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Vitamin D Deficiency – Myths &
             Facts




               Vinod Naneria
    Choithram Hospital & Research Centre
                Indore, India
The truth is
• We are scared.
• We are scared of “ N” number of diseases
  associated with Vitamin D & Calcium.
• Almost all reports from all corners of India
  shows a deficiency state up to 80 -90%
• CH&RC statistics shows 76% deficiency and
  18% insufficiency out of 400 cases in affluent
  class.
Diseases associated with Vitamin D
Diseases associated with Vitamin D
There is a cause of Fear!
• VDR is present in the nucleus of many tissues.
• In epidermal keratinocytes, activated T cells of
  the immune system, antigen-presenting cells,
  macrophages and monocytes, and cytotoxic T
  cells.
• Calcitriol regulates several hundred genes
  throughout the body or as much as 5 percent of
  the human genome.
• The 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) gene has been
  reported to be expressed in many extra-renal
  tissues.
          How it works – not known
The cause of Fear – Extra Renal
• Extra-renal 1a-hydroxylation sites that can act as
  intracrine systems primarily involved in regulation of
  cell or tissue growth: skin, gastrointestinal tract, or
  glandular tissue, such as prostate and breast.
• Extra-renal CYP27B1 may be up-regulated during
  inflammation, or down-regulated in cancerous tissue
  proliferation.
• Extra-renal production of calcitriol is found in certain
  pathological diseases, including granulomatous
  conditions such as sarcoidosis, lymphoma, and
  tuberculosis, which can be associated with
  hypercalcemia.
Fear psychosis?
   Risk Factors    Diseases      Clinical expressions
• ↑ Cholesterol → Coronary→ Myocardial infarct.

• ↑ B.P.→     Hypertension → Stroke.

• ↑ Uric acid →   Gout →           Arthritis.

• ↓ Vit D → ↓ General health → ↑ All cause mortality.

• ↓ Vit D → ↑ Osteoporosis → Fragility Fracture.
Hype about hip fractures?




                             Published in The New York Times, May 10, 2010,
                             Company With Osteoporosis Treatment Wins the
                             ‘Super Bowl’ By LORA KOLODNY

Biologics MD team competing at Global Moot Corp.

             Courtesy of McCombs School of Business, Texas Venture Labs
Mozart's Death Was Written in the Key of (Vitamin) D
Jennifer Welsh, LiveScience Staff Writer Date: 06 July 2011 Time: 01:35 PM ET

                                                 If Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
                                                 had spent a few minutes
                                                 basking in the sun, it might have
                                                 forestalled his untimely
                                                 death, researchers are saying.
                                                 In many places during the
                                                 winters, UVB levels in sunlight
                                                 are too low to make the vitamin
                                                 in our skin. Where Mozart
                                                 lived, in Vienna, these low levels
                                                 of UVB rays would have easily
                                                 caused vitamin D
                                                 deficiencies, two researchers
                                                 write in a letter in the June issue
                                                 of the journal Medical Problems
                                                 of Performing Artists.
Mislabeling as “Vitamin”
• Contrary to common belief, vitamin d is not
  actually a vitamin at all. "Vitamins" by
  definition, are nutrients that cannot be produced
  by the body, but are necessary for the proper
  functioning of the body's tissues and organs.
• Vitamin d is produced by our bodies (when our
  skin is exposed to ultraviolet rays from the sun)
  technically, it can not be considered a vitamin.
• It is a Steroid.
              H1N1 – Influenza virus – Swine flue
• A lot of money can be made from
 healthy people who believe they are sick.

• A lot of money can be made by
  telling healthy people that they are sick.

• The social construction of illness is being
  replaced by the corporate construction of
  disease.

        Ray Moynihan, journalist, Iona Heath, general
practitioner, David Henry, professor of clinical pharmacology.
                      BMJ 2002;324:886-891
Change a number, create a patient
  The number of people with at least one of four
  major medical conditions has increased
  dramatically in the past decade because of
  changes in the definitions of disease. "The new
  definitions ultimately label 75 percent of the
  adult U.S. population as diseased," according
  to calculations by two Dartmouth Medical
  School researchers.

Suddenly sick: A special report by Susan Kelleher and Duff Wilson · June 26 - June 30,
2005
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/health/suddenlysick/sickdefinitions26.html
The Number Game
Diagnosis        Old Definition    New definition     People    People       % increase   Year
                                                      under     under
                                                      Old       New
Diabetes         Fasting Sugar     Fasting            11.7 M    1.7 M        14%          1997
                 > 140mg/dl        > 126mg/dl

Hypertension     BP > 160/100      BP> 140/90         38.7 M    13.5 M       35%          1997


Cholesterol      > 250mg/dl        > 200mg/dl         49.5 M    42.6 M       86%          1998


Obesity          BMI> 27kg/m²      BMI> 25kg/m²       70.6 M    30.5 M       43%          1998
(BMI)

Pre              Nil               120/80 to          Nil       45 M         -            2003
hypertension                       139/89

Source: “Changing Disease Definitions: Implications for Disease Prevalence,”
Dr.Lisa Schwartz and Steven Woloshin, Effective Clinical Practice, March/April 1999.
Indian Scene
Authors         No. Of Patients Deficiency     Insufficiency   Year / Journal


Arya V et al.                   78.3                           Osteoporosis
                                                               Int. 2004 Jan
Marwaha R.K.    1346            1228 (91.2%)   92 (6.8%).      J Assoc
et al                                                          Physicians
                                                               India. 2011

Vupputuri MR    105             94.3%                          Am J Clin Nutr.
el al                                                          2006 Jun;83
Harinarayan CV. 164             52%            30%             Osteoporosis
Harinarayan CV                                                 Int. 2005 Apr
et al           Rural M/F       44%, /70%,     39.5%, /29%,    Am J Clin Nutr.
                Urban M/F       62%, / 75%,    26% / 19%,      2007 Apr;85

