A Brief Study case that shows Sustainable Design Strategies for Occupants to achieve better performance and Low energy consupmtion Building in the comercial sector. The Studied case is 30 The Bond Sydney - Australia
N. Carbone Gamarra. A comprehensive comparison 5 & 6 Stars, Green Star Buildi...
Sustainable Design for Occupants to Achieve High Performance and Low Energy Buildings
1. FACULTY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
SUSD0004. S1 – 2010
Human Factors, Sustainability and Habitability
Course Lecturer: Paul Osmond
Essay Topic:
Evaluating a study case where designing for occupants with sustainable criteria and an adequate site analysis, allowed
achieving a high performance and low energy consumption building.
Nicolas Carbone Gamarra – Student Number: z3281988
Jun 11 – 2010
2. SUSD0004. S1 – 2010 – Human Factors, Sustainability and Habitability
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SUSD0004. S1 – 2010 – Human Factors, Sustainability and Habitability
Paul Osmond
11-06-2010
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CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW
Energy efficient design and occupant well-being: Case studies in the UK and India
(Koen Steemers, Shweta Manchanda – 2010)
Introduction
The purpose of this literature review is to analyse the mentioned paper and from this reading to get some values, data
and structure to develop a comprehensive research relating occupants wellbeing, comfort and performance in an office
building ambience. First, this literature review presents the main purpose of the selected paper, the one is summarized
and described; later a brief critique is offered to understand the main points of the selected reading. Finally the
conclusions will offer a way to structure the definitive research.
First it is possible to sustain that the main objective of the reading proposed is to demonstrate the relationship between
sustainable building design and occupant wellbeing. It starts with a definition of sustainable design and wellbeing. Then
several case study office buildings from UK and India are presented. Then the results demonstrate that increasing
energy use in the case study buildings is associated with increasing mechanisation (e.g. centralised air conditioning) and
reduced occupant‟s control. The result of this situation is that the reduced control also reduces occupant comfort and
satisfaction therefore, deteriorating performance. Finally, the paper reveals that the reported health conditions of
occupants correlates strongly with their levels of satisfaction. The overall conclusion is that energy use in typical office
buildings is opposite to the wellbeing of the occupants which means that while increasing energy use does not improve
wellbeing satisfaction or performance moreover it decreases them.
Summary and main purpose of the selected reading
In this article the author presents findings showing that there has been a shift in the direction of scientific research
related to the energy and environmental performance of buildings towards a focus on human-centred concern where
people are demanding the best indoor environmental quality for their wellbeing and productivity. Many international
standards are also now beginning to move towards people-centric regulations and guidelines for building design and
engineering, recognizing that some of the older ideas of sustainability have ignored significant psychological, cultural
and sociological dimensions.
According to Steemers 2010, the most effective way to determine comfort is through a combination of measurable
parameters of the environment and their correlation with reported occupants comfort. This investigation shows that
lighting, job satisfaction, thermal conditions, and noise are among the top factors dominating the occupant responses.
However, air quality and degree of control are also important. This correlation is critically influenced by the perception
of control that the users has over their own environment, particularly when the physical conditions become distracting
or extreme.
Also it is mentioned that is common to assume that outdoor environment and the weather affect indoor perceptions
hence natural ventilation design tend to have better results than mechanically ventilated ones. For instance some of the
presented findings show that sickness is reported higher in India than in UK and this could be explained by the use of
naturally ventilated building in UK.
Despite the fact that the tendency has been to diminish the occupants ability to control their own environment, some
studies reflect that it should be the opposite because a key linking variable between energy consumption and occupant
happiness is the degree of control that the occupants have. Steemers exposes when increasing control is given to
occupants it does not only improve their physical and psychological sense of comfort and well-being but it also can
result in significantly lower levels of energy consumption. The relationships between energy efficient design and the
occupants are multifaceted and of key importance to the performance of buildings.
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The article exposes that increased energy use is typically associated with increased mechanical equipment and
centralized control. It also shows that air-conditioned buildings emit 2 to 3 times CO2 compared to mixed mode and
naturally ventilated ones for no significant improvement of comfort, neither a positive direct relationship between the
energy use (or CO2 emissions) and occupant satisfaction. Nevertheless, the observations established that low energy
buildings could provide good levels of satisfaction in many cases even in different contexts. Moreover low energy
buildings can be, and often are, perceived by their occupants to be more satisfactory which leads to conclude that
increasing energy intensity does not reflect an improvement in comfort.
