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Electrophoresis - An Over view
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 1
By- Professor (Dr.) Namrata Chhabra
Biochemistry for medics- Lecture Notes
www.namrata.co
Electrophoresis
• Electrophoresis is the movement of charged
particles through an electrolyte when
subjected to an electric Field
• Cations move towards cathode
• Anions move towards anode
• By this technique solutes are separated by their
different rates of travel through an electric field.
• Commonly used in biological analysis, particularly
in the separations of proteins, peptides and
nucleic acids
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 2
Factors affecting Electrophoresis
The rate of migration of a solute in an electric
field depends on the following factors-
1) Net charge on the particle
2) Mass and shape of the particles
3) p H of the medium
4) Strength of electric field
5) Properties of supporting medium
6) Temperature
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 3
Electrophoretic Mobility
• Electrophoretic mobility is defined as the rate
of migration (cm/sec) per unit field
strength(Volts/cm)
• µ=Q/6πrη
• Where µ- Electrophoretic mobility
Q-Net charge on the ion
r- Ionic radius of the solute
η- Viscosity of the medium
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 4
Electrophoretic mobility
• The Electrophoretic mobility is directly proportional to net charge
and inversely proportional to molecular size and viscosity of the
electrophoresis medium
• The p H of solution affects the mobility of the ion by determining
the amount and nature of charge
• Proteins, nucleic acids, nucleotides and amino acids bear charged
polar groups making them suitable groups for electrophoresis
• Carbohydrates carrying no charged groups are first bound to
charged groups like Borate or Sulfite ions and then electrophoresis
is carried out.
• Lipids are not electrophoresed because electrophoretic current
requires polar solvents in which most lipids are insoluble
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 5
Types of Electrophoresis
1) Horizontal
2) Vertical
Vertical electrophoresis is mainly used for
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 6
Electrophoresis Apparatus
Electrophoresis apparatus consists of-
1) Buffer tank -to hold the buffer
2) Buffer
3) Electrodes- made of platinum or carbon
4) Power supply
5) Support media
Note-Choice of buffer depends on the nature of
substance to be separated and the electricity is
supplied at a constant current and voltage.
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 7
Electrophoresis Apparatus
• The electrophoresis support on which
separation takes place may contact the buffer
directly or by means of wicks.
• The entire apparatus is covered to minimize
separation
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 8
Support media for electrophoresis
1) Filter Paper
2) Cellulose acetate membrane
3) Agar or Agarose gel
4) Starch Gel
5) Polyacrylamide gel
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 9
Paper Electrophoresis
• The support medium is a filter paper
• Frequently used in isolating proteins, amino
acids and oligopeptides.
Procedure-1) A long strip of filter paper is
moistened with a suitable buffer solution of
the desired p H and the sample is applied
transversely across the central part of the strip
2) Ends are fixed to dip in buffer solutions in two
troughs fitted with electrodes
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 10
Paper Electrophoresis - Procedure
3)Electric field of about 20 volts/cm is
established
4)The charged particles of sample migrate along
the strip towards respective electrodes of
opposite polarity, according to net charges,
sizes and interactions with the solid matrix
5)Homogeneous group of particles migrate as a
separate band
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 11
Apparatus for Paper electrophoresis
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 12
Paper Electrophoresis- Procedure
6)The electrophoresis is carried out for 16-18
hours
7) Separated Proteins are fixed to a solid support
using a fixative such as Acetone or Methanol
8)Proteins are stained to make them visible
9) The separated proteins appear as distinct
bands
10)Drawback-long time interval and blurring of
margins
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 13
Cellulose Acetate Membrane
Electrophoresis
• Preferred solid support media
• Less time consuming
• Excellent separation
• No blurring of margins
• Membranes can be stored for a longer time
• Widely used for separation of lipo proteins,
isoenzymes and hemoglobin variants
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 14
Gel Electrophoresis
• The term "gel" in this instance refers to the matrix used to
contain, and then separate the target molecules
• In most cases the gel is a cross linked polymer whose
composition and porosity is chosen based on the specific
weight and composition of the target to be analyzed.
