1) Process design involves planning the processes that transform inputs like resources, information, and time into outputs like products and services.
2) Product and service design influence and are influenced by process design - decisions in one area impact the other. Processes must be designed to effectively produce the products and services.
3) There are different types of processes like project, jobbing, batch, mass, and continuous, as well as service types like professional and mass service, which vary in factors like volume, variety, and skills required. Process mapping and analysis can improve processes.
2. Design:
“To design” refers to the process of originating
and developing a plan for a product, service or
process.
Process:
Is any part of an organization which takes a set
of input resources which are then used to
transform something into outputs of products
or services.
3. Process Design
Process design
Processes that Processes that
Design Products Produce Products
and Services and Services
Supply Network Design
Concept Generation
Screening
Layout
and Flow
Preliminary Design
Evaluation and
Improvement
Process Job
Technology Design
Prototyping and final
design
4. Nature of the design activity:
1) Design is inevitable – products, services and the
processes which produce them all have to be
designed.
2) Product design influences process design –
decisions taken during the design of a product or
service will have an impact on the decisions taken
during the design of the process which produces
those products or services and vice versa.
5. Product & services design are
interrelated to its process design
Designing the Designing the
Product or Processes that
Service Produce the Product
or Service
Processes should be
Products and services designed so they can
should be designed in create all products
such a way that they and services which
can be created the operation is likely
effectively to introduce
Decisions taken during the design of the product or service will have
an impact on the process that produces them and vice versa
6. Process Design and Product/Service Design are Interrelated
• To commit to the detailed design of a product or service
consideration must be given to how it is to be produced.
• Design of process can constrain the design of products and
services.
• The overlap is greater in the service industry:
• Service industry - it is impossible to separate service
design and process design – they are the same thing.
• Manufacturing industry - it is possible to separate
product design and process design but it is beneficial to
consider them together because the design of products
has a major effect on the cost of making them.
7. Process and product/service design must satisfy customer
• Products/services designer customers satisfaction criteria
• Aesthetically pleasing
• Reliability
• Meets expectation
• Inexpensive
• Quality
• Easy to manufacture and deliver
• Speedy
• Process designer customers satisfaction achieved through:
• Layout
• Location
• Process technology
• Human skills
8. The design activity is itself a process Finished designs
which are:
TRANSFORMED High quality: Error-free designs
RESOURCES which fulfil their purpose in an
Technical information effective and creative way
Market information
Time information Speedily produced: Designs
which have moved from
concept to detailed
THE DESIGN specification in a short time
INPUTS OUTPUT
ACTIVITY Dependably delivered: Designs
which are delivered when
promised
Test and design
equipment Produced flexibly: Designs
Design and technical which include the latest ideas
staff to emerge during the process
TRANSFORMING Low cost: Designs produced
RESOURCES without consuming excessive
resources
9. Designing processes
• Process mapping
• Process mapping symbols
• Improving processes
• Process performance
• Throughput, cycle time & work in process
10. Process mapping
• Used to identify different types of activities.
• Shows the flow of material, people or
information.
• Critical analysis of process maps can improve
the process.
11. Process performance
• Process performance can be judge against the
five key performance objective:
Quality
Speed
Dependability
Flexibility
Cost
12. Throughput, work content, cycle time, and
work in process
• Throughput – the time for a unit to move through the
process
• Work content – the total amount of work required to
produce a unit of output (measured in time)
• Cycle time – The average time between units of
output emerging form the process
• Work in process (WIP) –unfinished items in a
production process waiting for further processing e. g.
when customers join a queue in a process they
become WIP
throughput = work in process x cycle time
14. Project Processes
• One-off, complex, large scale, high work
content “products”
• Specially made, every one customized
• Defined start and finish: time, quality and cost
objectives
• Many different skills have to be coordinated
• Fixed position layout
16. Jobbing Processes
• Very small quantities: “one-offs”, or only a few
required
• Specially made. High variety, low repetition.
• Skill requirements are usually very broad
• Skilled jobber, or team of jobbers complete
whole product
• Fixed position or process layout (routing
decided by jobbers)
18. Batch Processes
• Higher volumes and lower variety than for
jobbing
• Standard products, repeating demand. But
can make specials
• Specialized, narrower skills
• Set-ups (changeovers) at each stage of
production
• Process or cellular layout
20. Mass (Line) Processes
• Higher volumes than Batch
• Standard, repeat products
• Low and/or narrow skills
• No set-ups, or almost instantaneous ones
• Cell or product layout
22. Continuous Process
• Extremely high volumes and low variety: often
single product
• Standard, repeat products
• Highly capital-intensive and automated
• Few changeovers required
• Difficult and expensive to start and stop the
process
• Product layout: usually flow along conveyors
or pipes
24. Manufacturing process Service process
types types
High
High
Project
Professional
service
Jobbing
Service shop
Variety
Variety
Batch
Mass
Contin- Low Mass service
Low
uous
Low Volume High Low Volume High
