1. REVIEWER IN GENSCI 2nd Quarter network of stacked sacs found within nucleated cells
that store, package, and distribute the proteins and
2012-2013 lipids made in the endoplasmic reticulum.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) – carry
CELL- basic unit of living thing: the smallest proteins to different parts of the cell;
independently functioning unit in the structure of an ROUGH ER – with attached ribosomes that
organism, usually consisting of one or more nuclei manufacture proteins
surrounded by cytoplasm and enclosed by a SMOOTH ER – contains no ribosomes; makes
membrane lipids(fats)
LYSOSOME- membrane-bound sac found in
ANIMAL CELL vs ANIMAL CELL nucleated cells that contains digestive enzymes that
break down complex molecules in the body.
Plant cells are rectangular or angular or Lysosomes are numerous in disease-fighting cells,
rigid in shape, while animal cells are such as white blood cells, that destroy harmful
rounded and somewhat irregular invaders or cell debris.
The nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, RIBOSOME-cell structure that uses genetic
the mitochondrion, rough and smooth instructions transported in ribonucleic acid (RNA)
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, to link a specific sequence of amino acids into
vacuole/vesicle and lysosome are common chains to form proteins.
to both plant and animal cells.
The centrioles are present in animal cells TISSUE- a group of similar cells that work together
only. to perform a particular function.
The cell wall and chloroplast are present Epithelial tissue functions as boundary;
in plant cells only. covers inner and outer surfaces of the body.
Without the plasma membrane, any Nerve tissue- messaging system
substance can go in and out the cell. The Muscle tissue- movement
cell may be affected by the exit of needed Connective tissue- holds parts of the body
substances or entrance of unneeded or together, providing support, protection,
poisonous substances that may lead to strength, padding and insulation.
death of the cell.
The cell wall being made of tough or rigid ORGANS- group of different tissues; structure that
material gives shape and protection to plant is made up of two or more types of tissue that work
cells. together to carry out a function in a body.
The chloroplast in cells of plants is where Ex: Kidneys- remove wastes from blood,
food is made. The greater the number of regulate the amount of water in body.
chloroplast in them makes them efficient in Heart- organ that pushes blood throughout
making more food for the plant. the circulatory system; right side of the
The centrioles which can be found in heart pumps blood to the lungs to receive
animal cells only, are located near the oxygen; left side pumps blood to the entire
nucleus. They help organize structures body; inside the lungs, the respiratory
during cell division. system interacts with the circulatory system
NUCLEUS- control center, brain, controls the  Left atrium receives oxygen
activity in the cell;carries the cell’s genetic rich(oxygenated) blood from the
information that determines if the organism will lungs.
develop, for instance, into a tree or a human; and it  Right atrium receives oxygen
directs most cell activities including growth, poor (deoxygenated) blood from
metabolism, and reproduction by regulating protein all parts of the body
synthesis (the manufacture of long chains of amino  Left ventricle pumps oxygen rich
acids). blood to all parts of the body.
MITOCHONDRION- small cellular structures, or  Right ventricle pumps oxygen
organelles, found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic poor blood to lungs.
cells (cells with a nucleus). Mitochondria are  Veins- carry deoxygenated blood
responsible for converting nutrients into the energy- to the heartEXCEPT for the
yielding molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP)to pulmonary veins (oxygenated)
fuel the cell's activities.  Arteries- carry oxygenated blood
GOLGI BODY – sort, modify, package and away from the heartEXCEPT for
distribute cell products to where they are needed; pulmonary artery (deoxygenated).

2. eyes.Practice viewing through the microscope using
ORGAN SYSTEM- a group of organsthat together both eyes open. This will reduce eyestrain.
perform a function that helps the body meets its Never use direct sunlight as a light source
need for energy and materials. to view objects under the microscope. Direct
 Skeletal sunlight can permanently damage the retina of the
 Muscular eye.
 Respiratory Tilting of the microscope allows one to do
 Digestive observations while seating down. This is however,
 Urinary only done when materials observed do not contain
 Circulatory liquids like water.
 Immune Current microscope models are said to be
 Nervous PARFOCAL. This means the image in clear focus
 Reproductive under the low power objective, remains focused
after shifting to HPO. If the microscope you are
ORGANISM- an individual which has group of using is not parfocal, slightly turn the fine
organ systems working together interdependently; adjustment knob in either direction to get a clear
living things and are made up of parts that work picture.
together: organ systems, organs, tissues, and cells. The magnification of a specimen can be
These parts need to function properly for organisms calculated by multiplying the number found in the
to meet their basic needs and survive. eyepiece with the number found on the objective
being used. So, if a specimen is viewed using a 10x
MICROSCOPE- a tool which can help you see tiny objective and a 10x eyepiece it will be magnified
objects and living organisms. It makes them look 100 times.
bigger. This ability of the microscope is called its
magnifying power or magnification. The ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
microscope also has the capacity to distinguish involves only 1 parent
small gaps between two separate points which offspring genetically identical to parent
humans cannot distinguish. It is called its resolving
involves regular body cells
power or resolution.