• A gel block made of Polyacrylamide, Agarose or substituted
starch gel is used in this method as the solid support
• Agar gel is used for separation of different types of protein
mixtures as well as nucleic acids
• Polyacrylamide is most suitable for separation of nucleic
acids. It is also frequently used in separating proteins,
peptides and amino acids from microgram quantities of
mixed samples
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 15
Agarose gel electrophoresis
• Commonly used support medium
• Less expensive than cellulose acetate
• Equally good separation
• Agar is a complex acidic polysaccharide containing
monomers of sulfated galactose
• Agarose is a sulfate free fraction of Agar
• Gel is prepared in buffer and spread over a
microscopic slide
• A small sample of serum or biological fluid is applied by
cutting in to the gel with a sharp edge
• The electrophoretic rum takes about 90 minutes
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 16
Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
(PAGE)
• Most popular type
• Polyacrylamide is a polymer formed when
acrylamide is heated with a variety of catalysts
with or without cross linking agents
• It is thermostable, transparent, strong and
relatively chemically inert
• Gels are uncharged and are prepared in a variety
of pore sizes
• Proteins are separated on the basis of charge to
mass ratio and molecular size, a phenomenon
called Molecular sieving.
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 17
Types of PAGE
PAGE can be classified according the separation conditions into:
• Native-PAGE:
– Separation is based upon charge, size, and shape of
macromolecules.
– Useful for separation and/or purification of mixture of
proteins
– This was the original mode of electrophoresis.
• Denatured-PAGE or SDS-PAGE
– Separation is based upon the molecular weight of
proteins.
– The most common method for determining MW of
proteins
– Very useful for checking purity of protein samples
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 18
PAGE-Procedure
• The gel of different pore sizes is cast in to a
column inside a vertical tube, often with large
pore gel at the top and small pore gel at the
bottom
• Microgram quantity of the sample is placed over
the top of the gel column and covered by a buffer
solution having such a p H so as to change sample
components in to anions
• The foot of the gel column is made to dip in the
same buffer in the bottom reservoir
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 19
PAGE PROCEDURE
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 20
PAGE-Procedure
• Cathode and anode are kept above and below
the column to impose an electric field through
the column
• Macromolecular anions move towards the anode
down the gel column
• There is no external solvent space, all the
migratory particles have to pass through the gel
pores
• Rate of migration depends on the charge to mass
ratio
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 21
PAGE-Procedure
• Different sample components get separated in
to discrete migratory bands along the gel
column on the basis of electrophoretic
mobility and gel filtration effect
• PAGE may yield 20 or more fractions and may
be used to study individual proteins and
nucleic acids in serum especially genetic
variants and isoenzymes
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 22
SDS PAGE
• SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is a
technique widely used in biochemistry, forensics,
genetics and molecular biology to separate
proteins according to their electrophoretic
mobility
• The SDS gel electrophoresis of samples having
identical charge to mass ratios results in
fractionation by size and is probably the world's
most widely used biochemical method
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 23
Slab PAGE
• The Polyacrylamide gel is cast as thin rectangular
slab inside a plastic frame and this slab is placed
vertically on a buffer solution taken in a reservoir
• Several samples dissolved in dense sucrose
solution or glycerol are placed in separate wells
cut in to the upper edge of the slab and are
covered by the same buffer solution. Cathode
and anode are above and below to produce
electric field effect. Different components
migrate simultaneously down parallel lanes in the
slab and get separated in to bands
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 24
Slab PAGE
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 25
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) a)
The gel is poured vertically between two glass
plates. b.) Protein bands are separated on the
basis of relative molecular weight and
visualized with stains.
Visualization
• After the electrophoresis is complete, the molecules in
the gel can be stained to make them visible.
• Ethidium bromide, silver, or coomassie blue dye may
be used for this process.
• Other methods may also be used to visualize the
separation of the mixture's components on the gel.
• If the analyte molecules fluoresce under ultraviolet
light, a photograph can be taken of the gel under
ultraviolet lighting conditions. If the molecules to be
separated contain radioactivity added for visibility, an
autoradiogram can be recorded of the gel.
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 26
SDS PAGE
• When a detergent SDS(Sodium -Dodecyl-
Sulfate)is added to PAGE the combined
procedure is termed as SDS PAGE
• SDS coats protein molecules giving all proteins
a constant charge-mass ratio.
• Due to masking of charges of proteins by the
large negative charge on SDS binding with
them, the proteins migrate along the gel in
order of increasing sizes or molecular weights
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 27
SDS PAGE
• Molecular weight of a given protein can be
determined by comparing the relative electrophoretic
mobility of sample with that of standard protein of
known molecular weight, when both the sample and
the standard proteins are electrophoresed side by side
in the same gel slab
• In oligomeric proteins, SDS PAGE usually gives the
molecular weight of separated monomer chains of the
proteins because SDS cleaves the non covalent bonds
interlinking the monomer chains in the intact
molecule.
