SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 29
Download to read offline
Pharmaceutical Excipients
Prepared By:
Nahid Hasan
ID:1310690646
Prepared For:
Pharmaceutical Technology-I
Definition:
An excipient is a pharmacologically inactive substance formulated alongside the active
pharmaceutical ingredient of a medication.
Purposes served by excipients:
• Provide bulk to the formulation.
• Facilitate drug absorption or solubility and other pharmacokinetic considerations.
• Aid in handling of “API” during manufacturing .
• Provide stability and prevent from denaturation . etc.
Ideal properties of Excipients:
Excipients
No interaction with
drug.
Pharmacologically
inert.
Feasible .
A list of Pharmaceutical Excipients used in pharmaceutical
preparations usually:
Fillers.
Binders.
Disintegrants.
Coatings.
Sorbents.
Antiadherent.
Lubricants.
Glidants.
Preservatives.
Antioxidants.
Flavoring Agents.
Sweeting Agents.
Coloring Agents.
Solvent & Co-solvent.
Buffering Agents.
Chelating Agents.
Viscosity imparting Agents.
Surface Active Agents.
Humectants .
Fillers:
Fillers typically also fill out the size of a tablet or capsule, making it practical to produce
and convenient for the consumer to use.
Function of fillers:
Fillers add volume and/or mass to a drug substance, thereby facilitating precise metering
and handling thereof in the preparation of dosage forms . Used in tablets and capsules.
Typical features of fillers:
A good filler should typically be inert, compatible with the other components of the
formulation, non-hygroscopic, relatively cheap, compactible, and preferably tasteless or
pleasant tasting.
Examples:
Plant cellulose and dibasic calcium phosphate are used popularly as fillers . A range
of vegetable fats and oils can be used in soft gelatin capsules. Other examples of fillers
include: lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, calcium carbonate, and magnesium
stearate.
Binders:
Binders hold the ingredients in a tablet together . Binders ensure that tablets and granules
can be formed with required mechanical strength, and give volume to low active dose tablets .
Typical features of binders:
A binder should be compatible with other products of formulation and add sufficient
cohesion to the powders .
Classification and examples:
Binders are classified according to their application,
• Solution binders are dissolved in a solvent (for example water or alcohol can be used in wet
granulation processes). Examples include gelatin, cellulose, cellulose derivatives,
polyvinylpyrrolidone, starch, sucrose and polyethylene glycol.
• Dry binders are added to the powder blend, either after a wet granulation step, or as part
of a direct powder compression (DC) formula. Examples include cellulose, methyl cellulose,
polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol.
Disintigrants:
Disintegrants are substances or mixture of substances added to the drug formulations, which
facilitate dispersion or breakup of tablets and contents of capsules into smaller particles for
quick dissolution when it comes in contact with water in the GIT.
Ideal properties of disintigrants:
Good hydration capacity , poor solubility , poor gel formation capacity .
Examples:
polyvinylpyrrolidone , carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium starch glycolate etc.
Coating Agent:
Coating is a process by which an essentially dry, outer layer of coating material is applied
to the surface of a dosage form and agents which are used in this coating process is called
coating agents.
Types:
Three types of coating agents are used pharmaceutically,
Film coating.
Sugar coating.
Compression coating.
Function of coating agents:
Protection, masking, elegance, ease of swallowing, identification etc..
Examples:
HPMC, MC, HPC etc..
Sorbents:
Sorbents are materials that soak up oil from the water.
Types and examples of sorbents:
• Natural sorbents- peat moss, sawdust, feathers, and anything else natural that contains
carbon.
• Synthetic sorbents- polyethylene and nylon etc..
Functions of sorbents:
Sorbent are used for tablet/capsule moisture-proofing by limited fluid sorbing (taking up of a
liquid or a gas either by adsorption or by adsorption) in a dry state.
Antiadherents:
Antiaderents or anti-sticking agents prevent adhesion of the tablet surface to the die walls
and the punches and as a consequence counter the picking or sticking of tablet.
Examples:
Water insoluble lubricants such as magnesium stearate can be used as antiadherents , as can
talc and starch.
Lubricants:
Lubricants prevent ingredients from clumping together and from sticking to the tablet
punches or capsule filling machine. Lubricants also ensure that tablet formation and ejection
can occur with low friction between the solid and die wall.
Types:
• Hydrophilic- Generally poor lubricants, no glidant or anti-adherent properties.
• Hydrophobic-Most widely used lubricants in use today are of the hydrophobic category.
Hydrophobic lubricants are generally good lubricants and are usually effective at
relatively low concentrations. Many also have both anti- adherent and glidant properties.
For these reasons, hydrophobic lubricants are used much more frequently than
hydrophilic compounds. Examples include magnesium stearate.
Roles of lubricants:
1.True Lubricant Role:
• To decrease friction at the interface between a tablet’s surface and the die wall during
ejection and reduce wear on punches & dies.
2. Anti-adherent Role:
• Prevent sticking to punch faces or in the case of encapsulation, lubricants
• Prevent sticking to machine dosators, tamping pins, etc.
3. Glidant Role:
• Enhance product flow by reducing interparticulate friction
Examples of lubricants:
Polyethylene glycol, Magnesium stearate, Stearic acid and it’s derivatives.
Glidants:
A substance (as colloidal silica) that enhances the flow of a granular mixture by reducing
inter-particle friction and that is used in the pharmaceutical production of tablets and
capsule.
Functions of glidants:
Glidants are used to promote powder flow by reducing interparticle friction and cohesion.
These are used in combination with lubricants as they have no ability to reduce die wall
friction.
Examples:
Fumed silica, talc, and magnesium carbonate.
Preservatives:
Preservatives are substances that commonly added to various foods and pharmaceutical
products in order to prolong their shelf life.
Ideal properties of preservatives:
In concept, the preservative system protects the product against microbial proliferation but
does not compromise product performance. In practice, this means that it must:
• Exert a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity at low inclusion levels.
• Maintain activity throughout product manufacture, shelf life and usage.
• Not compromise the quality or performance of product, pack or delivery system.
• Not adversely affect patient safety or tolerance of the product.
Examples:
Methyl & Ethyl parabens, Propyl paraben, Benzoic acid and its salts, Sorbic acid and its salts.
Antioxidant:
An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a
chemical reaction that transfers electrons or hydrogen from a substance to an oxidizing agent.
Ideal Properties of Antioxidants:
• Effective at a low, nontoxic concentration
• Stable and effective under normal conditions of use, over a wide pH and temperature range
• Soluble at the required concentration
• Compatible with a wide variety of drugs and pharmaceutical excipients
• Free from objectionable odor, objectionable taste
• Colorless in both the original and oxidized form
• Nontoxic both internally and externally at the required concentration
• Reasonable cost
• Unreactive (does not adsorb, penetrate, or interact) with containers or closures
Examples:
BHT( Butylated Hydroxy Toluene), BHA( Butylated Hydroxy Anisol), Sodium sulfite, Ascorbic acid
etc..
Sweetening agents:
Sweetening agents are employed in liquid formulations designed for oral administration
specifically to increase the palatability of the therapeutic agent.
Example:
Sucrouse, Saccarine, Aspertame, Sorbitol etc.
Uses of sweetening agent:
The main sweetening agents employed in oral preparations are sucrose, liquid glucose, glycerol,
sorbitol, saccharin sodium and aspartame. Aspartame is an artificial sweetening agent. The use
of artificial sweetening agents in formulations is increasing . The use of sugars in oral
formulations for children and patients with diabetes mellitus is to be avoided.
Flavoring agents:
Flavouring agents are added to increase patient acceptance. The four basic taste sensations are