Finally, the author states that people affect and are affected by the built environment, thus it is possible to suggest that
the „human-dimension‟ of design requires the application of existing and new research methodologies to ensure truly
sustainable design where „people-focus‟ is the main concern of it to enhance better spaces addressing productivity,
comfort, and wellbeing.
Critique and conclusions
Although Steemers, have shown a comprehensive analysis in occupants and well being, it is also true that he has not
mentioned the triple bottom line that supports the basis of sustainability, therefore some of the concepts related to it are
not present in the reading. Some of these are the correlation between occupants, wellbeing and economic productivity.
To extend this idea it is necessary to complement the reading with other literature that can exploit the concepts of space
productivity, and occupant performance. It is also remarkable to sustain that the triple bottom line of sustainable
development is structured in Economics, Environmental and Social. Therefore, not to include any of them in the further
analysis will not lead into sustainable practises or sustainable designing criteria.
A complementary reading should be considered to enhance a better understanding of Lighting, natural air flows, interior
air quality, materials selection, waste management, water consumption, building management process and adequate site
analysis; in order to define ESD criteria and therefore to reach better buildings. But these further researches should not
underestimate either occupants‟ aspiration or economic inputs.
The selected paper offers a very interesting starting point to develop a more deeply research focus in occupants,
wellbeing, but also misses the correlation between exposed ideas with the concept of building performance, both
complementary in the pursuit of an economical and productive sustainable office building.
Reference List
Steemers K. (2010) Energy efficient design and occupant well-being: Case studies in the UK and India. Building and Environment,
number 45(3–4) pages 270–278. Accessed 16 /05/ 2009 from Sciencedirect database.
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EVALUATING A STUDY CASE WHERE DESIGNING FOR OCCUPANTS WITH SUSTAINABLE
CRITERIA AND AN ADEQUATE SITE ANALYSIS, ALLOWED ACHIEVING A HIGH
PERFORMANCE AND LOW ENERGY CONSUMPTION BUILDING.
Nicolas Carbone-Gamarra
UNSW - SUSD0004 | Master of Sustainable Development
****
It is broadly accepted that architectural design is more development to experience rapid growth during the last
effective when designing for future occupants two centuries. Examples of this could be the enormous
addressing their needs and challenges, but also it is well advances in transportation, building structures and
known that currently, functional modern architecture by power supplies. Accordingly it is equally important to
itself is not necessary sustainable over the long term. notice how energy consumption rate has increased due
Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important to to poorly constructed buildings. This was illustrated by
review the architectural design criteria along with a the Worldwatch Institute Report which explains that
clear understanding of the natural processes and their buildings in the United States for example use 17% of
interactions with human needs incorporating the concept the total freshwater flows and 25% of harvested wood.
of sustainable development and ESD criteria In addition, they are responsible not only for the 50% of
(Environmental Sustainable Design). In the pursuit of (CFC) production and 40% of the total energy
these qualities, many commercial buildings are being consumption, but also for generating 33% of CO2
designed to become sustainable identifying the energy emissions in the country (Mendler & Odell 2000).
uses and proposing more effective materials according
to the specific site and climate condition in which they Moreover, as populations grow energy consumption
are immerse. Although a variety of approaches have also increases, driving societies to deplete natural
being reviewed, this essay will focus on evaluating a resources that could severely compromise our
study case where designing for occupants with development in the near future (Sachs 2004, p.1). That
sustainable criteria and an adequate site analysis, is why researchers have shown increasing concern about
allowed achieving a high performance and low energy the world energy demand rate, which is expected to
consumption building also delightful, functional, climb 50 % to 80 % above 1990, levels (Omer 2008,
productive and regenerative by design. The information p.2266). Naturally, it is becoming increasingly
given in this essay will be structured in several sections. necessary to consider the designing and promotion of
The first will expose the energy problem and the low-energy buildings in a cost-effective and
increasing tendency of energy consumption rates. Then, environmentally responsible way to achieve not only the
a description of the building situation among the more effective, but also the least expensive sustainable
perceptive analysis and space ambience will be strategy as possible. Passive and low energy architecture
followed by an evaluation of some site conditions. has been proposed and investigated in different
Later, an architectural critique is offered in order to locations of the world addressing in all cases the
understand the main strategies for functionality. In concept of sustainable development. Therefore, by
addition a review of the main ESD criteria used during incorporating design strategies that exploit these
the design phase will be exposed. Finally the results of principles may be the way of moving in the pursuit of
the analysis will lead to suggestions and conclusions for economical and environmental sustainability.
