process. •Uses Slurry of aqueous solution of sodium sulphite to scrub the flue gas in a Absorber. •In this process sulphite is converted into bisulphite as the SO2 from the flue gases is absorbed by saturated solution of sodium sulphite according to the following reaction: Na2SO3 + SO2 + H2O → 2NaHSO3 •The sodium bisulphite formed is led to a double effect evaporator cum crystallizer where it decomposed into sodium sulphite at a temperature 100°C. This results in ejection of SO2 and steam. 2NaHSO3 → 100°C → Na2SO3 + SO2 + H2O
  • 21. 1/3/2017air pollution control 21 •Fly ash is removed before the SO2 scrubbing to keep the rate of its accumulation in the scrubbing liquid low. SO2 and water vapour released from the evaporators are passed into a condenser and the product goes to the dissolving tank for dissolution of Na2SO3 crystals and the rich SO2 gas is processed. •Sodium sulphate is produced in this reaction which is removed and substituted by an equivalent amount of NaOH. •Clear solutions of either sodium or ammonia are excellent absorbers of SO2. The regeneration step can be carried out a low temperature in liquid system.
  • 22. 1/3/2017air pollution control 22 FIG: WELMAN LORD PROCESS
  • 23. 1/3/2017air pollution control 23 REFERENCES: 1) ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL ENGINEERING BY C.S. RAO 2) AIR POLLUTION CONTROL BY DHAVAL N YADAV 3) CONTROL OF SULPHUR OXIDES BY S. ZANDARYAA AND A. BEUKENS