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Michael zur Muehlen, Ph.D.
Stevens Institute of Technology
Howe School of Technology Management
Center for Business Process Innovation
Hoboken, New Jersey
Michael.zurMuehlen@stevens.edu
Introduction to BPMN 2.0
Part 1: Basic Constructs
1
Learning Objectives
At the end of this module you will know
The core components of BPMN 2.0
Activities
Sequence Flow
Gateways
Start and End Events
Strategies for model layout
Common modeling pitfalls
2
3
Background
BPMN stands for Business Process Model & Notation
Developed by Object Management Group (OMG)
BPMN 1.0 specification released in May, 2004
BPMN 2.0 specification released in January 2011
Based on the leading graphical flowcharting techniques
e.g., UML, IDEF, Flowcharts, EPCs …
3
What does BPMN do?
BPMN specifies a Business Process Diagram (BPD)
Requirements:
Easy to model BPDs and easy to understand the result

(must be understandable to non-technical audiences)
Able to depict complex business processes 

(must be translatable to process execution languages)
Approach
BPMN uses shapes that are familiar to most modelers 

(e.g., rectangles for functions, diamonds for gateways).
Each of the shapes can be used in a simplistic manner or can be
embellished to refine its semantics 

(e.g., further subtypes of events, activities, gateways).
4
A BPMN Model
5
Loan	
  
Application

approved
Loan	
  
Application

rejected
Tasks
Ac#vi#es	
  /	
  Steps	
  /	
  Tasks	
  
Tasks are units of work that are
performed within a process.
The same task may be enacted
in different processes and on
different objects.
Thus, tasks should be
designed in a reusable fashion.
Tasks are depicted by rounded
rectangles and represent any work
performed in a process.
Task vs. Sub-Processes
Tasks	
  should	
  be	
  named	
  in	
  Verb-­‐
Object	
  style,	
  with	
  the	
  Object	
  
represen#ng	
  the	
  piece	
  of	
  data	
  being	
  
inspected	
  or	
  transformed	
  in	
  the	
  task
6
BPMN Elements – Gateways
Exclusive OR Split/Merge
Indicates locations within a business process where the
sequence flow can take two or more alternative paths and only
one of the paths can be taken.
In a merge, the first path to arrive at the gateway triggers the
gateway, all other incoming paths are ignored.
Parallel Split/Merge
Provides a mechanism to synchronize parallel flow and to
create parallel flow.
All outgoing paths must be taken and all incoming paths must
be merged.
Inclusive Split/Merge
Provides a mechanism to model situations in which one or
more alternatives can be taken or where one or more
alternatives can trigger subsequent action. 7
Core BPMN Elements (ctd.)
Events
Events are used to link otherwise unrelated activities and
processes with each other.
Events are especially useful to model the behavior of external
entities
Events should be thought of as interfaces to the process context
Events are depicted by circles and represent something that
“happens” during the course of a process.
Events depict the cause (trigger) and impact (result) of business
processes.
Start, Intermediate, End
Different types of Events
8
BPMN Elements - Pools
Pools represent business process par#cipants. They are used to partition a set of activities from
other pools.
Pools can be a system, a business entity or a business role
Each process diagram contains at least one pool (even if it is not shown)
A Pool can be labeled with the name	
  of	
  the	
  process	
  contained therein or the name	
  of	
  the	
  
par#cipant it represents
A Pool acts as the container for the sequence flow between activities. 

Sequence flow must	
  not	
  cross the boundaries of a Pool.
The interaction between Pools, e.g., between two collaborating organizations, is shown through
Message	
  Flow.
9
BPMN Elements - Lanes
Lanes represent sub-partitions within a pool. They are used to organize and
categorize activities.
Lanes can be nested (common)
Example: An outer set of Lanes for Business Units and then an inner set of Lanes for roles
within each Business Unit.
Lanes can be used to represent participant roles (e.g., Manager, Associate),
systems (e.g., SAP), business units (e.g., Marketing, Sales), etc.
Both sequence flow and message flow can cross the boundaries of Lanes.
10
Now let’s start modeling…
The Order Management process is triggered by the receipt of a
purchase order from a customer.
The purchase order is checked against inventory levels for the
product(s) requested.
Depending on inventory availability the purchase order may be
confirmed or rejected.
If the purchase order is confirmed, the goods requested are
shipped and an invoice is sent to the customer.
11
A Potential Solution
12
Order

fulfilled
Order

rejected
Loan Example
The Loan Request process starts when the customer submits a
loan application. The bank then reviews the application.
Whether the loan request is approved or not, a letter is sent to
inform the customer of the decision. If the request is approved,
the loan is underwritten.
Hint: Keep it simple, and
focus on the “happy path”
of loan approval.
13
Loan Example – Simple Sequence
The customer applies for a loan, the bank reviews the
application, notifies the customer, then underwrites the loan.
14
Loan

