Biomedical Wearable Device For Remote Monitoring Ofphysiological Signals

A BIOMEDICAL WEARABLE
DEVICE FOR REMOTE
MONITORING OF
PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNALS

A BIOMEDICAL WEARABLE
DEVICE FOR REMOTE
MONITORING OF
PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNALS

Using MICROCONTROLLER

Early diagnosis as well as a healthy and preventive lifestyle can help slowing the
onset of many health problems and save millions of lives per year.
To achieve this objective, long-term monitoring of human vital signs are required to
obtain knowledge on a person's health status. Continuous monitoring of vital signs
is mandatory.
Clothing is like a second skin to us: intelligent biomedical clothes may make
everyday life easier for people in poor health, helping them to lead productive lives,
senior citizens and also for athletes.
Clothing means fashion and fun: smart clothes will combine health problem
prevention, entertainment, comfort, convenience and communication with fashion
This paper presents essential issues in wearable electronics, including interface
with the garment, signal sensing, on-body diagnosis and on-body and
communication
Developments in telecommunication, information technology and computers are
the main technical tools for Telemedicine (Telecare, Telehealth, e-health) now
being introduced in health care.

Telemedicine - medicine at a distance - provides among the many
possibilities offered the tools for doctors to more easily consult each
other. For individuals, e.g. with chronic diseases, Telemedicine means the
possibility to stay in contact with their health care provider for medical
advice or even to be alerted if something begins to go wrong with their
health. This opens up new possibilities for personalised health and health
care.
In line with this, ongoing cutting edge research in fields such as textiles,
biomedical sensors and mobile communication could pave the way to a
better life for a large number of patients.
To bring these disciplines together and try to reach a critical mass for
Research and Development (R&D), the first workshop on Intelligent
Biomedical Clothing (IBC) was organised in Brussels by the European
Commission (EC), Information Society Technologies Programme (IST),
on 26 April 2002.

Intelligent biomedical clothing and textiles have the potential to substantially
change the provision of health and health care services for large population
groups, e.g. those suffering from chronic diseases (such as cardiovascular,
diabetes, respiratory and neurological disorders) and the elderly with specific
needs. Smart sensor systems and new approaches to analyse and interpret data
together with cost-effective telematics approaches can fundamentally change
the interface between citizen/patient and the health care provider.

Biomedical clothing and functional textiles were believed in the workshop to be
a key enabler technology for cost-effective disease management as well as for
prevention. Fitness and health are trendy and are becoming a life style.
Biomedical fashion (rather than clothes) offers a unique opportunity to
seamlessly integrate health care into the daily lives of citizens.
The first category includes clothes that can be relatively cumbersome and
heavy. For the second one, the clothes should be easy to wear, elegant, light,
etc. This evolution naturally follows the transition from the "retrofit" approach to
the fully "integrated" approach
The first one has to do with the intelligent retrofit of existing tools and sensors
on regular clothes. This gives, even today, prototypes that can shortly become
products. This is a short to medium term approach. The second approach is the
medium to long term and has to do with the full integration of
sensors/actuators, energy sources, processing and communication within the
clothes.

ABOUT THE PROJECT
The Scope of this Project is to develop a Hi end technology oriented
system, which constantly monitors the health status of a person and if
any abnormalities found, the data will be immediately transferred to
the nearest location and the appropriate action can be taken

The Project is a working model, which incorporates the following
sensors, which was networked called as ‘Embedded Biomedical
Sensors Network’ – ECG Sensor, Heart Beat Sensor, Body
Temperature and Respiratory Temperature.