improving the architectural designing process in the
pursuit of sustainability. The case of „30 The Bond‟ reflects a sustainable
building rated with 5 stars achieved from the Green Star
First of all it is important to understand that energy has Office as Built rating tool (Green Star), in which
not only been part of sustainable development, but it sustainability, performance and economical aspects
also represents development itself. It is widely known where key issues to design, not only addressing site
that, high levels of energy inputs have allowed human conditions and climate variables but also expectations,
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necessities and aspirations of future occupants. familiar place. The Atrium not only reflect the Lend
According to the (OECD., 2002) in (Godfaurd 2005), Lease aspirations in terms of image and elegance, but
“Sustainable buildings can be defined as those buildings also represents the community needs and wishes to
that have minimum adverse impacts on the built and create a warm and lovely office building meaning a
natural environment striving for integral quality; more productive and efficient place to work.
including economic, social and environmental
performance in a broad way”. 30 The Bond is located in As it was mentioned before, “Site Analysis” played a
30-34 Hickson Road, Millers Point Sydney; and is a huge role in determining which strategies were the most
leading example of social and environmental suitable to implement in the design. In the case of 30-34
sustainability within commercial objectives, being the Hickson Rd for instance, it is a very constricted site,
first CBD office building in Australia to commit to a 5 with only three exposed facades being the fourth a
star energy rating with lower CO2 emissions than a heritage hand hewn listed sandstone wall built by
typical office building (Bovis Lend lease – “The Bond convicts in early 1840‟s (Moreton 2006). The
Project Data Sheet” - June 06). incorporation of this feature into the building is one of
the highlights of the development because it gives
When analysing the „30 the Bond‟ it is inevitable to talk thermal mass, humidity control and natural lightning
about how the space affect people‟s perception of representing also a commitment with heritage and
wellbeing. It not only shelters occupants but also it history. But before using the historic element in the
welcomes them and this produce satisfaction and design, some previous actions were required to fix and
happiness between workers, and visitors. It is an iconic clean the original drainage cavity and also the
building with a very extended and open atrium that surrounding soil full of bitumen residues from the old
invites to use the space in a comfortably and relax way. construction. According to Moreton 2006 “Complex
Some of the main characteristics of this atrium are that contamination both in liquid and solid forms had existed
the open space reflects a commitment with heritage and for many years on the site after the Gasworks ceased
site interaction. Also it produces a very interesting operations in 1921”. In early periods for example, a
ambience creating the effect of being in an inside-out chemical DPC was introduced into the connection
space. points between the rock face and the stone walls of the
building to form a barrier against further seepage but
A large corridor with natural sky light offers a very unfortunately this chemical product is not only toxic but
clear vision of what the rest of the building will be when also hazardous for people. Therefore, before using the
moving through it. It is a delightful space full of light historic wall it was necessary to clean deeply the area
and warm ambience. The sandstone hand hen wall also affected and moreover to remove all the toxic and
provides a clear and not humid air because it de- hazardous materials.