salty, sweet, bitter and sour. It has been proposed that certain flavours should be used to mask
these specific taste sensations.
Example:
Clove oil, citric and syrup, glycerin, rose oil, orange oil, menthol etc..
Coloring agents:
Coloring agents are pharmaceutical ingredients that impart the preferred color to the
formulation.
There are two types of coloring agents
1.Natural and
2.synthetic
Example:
1.White: Titanium dioxide 2. Blue :Brilliant blue ,Indigo carmine
3. Red :Amaranth Carmine 4.Yellow: saffron 5.Green 6.Brown: caramel
Solvent
A solvent is a substance that can dissolve a solute (a chemically different liquid , solid or gas)
resulting in solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but it can also be solid or a gas. A solvent
never changes its state forming a solution.
Solvent classification
Solvents can be broadly classified into two groups ; They are
• Polar
• Non polar
Normally solvation of a solvent depends upon its classification. Generally polar solvent dissolves
polar compound best and non polar solvent dissolves non polar compound best.
Example and uses of solvent
• The first choice for a solvent is water in which a drug is freely soluble.
• Water –miscible solvent such as Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride can be used to improve
solubility and stability.
• Oils are used as emulsion, intramuscular injections and liquid fill oral preparation.
• Aqueous methanol is widely used in HPLC and is the standard solvent in sample extraction.
• Other acceptable non-aqueous solvents are glycerol ,propylene glycol, ethanol and are used
generally for a lipophilic drug.
Co-solvent
Co-solvents are defined as water-miscible organic solvents that are used in liquid drug
formulations to increase the solubility of poorly water soluble substances or to enhance the
chemical stability of a drug.
Properties of co-solvent
• Co-solvent increases the solubility of a drug.
• An ideal co-solvent should possess values of dielectric constant between 25 and 80.
• The most widely used system that will cover this range is a water/ethanol blend.
• It should not cause toxicity or irritancy when administrated for oral or parental use
• Other co-solvents are sorbitol, glycerol, propylene glycol and syrup..
Chelating agent
Chelating agents are molecules that are capable of forming complexes with the drug
involving more than one bond it’s a complex compound contains one or more ring in its
structure .
For example; ethylene diamine is bidentate and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid is
hexadentate.
Example and uses of chelating agent
• EDTA: ethylene diamine tetraacetate is used for the estimation of metals ions .
• EDTAH4: ethylene diamin tetraacetic acid is used for softening water.
• Calcium Disodium Edetate: it is used in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning mostly
caused by lead.
• Disodium Edetate: it is used in hypercalcemic states. It is also useful ion the treatment of
cardiac arrhythmias.
Buffering agent
These are materials which, when dissolved in solvent will enable the solution to resist any
change in pH should an acid or an alkali be added. The choice of suitable buffer depends
on the pH and buffering capacity required.
Features of buffering agent
It should have a low toxicity, it should be buffered at the range of 7.4 as the pH of the body
is 7.4, it should be non-irritant.
Examples of buffering agent
Most of the buffering system are based on carbonate, citrates, gluconates ,lactates,
phosphates, or tartrates etc.
Viscosity imparting agents : These agents are used when it is desirable to increase
or decrease the viscosity of a liquid either to serve as adjacent for palatability or to improve
pour ability. They are also called thickening agents.
Viscosity imparting agents are of two types:
a) Viscosity modifier-Viscosity modifiers decrease the viscosity of a liquid to improve pour
ability and make it more palatable.
b) Viscosity enhancer- Viscosity enhancers increase the viscosity of a liquid to improve pour
ability and make it more palatable.
Most commonly used viscosity imparting agents are :
Hydroxyethylcellulose
Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
Methylcellulose
Polyvinyl alcohol
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Humectant : A humectant attracts and retains the moisture in the nearby air via
absorption, drawing the water vapor into and/or beneath the organism/object's surface.
Humectants absorb water vapors from atmosphere till a certain degree of dilution is
attained. Aqueous solutions of humectants can reduce the rate of loss of moisture.
Ideal properties of humectants :
•It must absorb moisture from atmosphere and retain the same under the normal
conditions of atmospheric humidity.
•It should be colorless or not of too intense color.
•It should have good odor and taste.
•It should be nontoxic and nonirritant.
•It should be noncorrosive to packaging materials
•It should not solidify under normal conditions.
•It should not be too costly.
.
Classification of humectants with examples :
There are three types of humectants such as inorganic humectants, metal organic
humectants and organic humectants.
Inorganic humectants:
These are limited used in cosmetics. Calcium chloride is an example. It has
compatibility problems and corrosive in nature. Hence it is not frequently used in
cosmetics.
Metal organic humectants:
These are limited used in cosmetics because of compatibility problems, corrosive
nature and pronounced taste. The example of this class is sodium lactate.
Organic humectants:
These are widely used in cosmetics. They include polyhydric alcohols, their esters and
ethers. The most commonly used organic humectants are glycerol, ethylene
glycol, polyethylene glycol (PEG), diethylene glycol, tri ethylene glycol, propylene
glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, glucose.
Surfactants : Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension (or
interfacial tension) between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid and increase
the solubility. They are also known as surface active agents.
Properties of surfactants : A surfactant must fulfill two structural requirements:
a) A surfactant must contain a lipophilic region.
b) A surfactant must contain a hydrophilic region.
In a surfactant both hydrophilic and lipophilic region must be balanced because
then both the regions will be concentrated at an interface and therefore surface
tension will be lowered.
Types of surfactants :
There are of four types of surfactants based on the charge of the hydrophilic region :
1. Anionic surfactant ( here the hydrophilic region is negatively charged i.e. an
anion)
Sodium lauryl sulphate - It is used as an excipient on some dissolvable aspirins and
other fiber therapy caplets.
2. Cationic surfactant (here hydrophilic region is positively charged i.e. a cation)
Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide ( cetrimide ) - is an effective antiseptic
agent against bacteria and fungi.
3. Non-ionic surfactants :
Tween 80 ( polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate)- Polysorbate 80 is an excipient that
is used to stabilize aqueous formulations of medications for parenteral administration
Span ( sorbitan ester of lauric acid )
4. Amphoteric surfactant :
Lecithin- it acts as a wetting, stabilizing agent and a choline enrichment carrier, helps
in emulsifications and encapsulation, and is a good dispersing agent.
N-dodecyl alanine.
CONCLUSION
The real importance of ensuring an excipient’s quality and
performance is are often underestimated . In reality, the
functionality of the excipient can help determine whether or
not a drug succeeds or fails. The possible consequences of not
carefully choosing the best excipient for formulation include
manufacturing complications, compromised stability, poor
bioavailability of the API, unintended side-effects, and even
serious adverse reaction or death of the patient . So to avoid
these undesirable outcomes it is very important to select the
right excipient for the formulation and guarantee its quality.
References:
1.Hand book of pharmaceutical excipients, Edition-Sixth, Edited by-Raymond Crowe Paul J
Sheskey and Marian E Quinn, Publisher-Pharmaceutical Press.
2.Aulton’s Pharmaceutics The design and manufacture of medicines, Edition-Third, Edited by-
Michael E.Aulton, Publisher-Elsevier.
3. Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Edition- Ninth, Publisher-
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
4.www.wikipedia.com
THANK YOU

