4. Predisposing and accompanying factors
Heredity and genetics. A few cases of testicular germ
cell tumor have occurred in a familial setting,suggesting a
genetic background. Specifically, trisomy 21 is associated
with an increased risk.
Elevated estrogens in utero.
Gonadal dysgenetic lesions.
HIV-infected patients.
Environmental factors
More common in white than black
Klinefelter syndrome.
5. Age
1. . The peak is 30-40 years - classic seminoma,
2. 60 -65 years - spermatocytic seminoma,
3.
The majority of pure yolk sac tumors occur in infants
under 2 years of age.
6. Presentation
Most testicular germ cell tumors present with progressive,
painless enlargement of the testis.
They may grow slowly or with appalling speed.
Sometimes, the initial presentation is in the form of a
metastatic deposit in the retroperitoneum, lung, or
mediastinum.
A small tumor may be found in a testis by palpation or
ultrasonography.
The patient may have gynecomastia, large mediastinal
and/or pulmonary metastases.
7.
Cutaneous atypical nevi. It has been claimed that multiple
cutaneous atypical nevi occur with increased frequency in
patients with testicular germ cell tumors and that they could
represent a marker for this disease.
8. Bilaterality
Bilateral testicular involvement by germ cell tumors is seen
in 1.0–2.7% of the cases according to the different series.
The risk of bilaterality rises to 15% if both testes are
undescended.
The most common situation is bilateral spermatocytic or
classic seminoma.
In the presence of bilateral testicular tumors in an elderly
individual, the most likely diagnosis is malignant
lymphoma
9. Telomerase activity is present in all types of
testicular germ cell tumors except for mature
teratomas.
Spermatocytic seminoma shows completely different
genetic features. Isochromosome 12p is not found.
Numerical chromosomal aberrations are common,
and gain of chromosome 9 is characteristic.
10. SEMINOMA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Most common germ cell tumor
Mean age is 40 yrs
Very rare in children
Patients present with painless testicular mass
30 % have metastases at presentation, but only 3% have
symptoms related to metastases.
13. Gross appearance of seminoma. The tumor in A is very small,
whereas that in B has replaced most of the testis
14. Gross appearance of combined tumor of testis. In both instances, the solid homogeneous
gray areas correspond to the seminoma, and the variegated foci with hemorrhage to the
nonseminomatous component
15. SEMINOMA
MICROSCOPIC :
1. Cells have round to oval
nuclei with one to several
nucleoli & clear to
eosinophillic cytoplasm
2. Cell borders are well defined
3. Arranged in solid nests
separated by fibrous septa
4. Granulomatous infiltrate in
50 % cases
16. Seminoma associated with marked granulomatous reaction. Only a few tumor
cells are visible in this field
17. This seminoma has increased nuclear pleomorphism and a
plasmacytoid appearance
25. SPERMATOCYTIC SEMINOMA
MICROSCOPIC :
1. Characterized by
polymorphous cell population
composed of small cells to
multinucleate giant cells
2. Cells are arranged in sheets
& microcysts are present
3. Nests & pseudo glandular
structures are also identified
4. Mitotic figures can be
numerous
5. Lymphoid & granulomatous
infiltrates are absent
26. Spermatocytic seminoma showing admixture of medium-sized cells
(predominating), giant cells, and small lymphocyte-like cells
30. EMBRYONAL CARCINOMA
1.
2.
3.
4.
2nd most common germ cell tumor,
comprising approx. 20 % cases
Present in majority of mixed germ cell
tumors
Most men present in their 20s to 30s with a
testicular mass
More than 2/3rds of patients have
metastases, but only 10 % have symptom
related to metastases.
32. EMBRYONAL CARCINOMA
MICROSCOPIC :
1. Cells are large with vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, &
indistinct cell borders
2. Tumor cells are arranged in sheets, cords & glandular
structure
3. Necrosis & hemorrhage may be prominent
4. May be intimately admixed with a yolk sac tumor
33. Embryonal carcinoma. The pattern of growth is diffuse , The highpower view shows the typical large, irregularly shaped, overlapping
nuclei with multiple prominent nucleoli
34. EMBRYONAL CARCINOMA
IMMUNOHISTO CHEMISTRY
Tumor cells are CD 30 +ve, a finding unique to
Embryonal carcinoma, and useful in ruling out solid
pattern of Embryonal carcinoma, which can simulate
Seminoma .
OCT 4 +ve,
PLAP +ve,
cytokeratin +ve,
c-kit –ve, and EMA -ve
36. YOLK SAC TUMOR
1.
2.
3.
4.
CLINICAL :
Most common germ cell tumor ( & most common
testicular tumor ) in children, where it occurs in its
pure form
In children, majority of cases are diagnosed before
24 months
In adults, it is unusual in pure form, but is found
approx. 50 % of mixed germ cell tumors
Most adults & children present with a testicular
mass
37. YOLK SAC TUMOR
MACROSCOPIC : white
to tan masses, with
myxoid & cystic changes
39. The cut surface of this adult yolk sac tumor shows areas of hemorrhage and cystic
change.