Shivane VK et   1137            100%                           Postgrad Med
al                                                             J. 2011
                                                               Aug;87(1030
Indian scene
• A high prevalence of clinical and biochemical
  hypovitaminosis D exists in apparently healthy
  schoolchildren in northern India.
  Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Aug;82(2):477-82. Marwaha R et el

• We observed a high prevalence of physiologically
  significant hypovitaminosis D among pregnant
  women and their newborns.
  Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 May;81(5):1060-4. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency
  among pregnant women and their newborns in northern India.
                                          Sachan A et al.
Why South Asian are deficient?
                      Dr. Nikhil Tandon – AIIMS ND

• vitamin D deficiency epidemic across South Asia,
  including India and Pakistan. He also offered insight
  into some of the possible reasons:
  "A lack of exposure to sunshine, genetic traits and
  dietary habits, skin pigmentation and traditional
  clothing, as well as air pollution and limited outdoor
  activity in urban populations.“
• High Oxalates & Phytates in the food make
  unabsorbable calcium salts in the intestine.

       second annual 1st Asia-Pacific Osteoporosis Meeting in Singapore
Millions Of U.S. Children Low In
               Vitamin D
• The researchers found that 7.6 million children
  across the U.S., were vitamin D deficient, while
  another 50.8 million, were vitamin D insufficient.
• Low vitamin D levels were especially common in
  children who were older, female, African-
  American, Mexican-American, obese, drank milk
  less than once a week, or spent more than four
  hours a day watching TV, playing videogames, or
  using computers.
Global scene?




Why worry ?           50% of World Population
Vitamin D - One outfit for All
•   Anti aging,
•   Anti cancer,
•   Anti diabetes,
•   Anti infective,
•   Anti depressant,
•   Anti hypertensive,
•   Cardiac protective
National Osteoporosis Foundation Vitamin D
             Recommendations
• Deficiency is when 25-hydroxyvitamin D blood
  level of below 10 ng/ml (25nmol)
• Insufficiency is defined as a 25-hydroxyvitamin
  D blood level between 10 ng/ml - 30 ng/ml
• Sufficiency is defined as a 25-hydroxyvitamin D
  blood level of 30ng/ml or higher

         Multiply ng/ml by 2.5 to get nmol/litre
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] Concentrations and Health* [1]
           nmol/L**                    ng/mL*                      Health status
           <30      < 25                 <12              Associated with vitamin D
                                                          deficiency, leading to rickets in
                                                          infants and children and
                                                          osteomalacia in adults
           30–50      25- 75            12–20             Generally considered
                                                          inadequate for bone and
                                                          overall health in healthy
                                                          individuals
            ≥50       75 - 250           ≥20              Generally considered
                                                          adequate for bone and overall
                                                          health in healthy individuals
           >125        >250              >50              Emerging evidence links
                                                          potential adverse effects to
                                                          such high levels, particularly
                                                          >150 nmol/L (>60 ng/mL)

* Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D are reported in both nanomoles per liter (nmol/L)
and nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). ** 1 nmol/L = 0.4 ng/mL
Why 30ng/ml optimal
Relationship between serum PTH and 25(OH)D
levels demonstrate a plateau in suppression of
PTH when the 25(OH)D level reaches
approximately 30 ng/mL.
This is the rationale for selecting 30 ng/mL as the
cut-off value.
 Vitamin D level < 10 ng/ml will lead to rickets &
osteomalasia. This is another cut-off point.
Anything below is severe deficiency.
Recommendations: Calcium
• Bone forming       EAR            RDA
   – Infancy         500 – 800mg    700- 1000mg
   – Growth spurts   800 -1000mg    1000 – 1200mg
• Bone maintenance
   – Male            800 – 1000mg   1000 – 1300mg
   – Female
      • Pregnancy
      • Lactation
      • Menopause
• Bone decay
   – Above 65        1000mg         1300mg
   – Osteoporosis
Vitamin d deficiency  – myths & facts
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for Vitamin D [1]

       Age                Male      Female     Pregnancy   Lactation
                          400 IU     400 IU
 0–12 months*            (10 mcg)   (10 mcg)
                          600 IU     600 IU
 1–13 years              (15 mcg)   (15 mcg)
                          600 IU     600 IU     600 IU      600 IU
 14–18 years             (15 mcg)   (15 mcg)   (15 mcg)    (15 mcg)
                          600 IU     600 IU     600 IU      600 IU
 19–50 years             (15 mcg)   (15 mcg)   (15 mcg)    (15 mcg)
                          600 IU     600 IU
 51–70 years             (15 mcg)   (15 mcg)
                          800 IU     800 IU
 >70 years               (20 mcg)   (20 mcg)

* Adequate Intake (AI)
2010

COMMITTEE TO REVIEW DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR VITAMIN D AND CALCIUM
Summary IOM 2010
• Outcomes related to cancer, cardiovascular
  disease, hypertension, diabetes, metabolic
  syndrome, falls, physical performance,
  immune functioning, autoimmune disorders,
  infections, neuropsychological functioning,
  and preeclampsia could not be linked reliably
  with calcium or vitamin D intake and were
  often conflicting.