More Related Content

What's hot

solubility enhancement techniques..
solubility enhancement techniques..solubility enhancement techniques..
solubility enhancement techniques..Madhuri Manchare
 
Novel drug delivery system
Novel drug delivery systemNovel drug delivery system
Novel drug delivery systemSaiLakshmi110
 
Pharmaceutical Suspensions
Pharmaceutical SuspensionsPharmaceutical Suspensions
Pharmaceutical SuspensionsMuhammad Adeel
 
Evaluation of parenterals
Evaluation of parenteralsEvaluation of parenterals
Evaluation of parenteralsmonikapawar306
 
Parameters in Preformulation Studies
Parameters in Preformulation StudiesParameters in Preformulation Studies
Parameters in Preformulation StudiesCognibrain Healthcare
 
Quality control tests of tablet
Quality control tests of tabletQuality control tests of tablet
Quality control tests of tabletSarangDalvi
 
Pharmaceutical Suspensions and Emulsions
Pharmaceutical Suspensions and EmulsionsPharmaceutical Suspensions and Emulsions
Pharmaceutical Suspensions and EmulsionsPallavi Kurra
 
Quality control tests for tablets
Quality control tests for tabletsQuality control tests for tablets
Quality control tests for tabletsDr. Raja Abhilash
 
Tablet manufacturing process
Tablet manufacturing processTablet manufacturing process
Tablet manufacturing processAvinash Gowda
 
Bio pharmaceutical classification System [BCS]
Bio pharmaceutical classification System [BCS]Bio pharmaceutical classification System [BCS]
Bio pharmaceutical classification System [BCS]Sagar Savale
 
Quality control tests for parenterals ppt
Quality  control  tests  for  parenterals pptQuality  control  tests  for  parenterals ppt
Quality control tests for parenterals pptsuraj p rajan
 

What's hot (20)

Preformulation
PreformulationPreformulation
Preformulation
 
Parenteral formulations
Parenteral formulationsParenteral formulations
Parenteral formulations
 
solubility enhancement techniques..
solubility enhancement techniques..solubility enhancement techniques..
solubility enhancement techniques..
 