Underwritten
Loan Example – Split
The customer applies for a loan, then the bank reviews the
application. If the loan is approved, an acceptance letter is
sent and the loan is underwritten, otherwise a rejection letter is
sent.
15
Note: A Gateway does not
actively decide anything. It
evaluates the outcome of the
preceding review activity.
Gateways are passive elements
that just route the flow.
Loan

Underwritten
Application

Rejected
No Branching without Decisions
Gateways do not make decisions -
they just evaluate the results of
decision-making activities to route
the flow of work
Always model the decision-making
task before you split the sequence
flow with an XOR or OR gateway
16
Loan Example – Parallel Activities
While the applicant’s employment records are verified, a credit report is requested
and then reviewed, and the property title is obtained and evaluated.
Once these activities have been completed, the final review is performed and the
loan application is eventually approved or rejected.
17
... ...
Modeling Error – Parallel Activities
An XOR join after an AND split will
result in duplicate tokens
downstream. Everything after the
XOR join will be executed twice.
An AND join after an XOR split will
result in a deadlock. The process
cannot progress beyond the merging
gateway
18
Loan Example
The complete process
19
Loan	
  
Application

approved
Loan	
  
Application

rejected
BPMN Elements – Artifacts
Text Annotations are a mechanism for the modeler
to provide additional text information to the
diagram reader.
Text annotations do not affect the flow of the
process.
Groups are a visual mechanism to logically group
diagram elements informally.
The grouping does not affect the sequence flow
and does not change the meaning of the elements
contained within the group.
20
Summary
BPMN has four main classes of symbols:
Activities
Sequence Flow
Gateways
Events
Avoid modeling mistakes, in particular with gateways
Artifacts are used for embellishing the model
21

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BPMN 2.0 Tutorial 01 - Basic Constructs