 Exception: measures related to bone health.
Summary IOM 2010
• Although data related to cancer risk and vitamin
  D are potentially of interest, a relationship
  between cancer incidence and vitamin D (or
  calcium) nutriture is not adequately and causally
  demonstrated at present;
• indeed, for some cancers, there appears to be an
  increase in incidence associated with higher
  serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD)
  concentrations or higher vitamin D intake.
The U turn
• A U-shaped response curve describes the
  relationship between serum 25(OH)D and various
  disease risks.
• Finnish study, the risk of prostate cancer increases
  below 40 nmol/L and above 60 nmol/L .
• In women from the United States, Finland and China,
  mortality for 7 types of cancer (endometrial,
  esophageal, gastric, kidney, non-Hodgkin's
  lymphoma, pancreatic, ovarian) increases below 45
  nmol/L and above 124 nmol/L.
The U turn
• Another transnational study reported that the risk of
  pancreatic cancer is higher above 100 nmol/L.
• The Framingham Heart Study concluded that
  cardiovascular disease risk increases below 50 nmol/L
  and above 62.5 nmol/L,
• The NHANES III found higher all-cause mortality above
  122.5 nmol/L.
• Perhaps most worrisome, animal and human studies
  have indicated a U-shaped response curve for lifespan,
  with premature ageing associated with both too little
  and too much vitamin D.
Adverse outcome of high dosage
Factors affecting – Vitamin D synthesis
•   Latitude          No effect
•   Skin color        No effect
•   Dietary habit     + ve effect
•   Age               + ve effect
•   Life style        + ve effect
•   Lab errors!       No standardization.
The Latitude                 The UVB exposure around the glob




White – developed countries

                                             By: Tavera-Mendoza
The Latitude
• Surprisingly, geographic latitude does not
  consistently predict average serum 25(OH)D
  levels in a population.
• Ample opportunities exist to form vitamin D
  (store it in the liver and fat) from exposure to
  sunlight during the spring, summer, and fall
  months even in the far north latitudes.
• Long lengthy days,
• Thin, low level, less cloudy atmosphere: > UV
  penetration.
Sun Exposure

Ultraviolet (UV) B radiation with a wavelength of
290–320 nanometers penetrates uncovered skin
and converts cutaneous 7-dehydrocholesterol to
previtamin D3, which in turn becomes vitamin D3.

Season, time of day, length of day, cloud cover,
smog, skin melanin content, and sunscreen are
among the factors that affect UV radiation
exposure and vitamin D synthesis.
Sun Exposure
• Approximately 5–30 minutes of sun exposure
  between 10 AM and 3 PM at least twice a
  week to the face, arms, legs, or back without
  sunscreen lead to sufficient vitamin D
  synthesis.
• Minimal Erythrismal Dose.
• White skin synthesis more vit D than
  Black/Brown during short time exposure.
SkinType   General         Pigment             Sunburn
   I        Light    Pale white or freckled     Always


   II       Fair            White              Usually


   III     Medium    White to Light Brown Sometimes



   IV       Olive      Moderate Brown           Rarely


   V       Brown          Dark Brown          Very Rarely


   VI       Black     Very Dark Brown to        Never
                            Black
Skin Colour Adaptation




Sub-Saharan African, Indian, Southern European, and Northern European

 1,25, (HO)2 vitamin D3 level kept at a constant level regardless of skin colour
Sun exposure
• Prolonged exposure of the skin to sunlight
  does not produce toxic amounts of vitamin D3
  because of photoconversion of previtamin D3
  and vitamin D3 to inactive metabolites.
• In addition, sunlight-induces production of
  melanin, which reduces production of vitamin
  D3 in the skin.
People with dark skin
     Greater amounts of the pigment melanin in
     the epidermal layer result in darker skin and
     reduce the skin's ability to produce vitamin D
     from sunlight.
     It is not clear that lower levels of 25(OH)D for
     persons with dark skin have significant health
     consequences.

Skin color & Melanin synthesis is protective adaptation.
It can not itself be a cause of deficiency for normal habitat.
Dark Skin
• Among young, tanned Hawaiians with 22.4 hours per
  week of unprotected sun exposure, 51% were found
  to have serum 25(OH)D below 75 nmol/L (30ng/ml).

• A study from south India found levels below 50
  nmol/L in 44% of the men and in 70% of the women.
  The subjects were "agricultural workers starting their
  day at 8am and working outdoors until 5pm with
  their face, chest, back, legs, arms, and forearms
  exposed to sunlight“ .
Extreme Examples
• Eskimo – extreme North – high latitude.

• African(sub Saharan) – at Equater plane - dark skin.
Vitamin d deficiency  – myths & facts
VDD in Eskimo
• Vit. D deficiency is common among northern
  Native peoples.
• Higher latitudes that prevent vitamin D synthesis
  most of the year.
• Darker skin that blocks solar UVB.
• Wear thick cloths.
• Fewer dietary sources of vitamin D.
• Vitamin D levels are clearly lower, it is less clear
  that these lower levels indicate a deficiency.
VDD in Eskimo - compensation
• There is in fact evidence that the Eskimos have
  compensated for decreased production of
  vitamin D through increased conversion to its
  most active form and through receptors that
  bind more effectively.
• The Eskimos have normal serum calcium
  despite low serum 25(OH)D and a calcium-
  deficient diet.
        – Vitamin D deficiency among northern Native Peoples: a real or
          apparent problem? (Int J Circumpolar Health 2011; 70(x):xxx-xxx
          Peter Frost
Adaptations to low vitamin D
• This may be why nearly half of African Americans
  are classified as vitamin D deficient and yet few
  show signs of calcium deficiency.
• In fact, this population has less osteoporosis,
  fewer fractures and a higher bone mineral
  density than do Euro-Americans.
• The same apparent contradiction emerges from
  a survey of East African immigrant children in
  Australia.
• None had rickets despite very low serum
  25(OH)D, with 87% of them having less than 50
  nmol/L and 44% having less than 25 nmol/L
Adaptations: cont….
• Darker-skinned humans seem to cope with low levels of
  vitamin D by using this vitamin more efficiently or by
  increasing calcium and phosphorus absorption via
  other means. Thus, a single UVB exposure produces
  less vitamin D3 in black subjects than in whites.
• The difference narrows, however, after liver
  hydroxylation to 25(OH)D, and
• disappears after kidney hydroxylation to 1,25(OH)2D.
  The most active form of vitamin D is thereby kept at a
  constant level regardless of skin colour.
Adaptations: cont….
• To summarise, there are many possible
  reasons why some human populations
  have managed to survive and even
  thrive despite apparently deficient
  levels of vitamin D.
This vitamin may be less necessary!
 – because stores of calcium and phosphorus are
   used more efficiently,
 – because these elements are absorbed from the
   gut via alternate metabolic pathways,
 – because vitamin D is transported more efficiently
   through the bloodstream and into target tissues,
 – because the vitamin D receptor binds more
   strongly to this molecule, or
 – because 25(OH)D is converted to 1,25(OH)2D at a
   higher rate.
Example of Physiological adaptations
• During pregnancy:
  – Increase calcium absorption from early days.
  – Hypercalciurea,
  – Real risk of Renal stone, if supplemented,
  – Calcium transportation occurs in 3rd trimester.
  – Total 1,25,(HO)2 D3 doubles up.
  – DBP increases in plasma.
  – No change in BMD
Example of Physiological adaptations
 During lactation: Total calcium in the milk comes
  from mother’s skeleton.
 Mother’s BMD goes down – but recovers fully after
  cessation of lactation later on.
 Mother is ready for next pregnancy.
 An adolescent (pregnancy + lactation) mother have
  better BMD than a nulliparous woman.
Physiological adaptations
• People living in Northern Europe have better
  vitamin D level than their counter part living in
  southern Europe (Who are more close to
  equatorial plane).
• The response to sun exposure is very quick in
  white population than in black as an
  adaptation.
Example of Physiological adaptations
• African Americans living in deferent
  geographical location are Vitamin D deficient.
• They have High BMD
• They are resistant to Osteoporosis and
  Fragility fractures.
Vitamin d deficiency  – myths & facts
African Sub- Saharan