Novel drug delivery system
Novel drug delivery systemNovel drug delivery system
Novel drug delivery system
 
Pharmaceutical Suspensions
Pharmaceutical SuspensionsPharmaceutical Suspensions
Pharmaceutical Suspensions
 
Evaluation of parenterals
Evaluation of parenteralsEvaluation of parenterals
Evaluation of parenterals
 
Capsules
Capsules Capsules
Capsules
 
Parameters in Preformulation Studies
Parameters in Preformulation StudiesParameters in Preformulation Studies
Parameters in Preformulation Studies
 
DILUENTS AND DISINTEGRANTS
DILUENTS AND DISINTEGRANTSDILUENTS AND DISINTEGRANTS
DILUENTS AND DISINTEGRANTS
 
Suspension ppt
Suspension pptSuspension ppt
Suspension ppt
 
suspensions
 suspensions suspensions
suspensions
 
Quality control tests of tablet
Quality control tests of tabletQuality control tests of tablet
Quality control tests of tablet
 
Preformulation studies
Preformulation studiesPreformulation studies
Preformulation studies
 
Pharmaceutical Suspensions and Emulsions
Pharmaceutical Suspensions and EmulsionsPharmaceutical Suspensions and Emulsions
Pharmaceutical Suspensions and Emulsions
 
Methods used for the manufacture of tablets
Methods used for the manufacture of tabletsMethods used for the manufacture of tablets
Methods used for the manufacture of tablets
 
Defects in tablet
Defects in tabletDefects in tablet
Defects in tablet
 
Quality control tests for tablets
Quality control tests for tabletsQuality control tests for tablets
Quality control tests for tablets
 
Tablet manufacturing process
Tablet manufacturing processTablet manufacturing process
Tablet manufacturing process
 
Bio pharmaceutical classification System [BCS]
Bio pharmaceutical classification System [BCS]Bio pharmaceutical classification System [BCS]
Bio pharmaceutical classification System [BCS]
 
Quality control tests for parenterals ppt
Quality  control  tests  for  parenterals pptQuality  control  tests  for  parenterals ppt
Quality control tests for parenterals ppt
 

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (13)

Pharmaceutical excipients
Pharmaceutical excipients Pharmaceutical excipients
Pharmaceutical excipients
 
Colorants in Pharmaceutics
Colorants in PharmaceuticsColorants in Pharmaceutics
Colorants in Pharmaceutics
 
RAW MATERIALS USED IN COSMETICS BY ROOMA KHALID
RAW MATERIALS USED IN COSMETICS BY ROOMA KHALIDRAW MATERIALS USED IN COSMETICS BY ROOMA KHALID
RAW MATERIALS USED IN COSMETICS BY ROOMA KHALID
 
Rasna ppt
Rasna pptRasna ppt
Rasna ppt
 
TABLET DILUENTS
TABLET DILUENTSTABLET DILUENTS
TABLET DILUENTS
 
Drug.excipient.compatibility
Drug.excipient.compatibilityDrug.excipient.compatibility
Drug.excipient.compatibility
 
Drug excepients compatability studies
Drug excepients compatability studiesDrug excepients compatability studies
Drug excepients compatability studies
 
Drug excipient Compatibility
Drug excipient CompatibilityDrug excipient Compatibility
Drug excipient Compatibility
 
Drug excipientinteractions
Drug excipientinteractionsDrug excipientinteractions
Drug excipientinteractions
 
Drug Incompatibility.
Drug Incompatibility.Drug Incompatibility.
Drug Incompatibility.
 
Excipient
ExcipientExcipient
Excipient
 
Pharma excipients antioxidant,acid,alkali,preservative
Pharma excipients  antioxidant,acid,alkali,preservativePharma excipients  antioxidant,acid,alkali,preservative
Pharma excipients antioxidant,acid,alkali,preservative
 
1. preformulation
1. preformulation1. preformulation
1. preformulation
 

Similar to Pharmaceutical excipients

Pharmaceutical ingredient and excipient.pptx
Pharmaceutical ingredient and excipient.pptxPharmaceutical ingredient and excipient.pptx
Pharmaceutical ingredient and excipient.pptxMohammadShafique24
 
EXCIPIENT USED IN PARENTRALS AND AEROSOLS.pptx
EXCIPIENT USED IN PARENTRALS AND AEROSOLS.pptxEXCIPIENT USED IN PARENTRALS AND AEROSOLS.pptx
EXCIPIENT USED IN PARENTRALS AND AEROSOLS.pptxDhruv Bhavsar
 
Liquid dosage form Power Presentation ( Sem-I)
Liquid dosage form Power Presentation ( Sem-I)Liquid dosage form Power Presentation ( Sem-I)
Liquid dosage form Power Presentation ( Sem-I)SumedhGhodke
 