humidifies the air by natural absorption. The natural
element brings into the space the organic component Opposite to this sandstone wall is the main façade
and due to the adequate balance between glass facing west which orientation is very complicate to deal
transparency and light creates the feeling of being in a with, when designing for sustainability due to the lack
very equilibrated and organic space. It is also elegant of shading, the constant direct insolation and glare. In
and provides a constant and fluid transitory trespass the urban design context for instance, the building
between interior and exterior well defining the envelope played a huge role to achieve certain levels of
intermediate space. sustainability because it transmit daylight, direct solar
radiation and fresh air; all qualities that improve life at
It represents not also the main strategy of the building the interior of the building itself. Therefore, designers
by generating the offset from the main wall, but also should carefully investigate the full potential of site,
creates the connexion between people, site and urban building organisation, shape and climate influences to
space. The spatial considerations were to produce a maximise the desired levels of comfort or protection to
continuous space that links both functionality and future occupants from unwanted influences. The
connectivity through views and visual contact. The building skin for instance, should be designed for
sensation of control over the dense emptiness and the adaptation to the specific climate, orientation or natural
eye control through people and built spaces give an conditions of the individual site and by doing this to
apparent safety feeling of walking into a known or achieve better performance to the specific site
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conditions identifying possible potentials and may work to profit everyone involved achieving not
diminishing the uses of artificial sources for interior only technical sustainability but also social development
climate. In this case: continuously sun exposition from in an urban scale. For instance, an agreement between
early hours until sunset and strong West and South West Lend Lease, Deutsche Office Trust and the residents
winds affected the full height glazing. So the external involving the public areas of the development, ends in a
shading system had to deal with those difficulties to be commitment between the three parties to modify the
certain to response and be reliably even through periods rooftop by lowering it within the building envelope and
of high winds. On the other hand, day lighting, shading, also creating a space used to grow a native wildflower
air flows or solar radiation along with protection from garden improving the views for residents in the
noise and air pollution can become important factors in surrounding buildings.
the designing of any building skin. Here is where double
facades may come into play with intelligent solar As well as the consultation and involvement of the local
control systems or mechanical operable devices that community, owners and developers looked for inputs
may enable to fairly reduce the energy consumption and from their own staff. The result was a series of ESD
at the same time to improve internal performance of the „Aspirations‟ rated in order of importance and
building significance. These inputs, lead to some design
definitions and built an accurate brief which included; in
Finally the studied site is connected with three heritage first place wide open floor plans, with services cores
buildings from the 1840s that have been preserved as sitting on the edge to enhance high levels of planning
part of the cultural and social project. Due to the efficiencies, and day lighting effectiveness. These
particular location, the project confronts several features are complemented with building balconies and
challenges to address. However, not only site open areas to achieve versatility and to improve the
restrictions but also communal consultation where the interior air quality securing constant integration of
main sources of inputs that were taken into views and human contact. An example of it could be the
consideration for achieving the final design. atrium which is a public space encouraging interaction
between the building‟s occupants and the community. It
More than 300 people participated actively during the contains internal stairs, glass lifts and double storey
design process, being consulted in several occasions “pods” which are used for shared activities creating a
from conceptualization to completion. The answers great sense of connection (Moreton 2006). The design
obtained, provided the main architectural input which features also incorporates glass lifts, open stairs,
was that the building should not be designed to achieve balconies and terraces all the ones, which contribute to
certain level of sustainability according to a specific enhancing visibility and connectivity, maximising
rating tool; but that it should be planed to secure the functionality and achieving great levels of commitment
desire levels of comfort, and performance in accordance and comfort.