40. YOLK SAC TUMOR
MICROSCOPIC :
Deposition of basement membrane material &
SCHILLER – DUVAL bodies ( central vessel rimmed by
loose connective tissue that in turn is lined by malignant
epithelium, all within a cystic space ), are characteristic.
48. TERATOMA
1.
2.
3.
4.
CLINICAL :
Adults & children present with testicular mass
In children, 2nd most common germ cell tumor
Occurs in its pure form with a mean age of diagnosis
at 20 months
In adults, occur as a component of mixed germ cell
tumor & is identified in > 50 % of mixed tumors
50. TERATOMA
MICROSCOPIC :
1. Composed of somatic type of tissues that include enteric type
glands, respiratory epithelium, cartilage, muscles etc.
2. Immature Teratomas contain immature neuroepithelium, blastema
or cellular stroma
51. Large islands of cartilage are seen surrounding welldifferentiated glandular structures
52. IMMATURE TERATOMA, Microscopic appearance.
Hypercellular stroma is seen growing in a concentric fashion around
glandular formations
55. Microscopic appearance of testicular
choriocarcinoma. There is close intermingling of
cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast.
56. LEYDIG CELL TUMOR
1.
2.
3.
CLINICAL :
Leydig cell tumors comprises 3 to 5 % of testicular neoplasms
Occur in both adults ( majority : 80 % ) & children
Children present with endocrinologic symptoms & adults
present with testicular mass & some 10-30 % have
gynaecomastia
57. LEYDIG CELL TUMOR
1.
2.
3.
MACROSCOPIC :
Leydig cells impart a
golden brown colour.
tumor is solid &
lobulated
Malignant tumors tend to
be larger ( > 5 cm ) than
benign tumors
Necrosis can be seen in
malignant tumors
58. LEYDIG CELL TUMOR
MICROSCOPIC :
1. Leydig cells vary in size
but usually have round
nuclei, single prominent
nucleoli & abundant
eosinophillic cytoplasm
or clear cytoplasm
2. Reinke’s crystals are
present in 40 to 70 %
cases & lipochrome can
be abundant in some
cases
59. The neoplasm is characterized by solid growth of
polygonal cells with abundant granular acidophilic
cytoplasm
62. SERTOLI CELL TUMOR
1.
2.
3.
CLINICAL :
Account for < 1 % of testicular tumors
Occur both in children (15 %) & in middle aged adults,
& can be malignant ( 10 % cases ) in both
Patients present with testicular mass, & estrogen
production by tumor can result in gynaecomastia &
impotence
63. SERTOLI CELL TUMOR
1.
2.
MACROSCOPIC :
Tumors are well circumscribed, solid pale yellow, or
white to gray masses
Large size & necrosis are worrisome features for
malignancy
64. SERTOLI CELL TUMOR
MICROSCOPIC :
1. Typically composed of solid
tubules containing Sertoli
cells
2. Cells may be arranged in
cords, solid nests & sheets
3. Tubules can contain Lumina
65. SERTOLI CELL TUMOR
IMMUNOHISTO CHEMISTRY
Inhibin –+ve, but less consistently than in leydig cell
tumor & can be +ve with chromogranin,
S-100 proteins, synaptophysin, and cytokeratin AE1/3 &
CAM 5.2 in 64-100 % cases
MIS & CD99 +ve
66. SCLEROSING
SERTOLI CELL TUMOR
CLINICAL :
1. Rare variant of Sertoli cell tumor
2. Patients present with a testicular mass &
without endocrinologic problems
3. No malignant cases have been reported
68. LARGE CELL CALCIFYING
SERTOLI CELL TUMOR
1.
2.
3.
4.
CLINICAL :
Rare variant of sertoli cell tumor
Patients are young, with age at diagnosis ranging from
16 to 37 years
Occurs as a part of Carney’s complex & in patients with
Peutz jegher’s syndrome
Malignant tumors ( 17 % cases ) occur, & usually
sporadic type
69. LARGE CELL CALCIFYING
SERTOLI CELL TUMOR
MACROSCOPIC :
Benign tumors are small (
usually < 2 cm ) yellow tan
or white nodules confined
to the testicle
Malignant tumors are larger
& may have areas of
necrosis
70. LARGE CELL CALCIFYING
SERTOLI CELL TUMOR
1.
2.
3.
MICROSCOPIC :
Neoplastic cells are arranged
in sheets, small nests & cords
& are present in a myxoid to
fibrous stroma
Dystrophic calcifications are
present
Malignant tumors are large
& exhibit extra testicular
spread, increased mitotic
activity, necrosis, and
angiolymphatic invasion
72. GRANULOSA CELL TUMOR,
1.
2.
3.
4.