Tablet formulation, manufacturing, adv. and disadvantages
Tablet formulation, manufacturing, adv. and disadvantagesTablet formulation, manufacturing, adv. and disadvantages
Tablet formulation, manufacturing, adv. and disadvantagesshital trivedi
 
Tablet dosage form: Fformulation, manufacturing, adv. and disadvantages
Tablet dosage form: Fformulation, manufacturing, adv. and disadvantagesTablet dosage form: Fformulation, manufacturing, adv. and disadvantages
Tablet dosage form: Fformulation, manufacturing, adv. and disadvantagesShital Trivedi nee Shah
 
Pharmaceuticals excipients
Pharmaceuticals excipientsPharmaceuticals excipients
Pharmaceuticals excipientsRAVINDER KUMAR
 
pharmaceutical excepients
pharmaceutical excepientspharmaceutical excepients
pharmaceutical excepientsInvisible guest
 
LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS.pptx
LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS.pptxLIQUID DOSAGE FORMS.pptx
LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS.pptxSUJITHA MARY
 
HERBAL EXCIPIENTS & Colorants.pptx
HERBAL EXCIPIENTS & Colorants.pptxHERBAL EXCIPIENTS & Colorants.pptx
HERBAL EXCIPIENTS & Colorants.pptxZuli Shingala
 
tablettypes-150309151055-conversion-gate01.pdf
tablettypes-150309151055-conversion-gate01.pdftablettypes-150309151055-conversion-gate01.pdf
tablettypes-150309151055-conversion-gate01.pdfSridharA50
 
Pharmaceutical excipients
Pharmaceutical excipientsPharmaceutical excipients
Pharmaceutical excipientsOmBagade1
 

Similar to Pharmaceutical excipients (20)

Pharmaceutical excipients
Pharmaceutical excipients Pharmaceutical excipients
Pharmaceutical excipients
 
Excipients sb
Excipients sbExcipients sb
Excipients sb
 
Pharmaceutical Additives
Pharmaceutical AdditivesPharmaceutical Additives
Pharmaceutical Additives
 
Pharmaceutical ingredient and excipient.pptx
Pharmaceutical ingredient and excipient.pptxPharmaceutical ingredient and excipient.pptx
Pharmaceutical ingredient and excipient.pptx
 
EXCIPIENT USED IN PARENTRALS AND AEROSOLS.pptx
EXCIPIENT USED IN PARENTRALS AND AEROSOLS.pptxEXCIPIENT USED IN PARENTRALS AND AEROSOLS.pptx
EXCIPIENT USED IN PARENTRALS AND AEROSOLS.pptx
 
Liquid dosage form Power Presentation ( Sem-I)
Liquid dosage form Power Presentation ( Sem-I)Liquid dosage form Power Presentation ( Sem-I)
Liquid dosage form Power Presentation ( Sem-I)
 
Tablet formulation, manufacturing, adv. and disadvantages
Tablet formulation, manufacturing, adv. and disadvantagesTablet formulation, manufacturing, adv. and disadvantages
Tablet formulation, manufacturing, adv. and disadvantages
 
Tablet dosage form: Fformulation, manufacturing, adv. and disadvantages
Tablet dosage form: Fformulation, manufacturing, adv. and disadvantagesTablet dosage form: Fformulation, manufacturing, adv. and disadvantages
Tablet dosage form: Fformulation, manufacturing, adv. and disadvantages
 
Liquid orals.pptx
Liquid orals.pptxLiquid orals.pptx
Liquid orals.pptx
 
Pharmaceuticals excipients
Pharmaceuticals excipientsPharmaceuticals excipients
Pharmaceuticals excipients
 
pharmaceutical excepients
pharmaceutical excepientspharmaceutical excepients
pharmaceutical excepients
 
LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS.pptx
LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS.pptxLIQUID DOSAGE FORMS.pptx
LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS.pptx
 
TABLETS.pptx
TABLETS.pptxTABLETS.pptx
TABLETS.pptx
 
HERBAL EXCIPIENTS & Colorants.pptx
HERBAL EXCIPIENTS & Colorants.pptxHERBAL EXCIPIENTS & Colorants.pptx
HERBAL EXCIPIENTS & Colorants.pptx
 
Pharmaceutical excipient
Pharmaceutical excipientPharmaceutical excipient
Pharmaceutical excipient
 
tablettypes-150309151055-conversion-gate01.pdf
tablettypes-150309151055-conversion-gate01.pdftablettypes-150309151055-conversion-gate01.pdf
tablettypes-150309151055-conversion-gate01.pdf
 
TABLETS.pptx
TABLETS.pptxTABLETS.pptx
TABLETS.pptx
 
Pharmaceutical Excipients
Pharmaceutical Excipients Pharmaceutical Excipients
Pharmaceutical Excipients
 
Dry syrup
Dry syrupDry syrup
Dry syrup
 
Pharmaceutical excipients
Pharmaceutical excipientsPharmaceutical excipients
Pharmaceutical excipients
 

Recently uploaded

DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxMAsifAhmad
 
Neurological history taking (2024) .
Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .
Neurological history taking (2024) .Mohamed Rizk Khodair
 
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)kishan singh tomar
 
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.pptUnit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.pptPradnya Wadekar
 
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio..."Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...Sujoy Dasgupta
 
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.Vaikunthan Rajaratnam
 
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Peter Embi
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationMedicoseAcademics
 
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil ThirusanguMental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu Medical University
 
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfSGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfHongBiThi1
 
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologyDeepakDaniel9
 
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosisAdenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosisSujoy Dasgupta
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.pptRamDBawankar1
 
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung functionEXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung functionkrishnareddy157915
 
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdfCONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdfDolisha Warbi
 
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets barRole of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets barmohitRahangdale
 
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfRed Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfMedicoseAcademics
 
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectionAORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectiondrhanifmohdali
 

Recently uploaded (20)

American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
 
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptxDNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
DNA nucleotides Blast in NCBI and Phylogeny using MEGA Xi.pptx
 
Neurological history taking (2024) .
Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .Neurological  history  taking  (2024)  .
Neurological history taking (2024) .
 