to the sustainable criteria hence, achieving better
standards and reduced energy consumption rates. This Addressing the open and clear lines of sight within the
statement is very important because it sets “people‟s building, modular and flexible workstation units were
comfort” as the most important issue, when deciding provided and installed within the office areas to ensure
strategies to be addressed. “By putting people at the efficiency and practicality maintaining the quality of the
heart of their project „30 The Bond‟, intended to working environment. The environmental credentials of
develop a process whereby the project reflects the this workstations supplied, were also tested to ensure
aspirations of the people who will ultimately be using they met with the strict criteria for all materials and
and interacting with it on a daily basis” (Moreton 2006). processes used throughout the development. It is clear
An integration of the new development into the existing that the internal performance as well as the occupants
community with a minimum of disruption or friction comfort and wellbeing was an important factor to define
was achieved by incorporating and respecting the the designing strategy and specifications, enhancing a
human environment, local residents, community groups productive and high quality working space. This shows
and other businesses in the area. the importance of designing for occupants in first place
rather than designing for achieving certain ratting or
30 the Bond, shows a good example in which recognition; at the end, occupants will be using the
collaboration between developers and the community space and they required to fulfil their needs in terms of
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comfort, happiness and wellbeing to develop efficiency, beams also increase the usable space reducing the
productivity and economical effectiveness without overall height of the building to maximize the natural
compromising their own health. Accordingly to Lend day lighting and views but this enlargement of spaces
Lease CEO (Asia Pacific) Ross Taylor “this new work also requires external shading device to minimize
environment, with the internal building design and afternoon sun radiation and therefore, air conditioning
layout will be a place for „our people‟ that will inspire load
and drive our distinct culture in years to come” (Lend
Lease 2003). As it was mentioned before several aspirations were
identified by the workshops including greenhouse gas
Another relevant input delivered from the internal reduction, indoor environment quality, water
consultations, was the aspiration to use excellence in management, materials selection, waste management,
materials selection that could achieve strict pollution and biodiversity
environmental guidelines improving interior fitout and
also air quality. To achieve this high level of Applied ESD criteria to develop the design project
expectations, materials selection included bamboo, involved the commitment with the environment but also
wool, sisal, goat hair, linen, cotton, and leather; all these a strong effort to provide a better place for future users.
natural materials are well known for their high qualities, In this sense as it was expressed, a reduction of
environmental credentials and their contribution to greenhouse gas emissions was a defining principle in
improve healthy environments. The sense of quality can the designing process. Indoor environment quality also
be recognized due to the constant testing and quality represented one of the main goals to achieve. That is
measurements. For instance in the selection of bamboo, why fresh air is continually provided to the workplace
Lend Lease not only looked at a range of factors and exhausted out of the building without being
including the manufacturing process, coatings and the recirculated increasing the air quality and reducing the
glues used but also at practicalities such as the hardness risk of sick building syndrome. Another important
and durability. Other important factor to choose high feature was water management to reduce overall
quality materials was the fact that the building should consumption. In order to accomplish this, not only water
get important levels of versatility and openness AAA-rated fixtures, and water sub metering were
therefore the possibility to re-arrange spaces was a incorporated to allow any leak detection but also,
constant. A great example of this are the eastern crafted, rainwater collection and storage for sub soil drip
timber slatted panels, which give the impression of irrigation system was implemented on the roof to
being a single partition forming part of a wall but when maximise water conservation. In terms of materials,
opened, either individually or in any combination, over 80% of construction material considering finishing
reveal the expansive west views, over the harbour and and fitout presented a high percentage of recycled
docks. sources or waste diverted from landfill. Also, in louvers
and shading devices for instance it is considerable the
Finally but equally important, is the desire to reduce the use of recycled wharf timbers and patinated aged
green house gas emissions, goal accomplished by the copper. Meanwhile in interiors low CFC paints
reduction of a 30% of CO2 emissions compared with a complement the timber decking from sustainable
common office building (Moreton 2006). This has been sources and low VOC carpets. Finally the rooftop
achieved through the use of natural ventilation in incorporates a roof garden increasing biodiversity.
wintergardens and meeting rooms, passive chilled beam Lend Lease CEO Ross Taylor said, “Creating the Bond
for cooling, fully operable shading on the facades and has allowed Lend Lease to again push the boundaries of
natural daylight through the skylight over the atrium. what is possible” (Lend Lease design 2009).
More specifically, chilled beams reduce the needs of air But To understand the reasons that had „30 The Bond‟
conditioning by pumping chilled water through cooling to push over the common benchmarks, first it is
elements in the ceiling, the ones that creates a natural necessary to understand the implications of building
convection process of hot air rising and cold air falling. environment in occupants performance and how low
This process allows natural control of temperature thus energy consumption buildings could affect
reducing the load of air conditioning systems systematically occupants health and economical
minimizing the external energy requirements. Chilled effectiveness. Accordingly to Steemers (2010) “low
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energy design cannot be limited to the technical issues also gives interesting economical returns in the
that impact on our planet”. midterm; based in the high efficiency and performance
of occupants and working force involved.