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 28
SDS PAGE
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 29
Other types of electrophoresis
• Capillary Electrophoresis
• Immuno electrophoresis
• Isoelectric focusing(Isoelectrophoresis)
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 30
Watch the video
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toPpdoBY
PWo
6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 31

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Elecrophoresis

  • 1. Electrophoresis - An Over view 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 1 By- Professor (Dr.) Namrata Chhabra Biochemistry for medics- Lecture Notes www.namrata.co
  • 2. Electrophoresis • Electrophoresis is the movement of charged particles through an electrolyte when subjected to an electric Field • Cations move towards cathode • Anions move towards anode • By this technique solutes are separated by their different rates of travel through an electric field. • Commonly used in biological analysis, particularly in the separations of proteins, peptides and nucleic acids 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 2
  • 3. Factors affecting Electrophoresis The rate of migration of a solute in an electric field depends on the following factors- 1) Net charge on the particle 2) Mass and shape of the particles 3) p H of the medium 4) Strength of electric field 5) Properties of supporting medium 6) Temperature 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 3
  • 4. Electrophoretic Mobility • Electrophoretic mobility is defined as the rate of migration (cm/sec) per unit field strength(Volts/cm) • µ=Q/6πrη • Where µ- Electrophoretic mobility Q-Net charge on the ion r- Ionic radius of the solute η- Viscosity of the medium 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 4
  • 5. Electrophoretic mobility • The Electrophoretic mobility is directly proportional to net charge and inversely proportional to molecular size and viscosity of the electrophoresis medium • The p H of solution affects the mobility of the ion by determining the amount and nature of charge • Proteins, nucleic acids, nucleotides and amino acids bear charged polar groups making them suitable groups for electrophoresis • Carbohydrates carrying no charged groups are first bound to charged groups like Borate or Sulfite ions and then electrophoresis is carried out. • Lipids are not electrophoresed because electrophoretic current requires polar solvents in which most lipids are insoluble 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 5
  • 6. Types of Electrophoresis 1) Horizontal 2) Vertical Vertical electrophoresis is mainly used for Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 6
  • 7. Electrophoresis Apparatus Electrophoresis apparatus consists of- 1) Buffer tank -to hold the buffer 2) Buffer 3) Electrodes- made of platinum or carbon 4) Power supply 5) Support media Note-Choice of buffer depends on the nature of substance to be separated and the electricity is supplied at a constant current and voltage. 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 7
  • 8. Electrophoresis Apparatus • The electrophoresis support on which separation takes place may contact the buffer directly or by means of wicks. • The entire apparatus is covered to minimize separation 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 8
  • 9. Support media for electrophoresis 1) Filter Paper 2) Cellulose acetate membrane 3) Agar or Agarose gel 4) Starch Gel 5) Polyacrylamide gel 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 9
  • 10. Paper Electrophoresis • The support medium is a filter paper • Frequently used in isolating proteins, amino acids and oligopeptides. Procedure-1) A long strip of filter paper is moistened with a suitable buffer solution of the desired p H and the sample is applied transversely across the central part of the strip 2) Ends are fixed to dip in buffer solutions in two troughs fitted with electrodes 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 10
  • 11. Paper Electrophoresis - Procedure 3)Electric field of about 20 volts/cm is established 4)The charged particles of sample migrate along the strip towards respective electrodes of opposite polarity, according to net charges, sizes and interactions with the solid matrix 5)Homogeneous group of particles migrate as a separate band 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 11
  • 12. Apparatus for Paper electrophoresis 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 12
  • 13. Paper Electrophoresis- Procedure 6)The electrophoresis is carried out for 16-18 hours 7) Separated Proteins are fixed to a solid support using a fixative such as Acetone or Methanol 8)Proteins are stained to make them visible 9) The separated proteins appear as distinct bands 10)Drawback-long time interval and blurring of margins 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 13
  • 14. Cellulose Acetate Membrane Electrophoresis • Preferred solid support media • Less time consuming • Excellent separation • No blurring of margins • Membranes can be stored for a longer time • Widely used for separation of lipo proteins, isoenzymes and hemoglobin variants 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 14
  • 15. Gel Electrophoresis • The term "gel" in this instance refers to the matrix used to contain, and then separate the target molecules • In most cases the gel is a cross linked polymer whose composition and porosity is chosen based on the specific weight and composition of the target to be analyzed. • A gel block made of Polyacrylamide, Agarose or substituted starch gel is used in this method as the solid support • Agar gel is used for separation of different types of protein mixtures as well as nucleic acids • Polyacrylamide is most suitable for separation of nucleic acids. It is also frequently used in separating proteins, peptides and amino acids from microgram quantities of mixed samples 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 15