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
 
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.pptUnit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
Unit I herbs as raw materials, biodynamic agriculture.ppt
 
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio..."Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
"Radical excision of DIE in subferile women with deep infiltrating endometrio...
 
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
Generative AI in Health Care a scoping review and a persoanl experience.
 
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
 
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxationPhysiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
Physiology of Smooth Muscles -Mechanics of contraction and relaxation
 
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil ThirusanguMental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
Mental health Team. Dr Senthil Thirusangu
 
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfSGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
 
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacologypA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
pA2 value, Schild plot and pD2 values- applications in pharmacology
 
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosisAdenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
Adenomyosis or Fibroid- making right diagnosis
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
 
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
Immune labs basics part 1 acute phase reactants ESR, CRP Ahmed Yehia Ismaeel,...
 
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung functionEXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
 
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdfCONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY).pdf
 
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets barRole of  Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
Role of Soap based and synthetic or syndets bar
 
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdfRed Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
Red Blood Cells_anemia & polycythemia.pdf
 
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissectionAORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
AORTIC DISSECTION and management of aortic dissection
 

Pharmaceutical excipients

  • 1. Pharmaceutical Excipients Prepared By: Nahid Hasan ID:1310690646 Prepared For: Pharmaceutical Technology-I
  • 2. Definition: An excipient is a pharmacologically inactive substance formulated alongside the active pharmaceutical ingredient of a medication. Purposes served by excipients: • Provide bulk to the formulation. • Facilitate drug absorption or solubility and other pharmacokinetic considerations. • Aid in handling of “API” during manufacturing . • Provide stability and prevent from denaturation . etc.
  • 3. Ideal properties of Excipients: Excipients No interaction with drug. Pharmacologically inert. Feasible .
  • 4. A list of Pharmaceutical Excipients used in pharmaceutical preparations usually: Fillers. Binders. Disintegrants. Coatings. Sorbents. Antiadherent. Lubricants. Glidants. Preservatives. Antioxidants. Flavoring Agents. Sweeting Agents. Coloring Agents. Solvent & Co-solvent. Buffering Agents. Chelating Agents. Viscosity imparting Agents. Surface Active Agents. Humectants .
  • 5. Fillers: Fillers typically also fill out the size of a tablet or capsule, making it practical to produce and convenient for the consumer to use. Function of fillers: Fillers add volume and/or mass to a drug substance, thereby facilitating precise metering and handling thereof in the preparation of dosage forms . Used in tablets and capsules. Typical features of fillers: A good filler should typically be inert, compatible with the other components of the formulation, non-hygroscopic, relatively cheap, compactible, and preferably tasteless or pleasant tasting. Examples: Plant cellulose and dibasic calcium phosphate are used popularly as fillers . A range of vegetable fats and oils can be used in soft gelatin capsules. Other examples of fillers include: lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, calcium carbonate, and magnesium stearate.
  • 6. Binders: Binders hold the ingredients in a tablet together . Binders ensure that tablets and granules can be formed with required mechanical strength, and give volume to low active dose tablets . Typical features of binders: A binder should be compatible with other products of formulation and add sufficient cohesion to the powders . Classification and examples: Binders are classified according to their application, • Solution binders are dissolved in a solvent (for example water or alcohol can be used in wet granulation processes). Examples include gelatin, cellulose, cellulose derivatives, polyvinylpyrrolidone, starch, sucrose and polyethylene glycol. • Dry binders are added to the powder blend, either after a wet granulation step, or as part of a direct powder compression (DC) formula. Examples include cellulose, methyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol.
  • 7. Disintigrants: Disintegrants are substances or mixture of substances added to the drug formulations, which facilitate dispersion or breakup of tablets and contents of capsules into smaller particles for quick dissolution when it comes in contact with water in the GIT. Ideal properties of disintigrants: Good hydration capacity , poor solubility , poor gel formation capacity . Examples: polyvinylpyrrolidone , carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium starch glycolate etc.
  • 8. Coating Agent: Coating is a process by which an essentially dry, outer layer of coating material is applied to the surface of a dosage form and agents which are used in this coating process is called coating agents. Types: Three types of coating agents are used pharmaceutically, Film coating. Sugar coating. Compression coating. Function of coating agents: Protection, masking, elegance, ease of swallowing, identification etc.. Examples: HPMC, MC, HPC etc..
  • 9. Sorbents: Sorbents are materials that soak up oil from the water. Types and examples of sorbents: • Natural sorbents- peat moss, sawdust, feathers, and anything else natural that contains carbon. • Synthetic sorbents- polyethylene and nylon etc.. Functions of sorbents: Sorbent are used for tablet/capsule moisture-proofing by limited fluid sorbing (taking up of a liquid or a gas either by adsorption or by adsorption) in a dry state.