We will have a Coat, which is called as Biomedical Wearable Coat,
which will have the sensor network of ECG Sensor for ECG
Monitoring, Heart Beat Sensor for Heart / Pulse rate Monitoring, Body
Temperature Monitoring and Respiratory Temperature, fixed in the
Coat and easy wearable and operated through 9V Battery

Project Consists
Microcontroller Board
Interface Circuit
Sensors & Transducers
Signal Conditioning Board
Alarm
RF Transmitter
RF Receiver
9v Battery for Power Source

HEART BEAT RATE & MONITORING
Heart rate is a term used to describe the frequency of the
cardiac cycle. It is considered one of the four vital signs.
Usually it is calculated as the number of contractions
(heart beats) of the heart in one minute and expressed as
"beats per minute" (bpm).
When resting, the adult human heart beats at about 70
bpm (males) and 75 bpm (females), but this rate varies
among people. However, the reference range is
nominally between 60 bpm (if less termed bradycardia)
and 100 bpm (if greater, termed tachycardia). The pulse
rate (which in most people is identical to the heart rate)
can be measured at any point on the body where an artery
is close to the surface, such places like wrist & finger

ECG MONITORING
A recording of the electrical activity of the heart. A painless test during which
electrodes are placed on the chest to monitor and record the electrical impulses that
causes the heart to beat. By examining the pattern of impulses, a doctor can diagnose
rhythm abnormalities such as atrial fibrillation or other heart problems, such as heart
attack
We will use 3 Op AMP circuits and take three different data readings, which will
display 3 different signals. Once these signals are displayed in a screen
Parameters
Intervals - PQ, PR, QRS, QT, RT, ST, RR
Amplitudes - P, Q, R, S, T waves
Other Parameters - # Abnormals, # Normals, QTD (QT dispersion), HR (Heart Rate)

Three Electrode System
RA, LA, and LL, for bipolar leads 1,2,3, one pair is selected for monitoring and the
other one is used as a ground. For augmented leads avR, avL, avF, one is exploring
lead and the other two are connected to Zero potential.
Rate – 60 to 100 per minute, with less than 10% variation

BODY TEMPERATURE
Body temperature is a measure of the body's ability to generate and get
rid of heat. The body is very good at keeping its temperature within a
narrow, safe range in spite of large variations in temperatures outside the
body
A normal body temperature is usually referred to as an oral temperature
of 98.6 °F (37 °C), but that is an average of normal body temperatures
Thermistor is used for the measurement of body temperature. This
thermistor is a passive transducer where output depends on the excitation
voltage applied to it. We have arranged the thermistor in the form of
potential driver in the circuit.

SOFTWARE

• WINDOWS OS.

• MPLAB / PICC

• EMBEDDED VISUAL BASIC

MODULES
• ATMEL MICROCONTROLLER BOARD
DESIGN.

• SIGNAL CONDITIONING BOARD.

• RELAY DRIVER CIRCUIT.

• MAX 232 SERIAL INTERFACE.

ADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM
Very user-friendly

Cost-effective solution

Easy to handle

Anybody can understand the
parameters easily

INTRODUCTION
EMBEDDED SYSTEM is a combination of Software and
Hardware.
These are processors, arrays or other hardware using
dedicated (embedded) logic or programming (code) called
“firmware” or a “microkernel
An Embedded system is a system, that has a computing
device embedded into it.
Embedded systems are designed around a C which
integrates memory & peripherals.

CHARACTERISTICS OF
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

• Sophisticated functionality
• Real-time operation
• Low manufacturing cost
• Low power Consumption
• Smarter Products and Smaller Sizes
• Built in Rich Features
• Less Down Time for Maintenance

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
MICROCONTROLLERS
• Microcontroller is a highly integrated chip that
contains all the components comprising a
controller.
• Typically, this includes a CPU, RAM, some form of
ROM, I/O ports, and timers. A Microcontroller is
designed for a very specific task – to control a
particular system.
• As a result, the parts can be simplified and
reduced, which cuts down on production costs

BENEFITS OF EMBEDDED
CONTROL DESIGN
• Eliminates necessity of complex
circuitry
• Smarter products
• Smaller size
• Lower cost
• User friendly
• State of the art technology

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
The Hardware and the Software to control the hardware is present in
the same system. Such a system is called Embedded System.
Eg. Washing Machine Control, Missile Launching System etc.