• Increased pigmentation reducing vitamin D
  production in the skin.
• Mean 25(OH)D levels are lower.
• Blacks have higher PTH levels and a high prevalence
  of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
• Higher average levels of 1,25(OH)2D and lower
  urinary calcium excretion but not higher
  biochemical indices of bone turnover.
• The fracture risk is lower and BMD is high.
African Sub- Saharan

• Biochemical indices of bone formation osteocalcin
  levels are lower.
• The black skeleton is resistant to the bone-resorbing
  effects of PTH, whereas renal sensitivity to PTH is
  maintained or perhaps even enhanced.
• Vitamin D supplementation studies in black women
  have shown inconsistent benefits to BMD.
• Skeletal and renal adaptations to vitamin D deficiency
  in blacks might be so effective that vitamin D
  supplementation might not confer any further benefit
  to the black skeleton.
What is the truth?
                  Where Do we stand?

• We are deficient as per IOM recommendation.
• These recommendations are for USA &
  Canada as their main source of Vit D is diet.
• They are not applicable to us.
• We don’t need high calcium & Vitamin D.
• The association of D3+Calcium with other
  diseases are still under observational stage.
• We have less incidence of Osteoporosis.
We have better adaptability to so called low levels of D
Recommendations
• Our diagnosis of deficiency state should be
  clinical.
• H/o cramps, Proximal muscle myopathy +
  Deep bone tenderness.
• If possible Lab assistance, serum calcium,
  alkaline phosphatase, serum phosphate,
  urinary excretion of calcium & phosphates,
  25(HO)D3, & PTH.
• Taking > Vit D + Calcium may be toxic.
Goswami R et al, AIIMS – New Delhi
• 28 Indians with low serum 25(OH)D (mean
  13.5 nmol/l) on screening during January-
  March 2005. Serum parathyroid hormone
  (PTH) level was supranormal in 30 % of them.
• Oral supplementation with 60,000 IU
  cholecalciferol per week + 1g elemental Ca
  daily for 8 weeks.
Goswami R et al, AIIMS – New Delhi
• At 8 weeks the mean 25(OH)D levels increased
  to 82.4 nmol/l and serum PTH normalized in
  all. Twenty-two of the twenty-three subjects
  had 25(OH)D levels >49.9 nmol/l.
• At 1 year, the mean 25(OH)D level drop to
  24.7 nmol/l & all subjects were 25(OH)D
  deficient. Five subjects with supranormal iPTH
  at baseline showed recurrence of biochemical
  hyperparathyroidism.

    Supplementations have temporary effect
Goswami R et al, AIIMS – New Delhi
• After initial supplementation Vit. D level return to
  baseline with in one year.
• For sustained improvement in 25(OH)D levels
  supplementation has to be ongoing after the initial
  cholecalciferol loading.
      Pattern of 25-hydroxy vitamin D response at
      short (2 month) and long (1 year) interval after
      8 weeks of oral supplementation with
      cholecalciferol in Asian Indians with chronic
      hypovitaminosis D.
Br J Nutr. 2008 Sep;100(3):526-9. Epub 2008 Feb 6.
           Do we need extra calcium/ vitamin D?
Recommendations:
           NICE,NOGG,CKS, NHS
• Due to a lack of supporting evidence, vitamin
  D supplementation for active people younger
  than 65 years of age is not recommend.
• People older than 65 years of age and those at
  risk of vitamin D deficiency should aim for a
  daily vitamin D intake of 10 - 20 micrograms
  (400 -800 units).
Recommendations:
            NICE,NOGG,CKS, NHS
• Evidence suggests that vitamin D alone is not
  effective in reducing fractures in older people
  (when compared with placebo),
• It can reduce the risk of falls in people 60 years of
  age and older living in institutionalized care or in
  the community.
• For elderly people who are housebound or living
  in a nursing home, a higher dose of 20
  micrograms (800 units), along with a daily dose of
  1.0 g to 1.2 g calcium, is recommended to reduce
  the risk of fractures.
Suggestions
• Supplementation of Vitamin D & Calcium
  should be considered on clinical suspicion.
• Aches & pain, cramps, night restless legs,
  frequent muscle pulls, knee pain.
• Clinically deep bone tenderness – shin tender.
• Proximal muscle weakness.
• Low serum calcium + high Alk PO4, low Vit. D,
  high PTH + Urinary excretion of Ca + P.
Bottom line:-
• We must treat all deficiency status.