  • 10. Antiadherents: Antiaderents or anti-sticking agents prevent adhesion of the tablet surface to the die walls and the punches and as a consequence counter the picking or sticking of tablet. Examples: Water insoluble lubricants such as magnesium stearate can be used as antiadherents , as can talc and starch. Lubricants: Lubricants prevent ingredients from clumping together and from sticking to the tablet punches or capsule filling machine. Lubricants also ensure that tablet formation and ejection can occur with low friction between the solid and die wall. Types: • Hydrophilic- Generally poor lubricants, no glidant or anti-adherent properties.
  • 11. • Hydrophobic-Most widely used lubricants in use today are of the hydrophobic category. Hydrophobic lubricants are generally good lubricants and are usually effective at relatively low concentrations. Many also have both anti- adherent and glidant properties. For these reasons, hydrophobic lubricants are used much more frequently than hydrophilic compounds. Examples include magnesium stearate. Roles of lubricants: 1.True Lubricant Role: • To decrease friction at the interface between a tablet’s surface and the die wall during ejection and reduce wear on punches & dies. 2. Anti-adherent Role: • Prevent sticking to punch faces or in the case of encapsulation, lubricants • Prevent sticking to machine dosators, tamping pins, etc. 3. Glidant Role: • Enhance product flow by reducing interparticulate friction
  • 12. Examples of lubricants: Polyethylene glycol, Magnesium stearate, Stearic acid and it’s derivatives. Glidants: A substance (as colloidal silica) that enhances the flow of a granular mixture by reducing inter-particle friction and that is used in the pharmaceutical production of tablets and capsule. Functions of glidants: Glidants are used to promote powder flow by reducing interparticle friction and cohesion. These are used in combination with lubricants as they have no ability to reduce die wall friction. Examples: Fumed silica, talc, and magnesium carbonate.
  • 13. Preservatives: Preservatives are substances that commonly added to various foods and pharmaceutical products in order to prolong their shelf life. Ideal properties of preservatives: In concept, the preservative system protects the product against microbial proliferation but does not compromise product performance. In practice, this means that it must: • Exert a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity at low inclusion levels. • Maintain activity throughout product manufacture, shelf life and usage. • Not compromise the quality or performance of product, pack or delivery system. • Not adversely affect patient safety or tolerance of the product. Examples: Methyl & Ethyl parabens, Propyl paraben, Benzoic acid and its salts, Sorbic acid and its salts.
  • 14. Antioxidant: An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons or hydrogen from a substance to an oxidizing agent. Ideal Properties of Antioxidants: • Effective at a low, nontoxic concentration • Stable and effective under normal conditions of use, over a wide pH and temperature range • Soluble at the required concentration • Compatible with a wide variety of drugs and pharmaceutical excipients • Free from objectionable odor, objectionable taste • Colorless in both the original and oxidized form • Nontoxic both internally and externally at the required concentration • Reasonable cost • Unreactive (does not adsorb, penetrate, or interact) with containers or closures Examples: BHT( Butylated Hydroxy Toluene), BHA( Butylated Hydroxy Anisol), Sodium sulfite, Ascorbic acid etc..
  • 15. Sweetening agents: Sweetening agents are employed in liquid formulations designed for oral administration specifically to increase the palatability of the therapeutic agent. Example: Sucrouse, Saccarine, Aspertame, Sorbitol etc. Uses of sweetening agent: The main sweetening agents employed in oral preparations are sucrose, liquid glucose, glycerol, sorbitol, saccharin sodium and aspartame. Aspartame is an artificial sweetening agent. The use of artificial sweetening agents in formulations is increasing . The use of sugars in oral formulations for children and patients with diabetes mellitus is to be avoided.
  • 16. Flavoring agents: Flavouring agents are added to increase patient acceptance. The four basic taste sensations are salty, sweet, bitter and sour. It has been proposed that certain flavours should be used to mask these specific taste sensations. Example: Clove oil, citric and syrup, glycerin, rose oil, orange oil, menthol etc.. Coloring agents: Coloring agents are pharmaceutical ingredients that impart the preferred color to the formulation. There are two types of coloring agents 1.Natural and 2.synthetic Example: 1.White: Titanium dioxide 2. Blue :Brilliant blue ,Indigo carmine 3. Red :Amaranth Carmine 4.Yellow: saffron 5.Green 6.Brown: caramel
  • 17. Solvent A solvent is a substance that can dissolve a solute (a chemically different liquid , solid or gas) resulting in solution. A solvent is usually a liquid but it can also be solid or a gas. A solvent never changes its state forming a solution. Solvent classification Solvents can be broadly classified into two groups ; They are • Polar • Non polar Normally solvation of a solvent depends upon its classification. Generally polar solvent dissolves polar compound best and non polar solvent dissolves non polar compound best.
  • 18. Example and uses of solvent • The first choice for a solvent is water in which a drug is freely soluble. • Water –miscible solvent such as Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride can be used to improve solubility and stability. • Oils are used as emulsion, intramuscular injections and liquid fill oral preparation. • Aqueous methanol is widely used in HPLC and is the standard solvent in sample extraction. • Other acceptable non-aqueous solvents are glycerol ,propylene glycol, ethanol and are used generally for a lipophilic drug.
  • 19. Co-solvent Co-solvents are defined as water-miscible organic solvents that are used in liquid drug formulations to increase the solubility of poorly water soluble substances or to enhance the chemical stability of a drug. Properties of co-solvent • Co-solvent increases the solubility of a drug. • An ideal co-solvent should possess values of dielectric constant between 25 and 80. • The most widely used system that will cover this range is a water/ethanol blend. • It should not cause toxicity or irritancy when administrated for oral or parental use • Other co-solvents are sorbitol, glycerol, propylene glycol and syrup..