MICROSCOPIC :
Micro follicular with a few
larger cysts
Call – exner bodies may be
seen
Cells have scant cytoplasm
& angular nuclei
May have nuclear grooves
73. GONADOBLASTOMA
1.
2.
3.
4.
CLINICAL :
Composed of a mixture of Seminoma cells & Sertoli cells
Occur in dysgenetic gonads in patients with intersex syndrome
Patient karyotype 46 XY or 45X/XY most commonly
Invasive germ cell tumors, usually Seminoma arise in
Gonadoblastoma
75. GONADOBLASTOMA
MICROSCOPIC :
1. Tumor composed of
mainly Seminoma like
cells , with admixed sex
cord stromal cells
2. Tumor cells form nests
with central germ cells &
peripheral stromal cells
3. Globules of eosinophillic
basement membrane
material with peripheral
pallisading stromal cells
may be present in nests
76. LYMPHOMA
1.
2.
3.
CLINICAL :
Lymphoma most often result of secondary spread;
occasionally , primary lymphoma may occur
Most men are in their 60s
Involvement is bilateral in 20 % of all cases
78. LYMPHOMA
MICROSCOPIC :
1. In adults, most lymphomas
are diffuse large cell types
with a B cell phenotype
2. May have immunoblastic
features
3. In children, small non
cleaved lymphoma is most
common
4. Has an interstitial growth
pattern with sparing of
seminiferous tubules
79. INTRA TUBULAR GERM CELL
NEOPLASIA
1.
2.
3.
4.
Intra tubular germ cell neoplasia is a precursor lesion for
invasive germ cell tumors
Identified in almost all testis with invasive germ cell tumors,
except testis with spermatocytic seminoma
Most patients (> 70 % ) with IGCNU develop invasive germ
cell tumor within 7 years
Involvement is patchy, & 40 % cases are bilateral
80. INTRA TUBULAR GERM CELL
NEOPLASIA
1.
1.
2.
3.
MACROSCOPIC :
No alterations
MICROSCOPIC :
Seminiferous tubules
contain seminoma cells
that are large with oval
nuclei, prominent
nucleoli, & clear
cytoplasm
Cells are confined to basal
aspect of tubules
Spermatogenesis is absent
in involved tubules
81.
82. Other primary tumors
Carcinoid tumors
Hemangioma
Juvenile xanthogranuloma and myofibroma.
Lipomatosis
Primary sarcoma
83. Metastatic tumors
Arise for the most part in the lung, prostate, kidney,
stomach, or skin (melanoma).
Malignant melanoma metastatic to testis
Gross appearance of spermatocytic seminoma. A large tumor of myxoid appearance bulges on the cut surface.
Typical chromatin pattern of spermatocytic seminoma.
Embryonal carcinoma showing solid nodular cut surface with numerous areas of necrosis and hemorrhage.
Embryonal carcinoma. The pattern of growth is diffuse but without the nesting seen in classic seminoma. The high-power view shows the typical large, irregularly shaped, overlapping nuclei with multiple prominent nucleoli.
Pleomorphism and hyaline globules in yolk sac tumor of testis
Gross appearance of mature (adult) teratoma of testis. There are multiple cystic areas, lobules of mature adipose tissue, and shiny solid nodules corresponding to well-differentiated cartilage.
Low-power microscopic view of mature teratoma. Large islands of cartilage are seen surrounding well-differentiated glandular structures.
Immature teratoma. B, Microscopic appearance. Hypercellularstroma is seen growing in a concentric fashion around glandular formations.
Gross appearance of teratocarcinoma. The solid granular areas correspond to foci of embryonal carcinoma, whereas the pearly nodules correspond to well-differentiated cartilage.
Gross appearance of pure choriocarcinoma. The strikingly hemorrhagic appearance is characteristic of this tumor type.
Microscopic appearance of testicular choriocarcinoma. There is close intermingling of cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast, which recapitulates that seen in normal chorionic villi.
Gross appearance of Leydig cell tumor. A, The tumor, which has replaced most of the testis, has a granular yellowish appearance.
Leydig cell tumor of testis. The neoplasm is characterized by solid growth of polygonal cells with abundant granular acidophilic cytoplasm.
MICROSCOPIC :
Gross appearance of large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor of testis. The tumor is distinctly multinodular. The dark nodules had a prominent component of Leydig cells.
MACROSCOPIC :lobulated, firm & uniformly yellow gray massAdult form of granulosa cell tumor involving testis. Note the occasional longitudinal grooves, the oval to spindle shape of the tumor cells, and the high mitotic activity.
Gross appearance of malignant lymphoma of large cell type, which completely replaces the testis.
Malignant lymphoma of testis. There is diffuse infiltration of the interstitium by neoplastic lymphocytes, which surround and separate atrophic tubules.
Microscopic appearance of intratubular germ cell neoplasia in routinely stained section. A row of atypical germ cells with clear cytoplasm is seen against a thickened basement membrane. No spermatogenesis is occurring in this tubule.