Difference between Microprocessors and Microcontrollers
MICROPROCEESOR MICROCONTROLLER
1. No memory Got Separate ROM and RAM
2. No I/O Ports In built Ports Available
3. No Timers Internal Timers Available
4. No Serial Port In built Serial Port for
Serial Communication
5. Von Neumann Architecture Harvard Architecture

INPUT DEVICE OUTPUT DEVICE

MC I/P DEVICE MC O/P DEVICE

PORT PORT

MICROCONTROLLER

PIC

16F877

MICROCHIP SERIES – PIC 16F877
BASIC FEATURES:
Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input

Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory

Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)

Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory

5 Input / Output Ports – 33 Pins

Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources)

Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for
reliable operation

In-Circuit Debugging via two pins

BASIC FEATURES contd…
Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit pre scaler

Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler

Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, pre scaler
and post scaler

Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules

10-bit multi-channel Analog-to-Digital converter

Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
(USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection

INPUT - OUTPUT PORTS
There are 5 I/O Ports available in PIC.
They are
PORT A = = => 6 PINS
PORT B = = => 8 PINS
PORT C = = => 8 PINS
PORT D = = => 8 PINS
PORT E = = => 3 PINS
TOTAL = = => 33 PINS

INITIALIZATION OF PORTS

The I/O ports are initialized as follows:
TRIS <> 0 => OUTPUT
PORT name 1 = > INPUT
For Example to initialize PORTD as output means
TRISD = 0x00;
and as input means
TRISD = 0xFF;

OUT LINE OF AN EMBEDDED C PROGRAM
#include<pic.h> /* Header File */
/* Global Variable Declaration */
/* Function Prototypes */
Void main(void)
{
while(1)
{
All the executable statements
}
}
Functions if any…

PIC16F877
28/40-PIN 8-BIT CMOS FLASH MICROCONTROLLERS

MICROCONTROLLER CORE FEATURES
§ High performance RISC CPU
§ Only 35 single word instructions to learn
§ All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle
§ Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
§ Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data
Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory
§ Pinout compatible to the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77
§ Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources)
§ Eight level deep hardware stack
§ Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes
§ Power-on Reset (POR)
§ Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)

§ Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable
operation
§ Programmable code protection
§ Power saving SLEEP mode
§ Selectable oscillator options
§ Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM technology
§ Fully static design
§ In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins
§ Single 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming capability
§ In-Circuit Debugging via two pins
§ Processor read/write access to program memory
§ Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V
§ High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA
§ Commercial, Industrial and Extended temperature ranges
§ Low-power consumption: < 0.6 mA typical @ 3V, 4 MHz, 20 µA typical @
3V, 32 kHz, < 1 µA typical standby current

PERIPHERAL FEATURES
Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler
Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during SLEEP via
external crystal/clock
Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler
Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
·Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns
·Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns
·PWM max. resolution is 10-bit
10-bit multi-channel Analog-to-Digital converter
Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and I2C (Master/Slave)
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-
bit address detection
Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8-bits wide, with external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-
pin only)
Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)

PIC16F877 CKT Description
The PIC Microcontroller board consists of circuits necessary to operate a
Microcontroller with PC interface. The board contains provisions for
interfacing 8 analog inputs and 23 Digital level signals. The Description of
the circuit is given below.

Analog inputs:
Pin no 2 to 10 can be used to connect any analog signals of range 0-5v.

Digital signals:
As mentioned in the circuit the pin outs from the port is taken to a 26 pin
FRC connector through which we can connect our Digital level signals 0 or 5
volts

Clock:
The PIC16F877 can be operated in Four Different oscillator modes. The user can
program two configuration bits FOSC1 and FOSC0 to select one of these four
modes.
*LP - Low Power crystal
*XT - crystal / resonator
*HS - High speed crystal/resonator
*RC - Resistor capacitor
The clock we have used is 10 MHZ which full under HS category.

MCLR/VPP
This is master clear input pin to the IC. A logic low signal will generate a reset
signal to the microcontroller. So we have tied this pin to VCC for the proper
operation of the microcontroller.

TXD and RXD:
TO communicate with the outside world the
microcontroller has an inbuilt USART. The O/P and I/P
line from the USART is taken and given to a MAX232
IC for having communication with the PC. Since we
have used comport for interfacing the microcontroller.

VCC and Ground:
Pin no 32, 11 are tied to VCC and pin no 31, 12 are
grounded to provide power supply to the chip

Biomedical Wearable Device For Remote Monitoring Ofphysiological Signals

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Biomedical Wearable Device For Remote Monitoring Ofphysiological Signals