Also occupants affect the energy performance of
buildings and are affected by building environment “Occupants and developers of office buildings
itself. This is supported by evidence given in several continuously ask for healthy and stimulating working
studies like the document presented by ASHRAE in environments” (Gratia E, 2003)
2001 where clearly appears that people spend about 80–
90% of their time indoors and therefore various comfort In this particular study case the occupants wellbeing
and health effects are to be associated with the building was always the engine to pre-establish a design criteria
characteristics such as, ventilation, conditioning in order to achieve better performance in accordance to
systems, and the indoor air quality. Addressing the fact better perception of the working space.
of this result, “it has been naturally between researchers
to shift in the direction from energy and environmental Based on the studied case it is possible to conclude that
performance of buildings towards a focus on human- the challenge is then, to design buildings that can be
centred concerns” (Steemers 2003). responsive to users in terms of aspirations and needs to
enhance better environments and more comfortable
Evidence in EPA Indoor air quality and student spaces. But also to create sustainable buildings which
performances, shows that when individuals experience can identify the energy uses and propose more effective
at least two symptoms of discomfort they begin to materials according to the specific site and climate
perceive a reduction in their performance. Consequently condition.
occupants are demanding the best indoor environmental
quality for their wellbeing and productivity. Therefore In this aspect „30 The Bond‟ enhance a balance between
Well-being has become an integral concern for sustainability, performance and occupants aspirations
sustainable design. representing the accomplished goal and demonstrating
that a clear and strong occupants-focus strategy could
To confirm this assumption, Steemers (2010) suggest lead into a sustainable building not only with better
that “Most important, is the fact that low energy design performance but also recognised for its design,
can achieve some of the highest levels of occupant representing a delightful, functional, productive and
satisfaction”. This Provide clear evidence that regenerative building.
promotion and achievement of low energy buildings is
not only sustainable in the environmental aspects but
4410 words
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Reference List
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Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Bovis Lend Lease latest eco masterpiece has stirring
and Air-Conditioning Engineers; 2001.
the building industry”. Sydney-Australia. PDF
[2] EPA. (2000) Indoor air quality and student performance. document downloaded 03-05-10
402-K-03-006. Washington D.C: United States
Environmental Protection Agency, Indoor [9] OECD. 2002, 'Design of Sustainable Building Policies:
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Indoor Air; 2000. Publications Serv., vol.5, pp.39, accessed 02/04/ 10
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a review of lessons from the natural world,' Elsevier epoc-wpnep(2001)5-final
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downloaded and accessed on 03-05-10 www.earth.columbia.edu/sitefiles/File/about/director
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[6] Lend Lease Design. (2009) 30 The Bond, 30 Hickson [12] Steemers K.(2003) Towards a research agenda for
Road, Millers Point, Sydney-Australia. Web adapting to climate change. Building Research and
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2010, UNSW
Sam C.M., Hui. 2010, 'Low Energy building design in high density urban cities,' Elsevier - Journal of Renewable
Energy, vol.24, pp.627-640 www.elsevier.nl/locate/renene, accesed. 01 April 2010, UNSW
Santamouris M, et. al,. 2010, 'On the efficiency of night ventilation techniques applied to residential buildings,'
Elsevier - Journal of Energy and Buildings, pp.5 www.elsevier.com/locate/enbuild, accesed. 01 April
2010, UNSW
Tombazis + AN, Preuss S.A. . 2001, 'Design of Passive Solar buildings in Urban Breas,' Elsevier - Journal of Solar
Energy, vol.70, pp.311-318 www.elsevier.com/locate/solener, accesed. 01 April 2010, UNSW
Tove Malmqvist, Mauritz Glaumann. 2009, 'Environmental Efficiency in residential buildings - A simplified
comunication approach,' Elsevier - Journal of Building and Environment, vol.44, pp.937-947
www.elsevier.com/locate/buildenv, accesed. 01 April 2010, UNSW
Tzu-Ping Lin, Matzarakis A, Ruey-Lung Hwang. 2010, 'Shading effect on long-term outdoor thermal comfort,'
Elsevier - Journal of Building and Environment, vol.45, pp.213-221 www.elsevier.com/locate/buildenv,
accesed. 01 April 2010, UNSW
****
UNSW. Fbe Master in Sustainable Development. | Nicolas Carbone Gamarra. 2010
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