• Requirement of regular supplementation in
  apparently healthy individuals with Calcium
  and or Vitamin D at present does not appears
  logical for Indians.
DISCLAIMER
• Information contained and transmitted by this presentation is
  based on review of literature from internet and form Institute
  of Medicine summary on DRI for Vitamin D & Calcium.
• It is intended for use only by the students of orthopaedic
  surgery.
• Many Gif/Jpeg files are taken from Internet/Textbooks.
• Views and opinion expressed in this presentation are personal.
• For any confusion please contact the sole author for
  clarification.
• Every body is allowed to copy or download and use the
  material best suited to him.
• There is No financial involvement in preparation of this PPT.
• For any correction or suggestion please contact
  naneria@yahoo.com

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Vitamin d deficiency – myths & facts

  • 1. Vitamin D Deficiency – Myths & Facts Vinod Naneria Choithram Hospital & Research Centre Indore, India
  • 2. The truth is • We are scared. • We are scared of “ N” number of diseases associated with Vitamin D & Calcium. • Almost all reports from all corners of India shows a deficiency state up to 80 -90% • CH&RC statistics shows 76% deficiency and 18% insufficiency out of 400 cases in affluent class.
  • 5. There is a cause of Fear! • VDR is present in the nucleus of many tissues. • In epidermal keratinocytes, activated T cells of the immune system, antigen-presenting cells, macrophages and monocytes, and cytotoxic T cells. • Calcitriol regulates several hundred genes throughout the body or as much as 5 percent of the human genome. • The 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) gene has been reported to be expressed in many extra-renal tissues. How it works – not known
  • 6. The cause of Fear – Extra Renal • Extra-renal 1a-hydroxylation sites that can act as intracrine systems primarily involved in regulation of cell or tissue growth: skin, gastrointestinal tract, or glandular tissue, such as prostate and breast. • Extra-renal CYP27B1 may be up-regulated during inflammation, or down-regulated in cancerous tissue proliferation. • Extra-renal production of calcitriol is found in certain pathological diseases, including granulomatous conditions such as sarcoidosis, lymphoma, and tuberculosis, which can be associated with hypercalcemia.
  • 7. Fear psychosis? Risk Factors Diseases Clinical expressions • ↑ Cholesterol → Coronary→ Myocardial infarct. • ↑ B.P.→ Hypertension → Stroke. • ↑ Uric acid → Gout → Arthritis. • ↓ Vit D → ↓ General health → ↑ All cause mortality. • ↓ Vit D → ↑ Osteoporosis → Fragility Fracture.
  • 8. Hype about hip fractures? Published in The New York Times, May 10, 2010, Company With Osteoporosis Treatment Wins the ‘Super Bowl’ By LORA KOLODNY Biologics MD team competing at Global Moot Corp. Courtesy of McCombs School of Business, Texas Venture Labs
  • 9. Mozart's Death Was Written in the Key of (Vitamin) D Jennifer Welsh, LiveScience Staff Writer Date: 06 July 2011 Time: 01:35 PM ET If Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart had spent a few minutes basking in the sun, it might have forestalled his untimely death, researchers are saying. In many places during the winters, UVB levels in sunlight are too low to make the vitamin in our skin. Where Mozart lived, in Vienna, these low levels of UVB rays would have easily caused vitamin D deficiencies, two researchers write in a letter in the June issue of the journal Medical Problems of Performing Artists.
  • 10. Mislabeling as “Vitamin” • Contrary to common belief, vitamin d is not actually a vitamin at all. "Vitamins" by definition, are nutrients that cannot be produced by the body, but are necessary for the proper functioning of the body's tissues and organs. • Vitamin d is produced by our bodies (when our skin is exposed to ultraviolet rays from the sun) technically, it can not be considered a vitamin. • It is a Steroid. H1N1 – Influenza virus – Swine flue
  • 11. • A lot of money can be made from healthy people who believe they are sick. • A lot of money can be made by telling healthy people that they are sick. • The social construction of illness is being replaced by the corporate construction of disease. Ray Moynihan, journalist, Iona Heath, general practitioner, David Henry, professor of clinical pharmacology. BMJ 2002;324:886-891
  • 12. Change a number, create a patient The number of people with at least one of four major medical conditions has increased dramatically in the past decade because of changes in the definitions of disease. "The new definitions ultimately label 75 percent of the adult U.S. population as diseased," according to calculations by two Dartmouth Medical School researchers. Suddenly sick: A special report by Susan Kelleher and Duff Wilson · June 26 - June 30, 2005 http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/health/suddenlysick/sickdefinitions26.html
  • 13. The Number Game Diagnosis Old Definition New definition People People % increase Year under under Old New Diabetes Fasting Sugar Fasting 11.7 M 1.7 M 14% 1997 > 140mg/dl > 126mg/dl Hypertension BP > 160/100 BP> 140/90 38.7 M 13.5 M 35% 1997 Cholesterol > 250mg/dl > 200mg/dl 49.5 M 42.6 M 86% 1998 Obesity BMI> 27kg/m² BMI> 25kg/m² 70.6 M 30.5 M 43% 1998 (BMI) Pre Nil 120/80 to Nil 45 M - 2003 hypertension 139/89 Source: “Changing Disease Definitions: Implications for Disease Prevalence,” Dr.Lisa Schwartz and Steven Woloshin, Effective Clinical Practice, March/April 1999.
  • 14. Indian Scene Authors No. Of Patients Deficiency Insufficiency Year / Journal Arya V et al. 78.3 Osteoporosis Int. 2004 Jan Marwaha R.K. 1346 1228 (91.2%) 92 (6.8%). J Assoc et al Physicians India. 2011 Vupputuri MR 105 94.3% Am J Clin Nutr. el al 2006 Jun;83 Harinarayan CV. 164 52% 30% Osteoporosis Harinarayan CV Int. 2005 Apr et al Rural M/F 44%, /70%, 39.5%, /29%, Am J Clin Nutr. Urban M/F 62%, / 75%, 26% / 19%, 2007 Apr;85 Shivane VK et 1137 100% Postgrad Med al J. 2011 Aug;87(1030
