3. Some terms we need to know
REFUSE:
Solid or semisolid waste matter produced in the normal course of
human activities. Generated from street sweepings, markets, stable
litter, industrial refuse, commercial refuse, etc.
RUBBISH:
Solid wastes originating in houses, commercial establishments,
industries, excluding garbage and ash.
GARBAGE:
Animal & vegetable wastes resulting from the handling, storage,
sale, preparation, cooking and serving of food.
ASH:
Residue from burning of wood, coal, charcoal and other combustible
materials used for cooking and heating purposes in houses, industries
etc.
4. • Street refuse
• Market refuse
• Stable litter
• Industrial refuse
• Domestic refuse
Sources of solid wastes
In most of the countries the per
capita daily solid waste produced is
between 0.25 to 2.5 Kg
5. • Galvanized steel dust bin with cover (for
households) – 0.05 to 0.1 cubic feet per capita
per day.
– A bin with capacity of 1.5 cubic feet for a family of 5
members if collection is done every 3 days.
• Public bins.
Storage of solid wastes
9. INSANITARY METHODS
Dumping
– Refuse dumped in low lying areas
– Bacterial action over time, decreases volume of refuse
which is gradually converted into humus
– Disadvantages
• Smell
• Unsightly appearance
• Free access to flies, rodents, hogs, dogs etc.
• Dispersal by wind
• Pollution of surface and ground water
11. 1. Sanitary landfill / Controlled
tipping
–Laying of dry and condensed refuse in a
trench or other prepared area with
intervening earth coverings.
–Anaerobic digestion of the refuse takes
place. The process takes 4-6 months to
complete.
SANITARY METHODS
14. • Trench method
– Level ground
– Trenches 4-12 m wide, 2-3 m deep
– Refuse is compacted and then covered with
excavated earth
• Ramp method
– Sloping terrain
• Area method
– Land depressions, disused quarries, pits
– May need soil from outside sources to cover the
compacted refuse
15. 2. Composting
–Method of combined disposal of refuse
and nightsoil or sludge.
–Organic matter breaks down under
bacterial action, producing “compost” –
used as manure.
SANITARY METHODS
23. 3. Incineration
–Suitable for areas where land is not
available for sanitary landfill
–Example: Hospitals
–Disadvantages:
•Expensive
•No useful by-product
•Air pollution
SANITARY METHODS
24. 4. Manure pits
–Used in rural households
–Covered with earth after each days
dumping
–Two pits
–Within 5-6 months decomposed refuse
which is used as fertilizer
SANITARY METHODS
25. 5. Burial
–Suitable for small settlements/camps
–Decomposed matter may be ready for
use as manure within 4-6 months
SANITARY METHODS
1.5 m
2m
20-30
cm
40 cm
1 m
200 persons
1 week
26. 6. Biogas plant
• Biogas is produced by the
anaerobic breakdown of
solid waste /excreta.
• Biogas (Methane, CO2,
Hydrogen) can be used as a
fuel for any heating purpose,
such as cooking.
SANITARY METHODS
30. Methods of excreta disposal
INSANITARY METHODS
1. Bucket type
2. Conservancy system/Cartage
SANITARY METHODS
WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM
31. 1. Bore hole latrine
SANITARY METHODS
Methods of excreta disposal
2.Dug well/pit latrine
3. Water seal type
of latrine
a) P.R.A.I
b) R.C.A
c) Sulabh
sauchalya
4. Septic tank
5. Aqua privy
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3.latrine suitable for
camps
i. Shallow trench
latrines
ii. Deep trench latrine
iii.Pit latrine
iv.Bore hole latrine
33. Water carriage system and
sewage treatment
A) PRIMARY TREATMENT
• screening
• Removal of grit
• Plain sedimentation
B ) SECONDARY TREATMENT
• Trickling filters
• Activated sludge process
c) OTHER METHODS
a) Sea outfall b) river outfall
c) Sewage farming d) oxidation ponds 33
35. 1. Open defecation
2. Cartage (Conservancy
system)
•Example: Bucket latrine
•Disadvantages:
Smell
Flies
Health risk to people handling
the excreta
Health risk from food crops
fertilized with raw excreta
Bucket
latrine
37. 9b. Bore Hole Latrine
• Introduced in India by Rockefeller Foundation in
1930’s as a component of hookworm control
programme.
• Consists of a circular hole dug by an equipment
called “auger”.