  • 16. Agarose gel electrophoresis • Commonly used support medium • Less expensive than cellulose acetate • Equally good separation • Agar is a complex acidic polysaccharide containing monomers of sulfated galactose • Agarose is a sulfate free fraction of Agar • Gel is prepared in buffer and spread over a microscopic slide • A small sample of serum or biological fluid is applied by cutting in to the gel with a sharp edge • The electrophoretic rum takes about 90 minutes 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 16
  • 17. Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) • Most popular type • Polyacrylamide is a polymer formed when acrylamide is heated with a variety of catalysts with or without cross linking agents • It is thermostable, transparent, strong and relatively chemically inert • Gels are uncharged and are prepared in a variety of pore sizes • Proteins are separated on the basis of charge to mass ratio and molecular size, a phenomenon called Molecular sieving. 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 17
  • 18. Types of PAGE PAGE can be classified according the separation conditions into: • Native-PAGE: – Separation is based upon charge, size, and shape of macromolecules. – Useful for separation and/or purification of mixture of proteins – This was the original mode of electrophoresis. • Denatured-PAGE or SDS-PAGE – Separation is based upon the molecular weight of proteins. – The most common method for determining MW of proteins – Very useful for checking purity of protein samples 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 18
  • 19. PAGE-Procedure • The gel of different pore sizes is cast in to a column inside a vertical tube, often with large pore gel at the top and small pore gel at the bottom • Microgram quantity of the sample is placed over the top of the gel column and covered by a buffer solution having such a p H so as to change sample components in to anions • The foot of the gel column is made to dip in the same buffer in the bottom reservoir 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 19
  • 20. PAGE PROCEDURE 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 20
  • 21. PAGE-Procedure • Cathode and anode are kept above and below the column to impose an electric field through the column • Macromolecular anions move towards the anode down the gel column • There is no external solvent space, all the migratory particles have to pass through the gel pores • Rate of migration depends on the charge to mass ratio 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 21
  • 22. PAGE-Procedure • Different sample components get separated in to discrete migratory bands along the gel column on the basis of electrophoretic mobility and gel filtration effect • PAGE may yield 20 or more fractions and may be used to study individual proteins and nucleic acids in serum especially genetic variants and isoenzymes 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 22
  • 23. SDS PAGE • SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is a technique widely used in biochemistry, forensics, genetics and molecular biology to separate proteins according to their electrophoretic mobility • The SDS gel electrophoresis of samples having identical charge to mass ratios results in fractionation by size and is probably the world's most widely used biochemical method 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 23
  • 24. Slab PAGE • The Polyacrylamide gel is cast as thin rectangular slab inside a plastic frame and this slab is placed vertically on a buffer solution taken in a reservoir • Several samples dissolved in dense sucrose solution or glycerol are placed in separate wells cut in to the upper edge of the slab and are covered by the same buffer solution. Cathode and anode are above and below to produce electric field effect. Different components migrate simultaneously down parallel lanes in the slab and get separated in to bands 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 24
  • 25. Slab PAGE 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 25 Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) a) The gel is poured vertically between two glass plates. b.) Protein bands are separated on the basis of relative molecular weight and visualized with stains.
  • 26. Visualization • After the electrophoresis is complete, the molecules in the gel can be stained to make them visible. • Ethidium bromide, silver, or coomassie blue dye may be used for this process. • Other methods may also be used to visualize the separation of the mixture's components on the gel. • If the analyte molecules fluoresce under ultraviolet light, a photograph can be taken of the gel under ultraviolet lighting conditions. If the molecules to be separated contain radioactivity added for visibility, an autoradiogram can be recorded of the gel. 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 26
  • 27. SDS PAGE • When a detergent SDS(Sodium -Dodecyl- Sulfate)is added to PAGE the combined procedure is termed as SDS PAGE • SDS coats protein molecules giving all proteins a constant charge-mass ratio. • Due to masking of charges of proteins by the large negative charge on SDS binding with them, the proteins migrate along the gel in order of increasing sizes or molecular weights 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 27
  • 28. SDS PAGE • Molecular weight of a given protein can be determined by comparing the relative electrophoretic mobility of sample with that of standard protein of known molecular weight, when both the sample and the standard proteins are electrophoresed side by side in the same gel slab • In oligomeric proteins, SDS PAGE usually gives the molecular weight of separated monomer chains of the proteins because SDS cleaves the non covalent bonds interlinking the monomer chains in the intact molecule. 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 28
  • 29. SDS PAGE 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 29
  • 30. Other types of electrophoresis • Capillary Electrophoresis • Immuno electrophoresis • Isoelectric focusing(Isoelectrophoresis) 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 30
  • 31. Watch the video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toPpdoBY PWo 6/22/2014 Biochemistry for medics- Lecture notes 31