  • 15. Indian scene • A high prevalence of clinical and biochemical hypovitaminosis D exists in apparently healthy schoolchildren in northern India. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Aug;82(2):477-82. Marwaha R et el • We observed a high prevalence of physiologically significant hypovitaminosis D among pregnant women and their newborns. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 May;81(5):1060-4. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in northern India. Sachan A et al.
  • 16. Why South Asian are deficient? Dr. Nikhil Tandon – AIIMS ND • vitamin D deficiency epidemic across South Asia, including India and Pakistan. He also offered insight into some of the possible reasons: "A lack of exposure to sunshine, genetic traits and dietary habits, skin pigmentation and traditional clothing, as well as air pollution and limited outdoor activity in urban populations.“ • High Oxalates & Phytates in the food make unabsorbable calcium salts in the intestine. second annual 1st Asia-Pacific Osteoporosis Meeting in Singapore
  • 17. Millions Of U.S. Children Low In Vitamin D • The researchers found that 7.6 million children across the U.S., were vitamin D deficient, while another 50.8 million, were vitamin D insufficient. • Low vitamin D levels were especially common in children who were older, female, African- American, Mexican-American, obese, drank milk less than once a week, or spent more than four hours a day watching TV, playing videogames, or using computers.
  • 18. Global scene? Why worry ? 50% of World Population
  • 19. Vitamin D - One outfit for All • Anti aging, • Anti cancer, • Anti diabetes, • Anti infective, • Anti depressant, • Anti hypertensive, • Cardiac protective
  • 20. National Osteoporosis Foundation Vitamin D Recommendations • Deficiency is when 25-hydroxyvitamin D blood level of below 10 ng/ml (25nmol) • Insufficiency is defined as a 25-hydroxyvitamin D blood level between 10 ng/ml - 30 ng/ml • Sufficiency is defined as a 25-hydroxyvitamin D blood level of 30ng/ml or higher Multiply ng/ml by 2.5 to get nmol/litre
  • 21. Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] Concentrations and Health* [1] nmol/L** ng/mL* Health status <30 < 25 <12 Associated with vitamin D deficiency, leading to rickets in infants and children and osteomalacia in adults 30–50 25- 75 12–20 Generally considered inadequate for bone and overall health in healthy individuals ≥50 75 - 250 ≥20 Generally considered adequate for bone and overall health in healthy individuals >125 >250 >50 Emerging evidence links potential adverse effects to such high levels, particularly >150 nmol/L (>60 ng/mL) * Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D are reported in both nanomoles per liter (nmol/L) and nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). ** 1 nmol/L = 0.4 ng/mL
  • 22. Why 30ng/ml optimal Relationship between serum PTH and 25(OH)D levels demonstrate a plateau in suppression of PTH when the 25(OH)D level reaches approximately 30 ng/mL. This is the rationale for selecting 30 ng/mL as the cut-off value. Vitamin D level < 10 ng/ml will lead to rickets & osteomalasia. This is another cut-off point. Anything below is severe deficiency.
  • 23. Recommendations: Calcium • Bone forming EAR RDA – Infancy 500 – 800mg 700- 1000mg – Growth spurts 800 -1000mg 1000 – 1200mg • Bone maintenance – Male 800 – 1000mg 1000 – 1300mg – Female • Pregnancy • Lactation • Menopause • Bone decay – Above 65 1000mg 1300mg – Osteoporosis
  • 25. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for Vitamin D [1] Age Male Female Pregnancy Lactation 400 IU 400 IU 0–12 months* (10 mcg) (10 mcg) 600 IU 600 IU 1–13 years (15 mcg) (15 mcg) 600 IU 600 IU 600 IU 600 IU 14–18 years (15 mcg) (15 mcg) (15 mcg) (15 mcg) 600 IU 600 IU 600 IU 600 IU 19–50 years (15 mcg) (15 mcg) (15 mcg) (15 mcg) 600 IU 600 IU 51–70 years (15 mcg) (15 mcg) 800 IU 800 IU >70 years (20 mcg) (20 mcg) * Adequate Intake (AI)
  • 26. 2010 COMMITTEE TO REVIEW DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR VITAMIN D AND CALCIUM
  • 27. Summary IOM 2010 • Outcomes related to cancer, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, falls, physical performance, immune functioning, autoimmune disorders, infections, neuropsychological functioning, and preeclampsia could not be linked reliably with calcium or vitamin D intake and were often conflicting. Exception: measures related to bone health.
  • 28. Summary IOM 2010 • Although data related to cancer risk and vitamin D are potentially of interest, a relationship between cancer incidence and vitamin D (or calcium) nutriture is not adequately and causally demonstrated at present; • indeed, for some cancers, there appears to be an increase in incidence associated with higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations or higher vitamin D intake.
  • 29. The U turn • A U-shaped response curve describes the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and various disease risks. • Finnish study, the risk of prostate cancer increases below 40 nmol/L and above 60 nmol/L . • In women from the United States, Finland and China, mortality for 7 types of cancer (endometrial, esophageal, gastric, kidney, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, pancreatic, ovarian) increases below 45 nmol/L and above 124 nmol/L.
  • 30. The U turn • Another transnational study reported that the risk of pancreatic cancer is higher above 100 nmol/L. • The Framingham Heart Study concluded that cardiovascular disease risk increases below 50 nmol/L and above 62.5 nmol/L, • The NHANES III found higher all-cause mortality above 122.5 nmol/L. • Perhaps most worrisome, animal and human studies have indicated a U-shaped response curve for lifespan, with premature ageing associated with both too little and too much vitamin D.
  • 31. Adverse outcome of high dosage
  • 32. Factors affecting – Vitamin D synthesis • Latitude No effect • Skin color No effect • Dietary habit + ve effect • Age + ve effect • Life style + ve effect • Lab errors! No standardization.