  • 20. Chelating agent Chelating agents are molecules that are capable of forming complexes with the drug involving more than one bond it’s a complex compound contains one or more ring in its structure . For example; ethylene diamine is bidentate and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid is hexadentate. Example and uses of chelating agent • EDTA: ethylene diamine tetraacetate is used for the estimation of metals ions . • EDTAH4: ethylene diamin tetraacetic acid is used for softening water. • Calcium Disodium Edetate: it is used in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning mostly caused by lead. • Disodium Edetate: it is used in hypercalcemic states. It is also useful ion the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
  • 21. Buffering agent These are materials which, when dissolved in solvent will enable the solution to resist any change in pH should an acid or an alkali be added. The choice of suitable buffer depends on the pH and buffering capacity required. Features of buffering agent It should have a low toxicity, it should be buffered at the range of 7.4 as the pH of the body is 7.4, it should be non-irritant. Examples of buffering agent Most of the buffering system are based on carbonate, citrates, gluconates ,lactates, phosphates, or tartrates etc.
  • 22. Viscosity imparting agents : These agents are used when it is desirable to increase or decrease the viscosity of a liquid either to serve as adjacent for palatability or to improve pour ability. They are also called thickening agents. Viscosity imparting agents are of two types: a) Viscosity modifier-Viscosity modifiers decrease the viscosity of a liquid to improve pour ability and make it more palatable. b) Viscosity enhancer- Viscosity enhancers increase the viscosity of a liquid to improve pour ability and make it more palatable. Most commonly used viscosity imparting agents are : Hydroxyethylcellulose Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Methylcellulose Polyvinyl alcohol Polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • 23. Humectant : A humectant attracts and retains the moisture in the nearby air via absorption, drawing the water vapor into and/or beneath the organism/object's surface. Humectants absorb water vapors from atmosphere till a certain degree of dilution is attained. Aqueous solutions of humectants can reduce the rate of loss of moisture. Ideal properties of humectants : •It must absorb moisture from atmosphere and retain the same under the normal conditions of atmospheric humidity. •It should be colorless or not of too intense color. •It should have good odor and taste. •It should be nontoxic and nonirritant. •It should be noncorrosive to packaging materials •It should not solidify under normal conditions. •It should not be too costly. .
  • 24. Classification of humectants with examples : There are three types of humectants such as inorganic humectants, metal organic humectants and organic humectants. Inorganic humectants: These are limited used in cosmetics. Calcium chloride is an example. It has compatibility problems and corrosive in nature. Hence it is not frequently used in cosmetics. Metal organic humectants: These are limited used in cosmetics because of compatibility problems, corrosive nature and pronounced taste. The example of this class is sodium lactate. Organic humectants: These are widely used in cosmetics. They include polyhydric alcohols, their esters and ethers. The most commonly used organic humectants are glycerol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol (PEG), diethylene glycol, tri ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, glucose.
  • 25. Surfactants : Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid and increase the solubility. They are also known as surface active agents. Properties of surfactants : A surfactant must fulfill two structural requirements: a) A surfactant must contain a lipophilic region. b) A surfactant must contain a hydrophilic region. In a surfactant both hydrophilic and lipophilic region must be balanced because then both the regions will be concentrated at an interface and therefore surface tension will be lowered. Types of surfactants : There are of four types of surfactants based on the charge of the hydrophilic region : 1. Anionic surfactant ( here the hydrophilic region is negatively charged i.e. an anion) Sodium lauryl sulphate - It is used as an excipient on some dissolvable aspirins and other fiber therapy caplets.
  • 26. 2. Cationic surfactant (here hydrophilic region is positively charged i.e. a cation) Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide ( cetrimide ) - is an effective antiseptic agent against bacteria and fungi. 3. Non-ionic surfactants : Tween 80 ( polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate)- Polysorbate 80 is an excipient that is used to stabilize aqueous formulations of medications for parenteral administration Span ( sorbitan ester of lauric acid ) 4. Amphoteric surfactant : Lecithin- it acts as a wetting, stabilizing agent and a choline enrichment carrier, helps in emulsifications and encapsulation, and is a good dispersing agent. N-dodecyl alanine.
  • 27. CONCLUSION The real importance of ensuring an excipient’s quality and performance is are often underestimated . In reality, the functionality of the excipient can help determine whether or not a drug succeeds or fails. The possible consequences of not carefully choosing the best excipient for formulation include manufacturing complications, compromised stability, poor bioavailability of the API, unintended side-effects, and even serious adverse reaction or death of the patient . So to avoid these undesirable outcomes it is very important to select the right excipient for the formulation and guarantee its quality.
  • 28. References: 1.Hand book of pharmaceutical excipients, Edition-Sixth, Edited by-Raymond Crowe Paul J Sheskey and Marian E Quinn, Publisher-Pharmaceutical Press. 2.Aulton’s Pharmaceutics The design and manufacture of medicines, Edition-Third, Edited by- Michael E.Aulton, Publisher-Elsevier. 3. Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Edition- Ninth, Publisher- Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 4.www.wikipedia.com