42. • A circular pit about 75cm in diameter
and 3-3.5m deep is dug into ground for
reception of nightsoil.
• The pit lined with pottery rings to
prevent of soil reenter.
• Concrete squatting plate is placed on
top.
• Merits: 1. easy to construct
• 2. longer life
1b. Dug well latrine
47. 2a. Direct & Indirect WS
Latrine
Direct Indirect
48. 2c. PRAI & RCA Latrine
• PRAI Latrine was developed by the Planning,
Research & Action Institute, Lucknow
• RCA latrine was developed by the Research
Cum Action project of the Ministry of Health
49. The RCA Latrine
1. Location
2. Squatting plate
3. Pan
4. Trap
5. Connecting pipe
6. The pit
7. Superstructure
8. Maintenance
9. Modifications
50. Location
•Depends on porosity of soil and ground water level
•Usually, at least 15 m away from water source
Squatting plate
•Made of impervious material (cement concrete)
•3’x3’x2”
•Raised footsteps
Pan
•Receives nightsoil, urine and water
Trap
•A bent pipe connected to the pan
•Holds water and serves as a water seal (2 cm depth)
51. Connecting pipe
•Needed when pit is sited away from squatting plate
•Not needed in Direct type RCA Latrine
•3.5” diameter with a bend at the end
The pit
•Covered, rectangular/circular
•75 cm diameter, 3-3.5 m deep
• Underneath squatting plate(Direct) or offset (Indirect)
Superstructure
Maintenance
•Regular cleaning of the squatting plate
•Flushing with 1-2 lts of water after every use
55. • The aquaprivy is a water tight tank filled with
water into which excreta fall via a drop pipe,
connected to a seepage pit (soakaway) to
dispose of sullage and effluent.
• Drop pipe must reach below surface of the
water.
• Night soil undergoes purification by anerobic
digestion
Vent open on top
Sludge removed at end.
4. Aqua privy
57. Advantages&
Disadvantages • Advantages:
– Cannot be blocked with bulky anal cleaning
material
– Nil problem with odor or flies
– Can be connected to a sewerage system at a
later date
• Disadvantages:
– Expensive to build
– Need large volumes of water to work
– Water seal may be hard to maintain
– Tanks must be emptied about every 3 years
58. • Septic tanks are watertight chambers (single,
double or multi chambered) which receive
excreta and wastewater.
• They are connected to a soakaway which
receives liquid overflowing from the tank.
5. Septic Tank
59.
60.
61. WorkingofSepticTank
• Solids (“sludge”) settle down and are
purified by anaerobic digestion.
• The liquids (“effluent”) undergoes
aerobic oxidation in the upper layers of
the soil, outside the septic tank proper.
62. • The sludge is reduced in volume and a portion of
solids is transferred to liquids and gases which
rises to surface forming bubble.
• Liquid passes out called effluent which percolates
into soil by open ended pipes laid in trenches.
• Aerobic bacteria attack organic matter and
convert to end products .
•
• Complete purification of sewage.
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63. Advantages&
Disadvantages • Advantages:
– Isolation and treatment of excreta
– No odor or fly problems
– May be connected to sewerage system at a
later date
• Disadvantages:
– High cost of construction
– Need for periodic mechanical emptying
– Need for large volumes of flushing water
– Only suitable where flush toilets are used
65. • A low cost, water seal type of latrine connected
to a 3’x3’x3’ pit. It is a modified handflush latrine
with a specially designed pan and trap – needs
very little water for flushing.
• Sulabh International, an NGO, maintains Sulabh
Community Latrines – ‘pay-and-use system – in
many parts of India.
6. Sulabh Shauchalaya
66. SHALLOW TRENCH
LATRINE
• Simple trench dug with ordinary
tools.
• Trench is 30cm wide 90-150cm
deep.
• Separate for men and women
• Earth piled up a side and people
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69. DEEP TRENCH LATRINE:
• Used for camps in longer duration
• Trench is 1.8-2.5m
• 75-90cm wide
• Squatting plate is provided.
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74. • Sewage made flow across tank , spends 6-8hrs in
tank
• Purification takes place mainly by sedimentation
• 50-70% settle down under influence of gravity.
Coli form organism formed called ‘sludge’
Biological action takes place were micro-organism
attack sewage
Sewage attack complex organic solids and break them
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75. • Simpler soluble substance ammonia
• Contain grease and fat that come up
called scum
• Then it is treated with lime ,aluminium
sulpahte and ferrous sulphate.
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