  • 33. The Latitude The UVB exposure around the glob White – developed countries By: Tavera-Mendoza
  • 34. The Latitude • Surprisingly, geographic latitude does not consistently predict average serum 25(OH)D levels in a population. • Ample opportunities exist to form vitamin D (store it in the liver and fat) from exposure to sunlight during the spring, summer, and fall months even in the far north latitudes. • Long lengthy days, • Thin, low level, less cloudy atmosphere: > UV penetration.
  • 35. Sun Exposure Ultraviolet (UV) B radiation with a wavelength of 290–320 nanometers penetrates uncovered skin and converts cutaneous 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3, which in turn becomes vitamin D3. Season, time of day, length of day, cloud cover, smog, skin melanin content, and sunscreen are among the factors that affect UV radiation exposure and vitamin D synthesis.
  • 36. Sun Exposure • Approximately 5–30 minutes of sun exposure between 10 AM and 3 PM at least twice a week to the face, arms, legs, or back without sunscreen lead to sufficient vitamin D synthesis. • Minimal Erythrismal Dose. • White skin synthesis more vit D than Black/Brown during short time exposure.
  • 37. SkinType General Pigment Sunburn I Light Pale white or freckled Always II Fair White Usually III Medium White to Light Brown Sometimes IV Olive Moderate Brown Rarely V Brown Dark Brown Very Rarely VI Black Very Dark Brown to Never Black
  • 38. Skin Colour Adaptation Sub-Saharan African, Indian, Southern European, and Northern European 1,25, (HO)2 vitamin D3 level kept at a constant level regardless of skin colour
  • 39. Sun exposure • Prolonged exposure of the skin to sunlight does not produce toxic amounts of vitamin D3 because of photoconversion of previtamin D3 and vitamin D3 to inactive metabolites. • In addition, sunlight-induces production of melanin, which reduces production of vitamin D3 in the skin.
  • 40. People with dark skin Greater amounts of the pigment melanin in the epidermal layer result in darker skin and reduce the skin's ability to produce vitamin D from sunlight. It is not clear that lower levels of 25(OH)D for persons with dark skin have significant health consequences. Skin color & Melanin synthesis is protective adaptation. It can not itself be a cause of deficiency for normal habitat.
  • 41. Dark Skin • Among young, tanned Hawaiians with 22.4 hours per week of unprotected sun exposure, 51% were found to have serum 25(OH)D below 75 nmol/L (30ng/ml). • A study from south India found levels below 50 nmol/L in 44% of the men and in 70% of the women. The subjects were "agricultural workers starting their day at 8am and working outdoors until 5pm with their face, chest, back, legs, arms, and forearms exposed to sunlight“ .
  • 42. Extreme Examples • Eskimo – extreme North – high latitude. • African(sub Saharan) – at Equater plane - dark skin.
  • 44. VDD in Eskimo • Vit. D deficiency is common among northern Native peoples. • Higher latitudes that prevent vitamin D synthesis most of the year. • Darker skin that blocks solar UVB. • Wear thick cloths. • Fewer dietary sources of vitamin D. • Vitamin D levels are clearly lower, it is less clear that these lower levels indicate a deficiency.
  • 45. VDD in Eskimo - compensation • There is in fact evidence that the Eskimos have compensated for decreased production of vitamin D through increased conversion to its most active form and through receptors that bind more effectively. • The Eskimos have normal serum calcium despite low serum 25(OH)D and a calcium- deficient diet. – Vitamin D deficiency among northern Native Peoples: a real or apparent problem? (Int J Circumpolar Health 2011; 70(x):xxx-xxx Peter Frost
  • 46. Adaptations to low vitamin D • This may be why nearly half of African Americans are classified as vitamin D deficient and yet few show signs of calcium deficiency. • In fact, this population has less osteoporosis, fewer fractures and a higher bone mineral density than do Euro-Americans. • The same apparent contradiction emerges from a survey of East African immigrant children in Australia. • None had rickets despite very low serum 25(OH)D, with 87% of them having less than 50 nmol/L and 44% having less than 25 nmol/L
  • 47. Adaptations: cont…. • Darker-skinned humans seem to cope with low levels of vitamin D by using this vitamin more efficiently or by increasing calcium and phosphorus absorption via other means. Thus, a single UVB exposure produces less vitamin D3 in black subjects than in whites. • The difference narrows, however, after liver hydroxylation to 25(OH)D, and • disappears after kidney hydroxylation to 1,25(OH)2D. The most active form of vitamin D is thereby kept at a constant level regardless of skin colour.
  • 48. Adaptations: cont…. • To summarise, there are many possible reasons why some human populations have managed to survive and even thrive despite apparently deficient levels of vitamin D.
  • 49. This vitamin may be less necessary! – because stores of calcium and phosphorus are used more efficiently, – because these elements are absorbed from the gut via alternate metabolic pathways, – because vitamin D is transported more efficiently through the bloodstream and into target tissues, – because the vitamin D receptor binds more strongly to this molecule, or – because 25(OH)D is converted to 1,25(OH)2D at a higher rate.
  • 50. Example of Physiological adaptations • During pregnancy: – Increase calcium absorption from early days. – Hypercalciurea, – Real risk of Renal stone, if supplemented, – Calcium transportation occurs in 3rd trimester. – Total 1,25,(HO)2 D3 doubles up. – DBP increases in plasma. – No change in BMD
  • 51. Example of Physiological adaptations During lactation: Total calcium in the milk comes from mother’s skeleton. Mother’s BMD goes down – but recovers fully after cessation of lactation later on. Mother is ready for next pregnancy. An adolescent (pregnancy + lactation) mother have better BMD than a nulliparous woman.