its quick, easy to reproduce in less time
Mechanical Parts
Ex:Binary Fission, Vegetative Propagation,
Base, Pillar, Inclination Joint, Arm,
Regeneration, Budding, Spore Formation
Stage, Stage Clips, Stage Opening, Body
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Tube, Draw Tube, Revolving Nosepiece,
involves 2 parents
Dust Shield, Coarse Adjustment Knob,
offspring genetic mix of both parents
Fine Adjustment Knob, Condenser
Adjustment Knob, Iris Diaphragm Lever involves specialized sex cells (gametes)
Illuminating Parts its slow, needs time and energy
Mirror, Electric Lamp, Iris Diaphragm, Ex:Pollination in plants, fertilization of
Condenser sperm cell and egg cells in humans; mating
Magnifying Parts in animals
Ocular/Eyepiece, Objectives: LPO, HPO,
OIO
ECOLOGY- the study of the relationship of plants
and animals to their physical and biological
HOW TO USE A MICROSCOPE(TIPS)
environment.
Remember to always use both
ECOSYSTEM- organisms living in a particular
hands when carrying the microscope.
environment, such as a forest or a coral
Put the microscope down gently on the
reeforganisms living in a particular environment,
laboratory table with its arm facing you. Place it
such as a forest or a coral reef, and the physical
about 7 centimeters away from the edge of the table. parts of the environment that affect them.
Position the microscope towards diffused ENVIRONMENT- natural world that surrounds an
light from the windows or ceiling light. Look organism.
through the eyepiece and with the concave mirror ORGANISM- a single living thing; one species
(with depression) facing up, move it until you see a POPULATION- all members of one species in a
bright circle of light. particular area; group of the same species
The bright circle of light is called the field COMMUNITY- all the different populations that
of view of the microscope. Adjust the position of live together in an area; different groups of different
the mirror so that it is not glaring to the species

3. BIRTHRATE- natality rate/fertility rate; the CONSUMER- organisms thatobtain energy by
number of births in a population in a certain amount feeding on other organism
of time SCAVENGER-a carnivore that feeds on the bodies
DEATH RATE- mortality rate; number of deaths in of dead organisms
a population in a certain amount of time HERBIVORES- consumers that eat plants; Latin
IMMIGRATION- moving into a poputation; (IM- herba- herb or grass; vorare- to eat
INTO) OMNIVORE- consumer that eats both plants and
EMIGRATION- leaving a population; (EM-EXIT) animals; Latinomni- all; vorare- to eat
LIMITING FACTOR- an environmental factor CARNIVORE-consumers that eat only
that prevents a population from increasing. Ex. animalsLatin carnis- flesh; vorare- to eat vorare- to
Food, space, weather condition, temperature eat
ADAPTATIONS-behaviors and physical DECOMPOSER-organisms that break down
characteristics of species that allow them to live wastes and dead organisms and return the raw
successfully in their environment materials to the environment
MIMICRY- looking or sounding like another living FOODCHAIN-a series of events in which one
organism organism eats another and obtains energy; simple
CAMOUFLAGE- use of color in a surrounding and direct
PHYSICAL ADAPTATION-are body structures FOOD WEB- consists of many overlapping food
that allow an animal to find and consume food, chains in an ecosystem; more complex
defend itself, and to reproduce its species. ENERGY PYRAMID-shows the amount of energy
BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION- unique methods that moves from one feeding level to another in a
of adapting to its environment by means of different food web.
actions - The most energy is available at the producer level.
INSTINCTIVE ADAPTATION- behaviour At each level in the pyramid, there is less available
happens naturally & doesn’t have to be learned. energy than at the level below.
LEARNED ADAPTATION- behaviors must be -only 10 %of the energy stored in an organism can
taught be passed on to the next trophic level, some are used
NICHE-an organism’s particular role, or how it for the organism’s life processes and the rest is
makes its living eliminated as heat.
-Ex. two different species of bird can coexist in the
same tree if they do not eat the same food because
they have different niche -mct
COMPETITION- the struggle between organisms
to survive in a habitat with limited resources
PREDATION- an interaction in whichone
organism kills and eats another
PREDATOR- hunter; organism that does the
killing
STUDY HARD!!!
PREY- being hunted; organism that is killed
SYMBIOSIS- “living together”,a close relationship
GOOD LUCK!!!
between two species that benefits at least one of the
species.
-Some living things depend on each other in a very
close relationship, which lasts over time.
MUTUALISM- a relationship in which both
species benefit; nitrogen fixing bacteria in root
nodules of legumes
COMMENSALISM- one species benefits and the
other species is neither helped nor harmed; orchids
that cling on a tree
PARASITISM- one organism living on or inside
another organism and harming it
PARASITE- organisms that benefits
HOST- theorganism the parasite lives on or in
PRODUCER- organism that can make its own food
through photosynthesis; autotrophs/plants