  • 1. Michael zur Muehlen, Ph.D. Stevens Institute of Technology Howe School of Technology Management Center for Business Process Innovation Hoboken, New Jersey Michael.zurMuehlen@stevens.edu Introduction to BPMN 2.0 Part 1: Basic Constructs 1
  • 2. Learning Objectives At the end of this module you will know The core components of BPMN 2.0 Activities Sequence Flow Gateways Start and End Events Strategies for model layout Common modeling pitfalls 2
  • 3. 3 Background BPMN stands for Business Process Model & Notation Developed by Object Management Group (OMG) BPMN 1.0 specification released in May, 2004 BPMN 2.0 specification released in January 2011 Based on the leading graphical flowcharting techniques e.g., UML, IDEF, Flowcharts, EPCs … 3
  • 4. What does BPMN do? BPMN specifies a Business Process Diagram (BPD) Requirements: Easy to model BPDs and easy to understand the result
 (must be understandable to non-technical audiences) Able to depict complex business processes 
 (must be translatable to process execution languages) Approach BPMN uses shapes that are familiar to most modelers 
 (e.g., rectangles for functions, diamonds for gateways). Each of the shapes can be used in a simplistic manner or can be embellished to refine its semantics 
 (e.g., further subtypes of events, activities, gateways). 4
  • 5. A BPMN Model 5 Loan   Application
 approved Loan   Application
 rejected
  • 6. Tasks Ac#vi#es  /  Steps  /  Tasks   Tasks are units of work that are performed within a process. The same task may be enacted in different processes and on different objects. Thus, tasks should be designed in a reusable fashion. Tasks are depicted by rounded rectangles and represent any work performed in a process. Task vs. Sub-Processes Tasks  should  be  named  in  Verb-­‐ Object  style,  with  the  Object   represen#ng  the  piece  of  data  being   inspected  or  transformed  in  the  task 6
  • 7. BPMN Elements – Gateways Exclusive OR Split/Merge Indicates locations within a business process where the sequence flow can take two or more alternative paths and only one of the paths can be taken. In a merge, the first path to arrive at the gateway triggers the gateway, all other incoming paths are ignored. Parallel Split/Merge Provides a mechanism to synchronize parallel flow and to create parallel flow. All outgoing paths must be taken and all incoming paths must be merged. Inclusive Split/Merge Provides a mechanism to model situations in which one or more alternatives can be taken or where one or more alternatives can trigger subsequent action. 7
  • 8. Core BPMN Elements (ctd.) Events Events are used to link otherwise unrelated activities and processes with each other. Events are especially useful to model the behavior of external entities Events should be thought of as interfaces to the process context Events are depicted by circles and represent something that “happens” during the course of a process. Events depict the cause (trigger) and impact (result) of business processes. Start, Intermediate, End Different types of Events 8
  • 9. BPMN Elements - Pools Pools represent business process par#cipants. They are used to partition a set of activities from other pools. Pools can be a system, a business entity or a business role Each process diagram contains at least one pool (even if it is not shown) A Pool can be labeled with the name  of  the  process  contained therein or the name  of  the   par#cipant it represents A Pool acts as the container for the sequence flow between activities. 
 Sequence flow must  not  cross the boundaries of a Pool. The interaction between Pools, e.g., between two collaborating organizations, is shown through Message  Flow. 9
  • 10. BPMN Elements - Lanes Lanes represent sub-partitions within a pool. They are used to organize and categorize activities. Lanes can be nested (common) Example: An outer set of Lanes for Business Units and then an inner set of Lanes for roles within each Business Unit. Lanes can be used to represent participant roles (e.g., Manager, Associate), systems (e.g., SAP), business units (e.g., Marketing, Sales), etc. Both sequence flow and message flow can cross the boundaries of Lanes. 10
  • 11. Now let’s start modeling… The Order Management process is triggered by the receipt of a purchase order from a customer. The purchase order is checked against inventory levels for the product(s) requested. Depending on inventory availability the purchase order may be confirmed or rejected. If the purchase order is confirmed, the goods requested are shipped and an invoice is sent to the customer. 11
  • 13. Loan Example The Loan Request process starts when the customer submits a loan application. The bank then reviews the application. Whether the loan request is approved or not, a letter is sent to inform the customer of the decision. If the request is approved, the loan is underwritten. Hint: Keep it simple, and focus on the “happy path” of loan approval. 13
  • 14. Loan Example – Simple Sequence The customer applies for a loan, the bank reviews the application, notifies the customer, then underwrites the loan. 14 Loan
 Underwritten
  • 15. Loan Example – Split The customer applies for a loan, then the bank reviews the application. If the loan is approved, an acceptance letter is sent and the loan is underwritten, otherwise a rejection letter is sent. 15 Note: A Gateway does not actively decide anything. It evaluates the outcome of the preceding review activity. Gateways are passive elements that just route the flow. Loan
 Underwritten Application
 Rejected
  • 16. No Branching without Decisions Gateways do not make decisions - they just evaluate the results of decision-making activities to route the flow of work Always model the decision-making task before you split the sequence flow with an XOR or OR gateway 16
  • 17. Loan Example – Parallel Activities While the applicant’s employment records are verified, a credit report is requested and then reviewed, and the property title is obtained and evaluated. Once these activities have been completed, the final review is performed and the loan application is eventually approved or rejected. 17 ... ...
  • 18. Modeling Error – Parallel Activities An XOR join after an AND split will result in duplicate tokens downstream. Everything after the XOR join will be executed twice. An AND join after an XOR split will result in a deadlock. The process cannot progress beyond the merging gateway 18
  • 19. Loan Example The complete process 19 Loan   Application
 approved Loan   Application
 rejected
  • 20. BPMN Elements – Artifacts Text Annotations are a mechanism for the modeler to provide additional text information to the diagram reader. Text annotations do not affect the flow of the process. Groups are a visual mechanism to logically group diagram elements informally. The grouping does not affect the sequence flow and does not change the meaning of the elements contained within the group. 20
  • 21. Summary BPMN has four main classes of symbols: Activities Sequence Flow Gateways Events Avoid modeling mistakes, in particular with gateways Artifacts are used for embellishing the model 21