  • 52. Physiological adaptations • People living in Northern Europe have better vitamin D level than their counter part living in southern Europe (Who are more close to equatorial plane). • The response to sun exposure is very quick in white population than in black as an adaptation.
  • 53. Example of Physiological adaptations • African Americans living in deferent geographical location are Vitamin D deficient. • They have High BMD • They are resistant to Osteoporosis and Fragility fractures.
  • 55. African Sub- Saharan • Increased pigmentation reducing vitamin D production in the skin. • Mean 25(OH)D levels are lower. • Blacks have higher PTH levels and a high prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. • Higher average levels of 1,25(OH)2D and lower urinary calcium excretion but not higher biochemical indices of bone turnover. • The fracture risk is lower and BMD is high.
  • 56. African Sub- Saharan • Biochemical indices of bone formation osteocalcin levels are lower. • The black skeleton is resistant to the bone-resorbing effects of PTH, whereas renal sensitivity to PTH is maintained or perhaps even enhanced. • Vitamin D supplementation studies in black women have shown inconsistent benefits to BMD. • Skeletal and renal adaptations to vitamin D deficiency in blacks might be so effective that vitamin D supplementation might not confer any further benefit to the black skeleton.
  • 57. What is the truth? Where Do we stand? • We are deficient as per IOM recommendation. • These recommendations are for USA & Canada as their main source of Vit D is diet. • They are not applicable to us. • We don’t need high calcium & Vitamin D. • The association of D3+Calcium with other diseases are still under observational stage. • We have less incidence of Osteoporosis. We have better adaptability to so called low levels of D
  • 58. Recommendations • Our diagnosis of deficiency state should be clinical. • H/o cramps, Proximal muscle myopathy + Deep bone tenderness. • If possible Lab assistance, serum calcium, alkaline phosphatase, serum phosphate, urinary excretion of calcium & phosphates, 25(HO)D3, & PTH. • Taking > Vit D + Calcium may be toxic.
  • 59. Goswami R et al, AIIMS – New Delhi • 28 Indians with low serum 25(OH)D (mean 13.5 nmol/l) on screening during January- March 2005. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) level was supranormal in 30 % of them. • Oral supplementation with 60,000 IU cholecalciferol per week + 1g elemental Ca daily for 8 weeks.
  • 60. Goswami R et al, AIIMS – New Delhi • At 8 weeks the mean 25(OH)D levels increased to 82.4 nmol/l and serum PTH normalized in all. Twenty-two of the twenty-three subjects had 25(OH)D levels >49.9 nmol/l. • At 1 year, the mean 25(OH)D level drop to 24.7 nmol/l & all subjects were 25(OH)D deficient. Five subjects with supranormal iPTH at baseline showed recurrence of biochemical hyperparathyroidism. Supplementations have temporary effect
  • 61. Goswami R et al, AIIMS – New Delhi • After initial supplementation Vit. D level return to baseline with in one year. • For sustained improvement in 25(OH)D levels supplementation has to be ongoing after the initial cholecalciferol loading. Pattern of 25-hydroxy vitamin D response at short (2 month) and long (1 year) interval after 8 weeks of oral supplementation with cholecalciferol in Asian Indians with chronic hypovitaminosis D. Br J Nutr. 2008 Sep;100(3):526-9. Epub 2008 Feb 6. Do we need extra calcium/ vitamin D?
  • 62. Recommendations: NICE,NOGG,CKS, NHS • Due to a lack of supporting evidence, vitamin D supplementation for active people younger than 65 years of age is not recommend. • People older than 65 years of age and those at risk of vitamin D deficiency should aim for a daily vitamin D intake of 10 - 20 micrograms (400 -800 units).
  • 63. Recommendations: NICE,NOGG,CKS, NHS • Evidence suggests that vitamin D alone is not effective in reducing fractures in older people (when compared with placebo), • It can reduce the risk of falls in people 60 years of age and older living in institutionalized care or in the community. • For elderly people who are housebound or living in a nursing home, a higher dose of 20 micrograms (800 units), along with a daily dose of 1.0 g to 1.2 g calcium, is recommended to reduce the risk of fractures.
  • 64. Suggestions • Supplementation of Vitamin D & Calcium should be considered on clinical suspicion. • Aches & pain, cramps, night restless legs, frequent muscle pulls, knee pain. • Clinically deep bone tenderness – shin tender. • Proximal muscle weakness. • Low serum calcium + high Alk PO4, low Vit. D, high PTH + Urinary excretion of Ca + P.
  • 65. Bottom line:- • We must treat all deficiency status. • Requirement of regular supplementation in apparently healthy individuals with Calcium and or Vitamin D at present does not appears logical for Indians.
  • 66. DISCLAIMER • Information contained and transmitted by this presentation is based on review of literature from internet and form Institute of Medicine summary on DRI for Vitamin D & Calcium. • It is intended for use only by the students of orthopaedic surgery. • Many Gif/Jpeg files are taken from Internet/Textbooks. • Views and opinion expressed in this presentation are personal. • For any confusion please contact the sole author for clarification. • Every body is allowed to copy or download and use the material best suited to him. • There is No financial involvement in preparation of this PPT. • For any correction or suggestion please contact naneria@yahoo.com

Editor's Notes

  1. Michal L. Melamed, Juhi Kumar, Paul Muntner, Frederick J. Kaskel, and Susan M. Hailpern. Prevalence and Associations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Deficiency in Children and Adolescents in the United States: Results from NHANES 2001-2004. Pediatrics, August 3, 2009
  2. 1. J Bone Miner Res. 2007 Dec;22 Suppl 2:V34-8. Vitamin D economy in blacks. Cosman F, Nieves J, Dempster D, Lindsay R. Regional Bone Center and Clinical Research Centers, Helen Hayes Hospital, WestHaverstraw, New York, USA.