Open Source Benefits Libraries

Open Source for Libraries

Nicole C. Engard
Vice President of Education
ByWater Solutions
nengard@bywatersolutions.com

Tuesday, April 10, 12

What isn’t Open Source?
Common
Open
Source
FUD
(Fear,
Uncertainty
&
Doubt)

• “Isn’t
that
insecure?”

• “I
don’t
want
to
share
my
data!”

• “How
can
it
be
any
good
if
it’s
free?”

• “We
don’t
have
the
staﬀ
to
handle

open
source.”
Comic: Author: Unknown | Year: Unknown | Source: Unknown


What is Open Source?
Open
source
soCware
is
soCware
that
users
have
the
ability
to

run,
distribute,
study
and
modify
for
any
purpose.

Open
source
is
a
collaboraEve
soCware-‐development

method
that
harnesses
the
power
of
peer
review
and

transparency
of
process
to
develop
code
that
is
freely

accessible.1

Open
source
draws
on
an
ecosystem
of
thousands
of

developers
and
customers
all
over
the
world
to
drive

innovaEon.2

1,2
h<p://connect.educause.edu/display/47941


What is Free Software?
• OCen
you
will
hear
Free
&
Open
Source
SoCware
(F/OSS)
in

conjuncEon.

• The
Free
SoCware
DefiniEon
(hQp://www.gnu.org/philosophy/
free-‐sw.html)

is
similar
to,
but
not
idenEcal
to
the
Open
Source

DefiniEon
(hQp://www.opensource.org/docs/definiEon.php)

• Free
does
not
mean
free
of
cost
-‐
it
means
Free
as
in
Freedom


4 Freedoms of Free Software
• You
need
all
four
of
these
freedoms
to
have
free

soCware

• Freedom
of
use
• Freedom
to
copy
• Freedom
to
modify
• Freedom
to
contribute

hQp://www.web2learning.net/archives/4263


Sharing of ideas
"If
you
have
an
apple
and
I
have
an
apple
and

we
exchange
apples,
then
you
and
I
will
sEll

each
have
one
apple.
But
if
you
have
an
idea

and
I
have
an
idea
and
we
exchange
these

ideas,
then
each
of
us
will
have
two
ideas."
AQributed
to
Bernard
Shaw

http://ftacademy.org/materials/fsm/1#1


The Cathedral & The Bazaar
The
Cathedral
The
Bazaar

(proprietary
so4ware) (open
source
so4ware)

• Development
occurs
• Code
developed
over

behind
walls
the
Internet
with

• Source
code
is
several
others
in

usually
not
provided
public
view
-‐
kept
locked
up • Source
code
open
to

• Corporate
hierarchy all
users
• “Given
enough

h<p://www.catb.org/~esr/wriIngs
/cathedral-‐bazaar/cathedral-‐bazaar/ eyeballs,
all
bugs
are

shallow”


Open Source Governance
What
kind
of
quality
control
is
there?

• Most
open
source
projects
have
a
release
manager
or
a
manager
of
some
sort

who
reviews
the
code
and
approves
it
before
adding
it
to
the
ﬁnal
release

What
is
the
role
of
the
community?

• The
community
looks
out
for
the
best
interests
of
the
soSware.

They
work
as

the
governing
body
behind
all
decisions
related
to
the
soSware.
The

community
decides
what
features
to
develop
next
and
who
the
managers
are.


Open Source Community
• Open
source
is
about
more
than
free
soCware
• Community
is
crucial
to
the
growth
of
open
source
• Without
shared
knowledge
and
collaboraEon
the
project
will
not

grow
• “CriEquing
the
community
is
a
right
reserved
for
those
who
have

proved
themselves
by
making
valuable
contribuEons”1
• People
who
use
open
source
can
collaborate
and
contribute
in
many

ways
with
the
community • Write
code
• Write
documentaEon
• Debug
• Educate
others
1. Tapscott, Don, and Anthony D. Williams. “Embracing open source culture and
strategy.” In Wikinomics: How mass collaboration changes everything, 82-83.
Expanded Edition. New York, NY: Penguin USA, 2008. www.wikinomics.com/book/.


Open Source Crowdsourcing
“Crowdsourcing
has
it
genesis
in
the
open
source
movement
in

soCware.
The
development
of
the
Linux
operaEng
system
proved
that

a
community
of
like-‐minded
peers
was
capable
of
creaEng
a
beQer

product
than
a
corporate
behemoth
like
MicrosoC.

Open
source

revealed
a
fundamental
truth
about
humans
that
had
gone
largely

unnoEced
unEl
the
connecEvely
of
the
Internet
brought
it
into
high

relief:
labor
can
oCen
be
organized
more
efficiently
in
the
context
of

a
community
than
it
can
in
the
context
of
the
corporaEon.

The
best

person
to
do
a
job
is
the
one
who
most
wants
to
do
that
job;
and
the

best
people
to
evaluate
their
performance
are
their
friends
and
peers

who,
by
the
way,
will
enthusiasEcally
pitch
in
to
improve
the
final

product,
simply
for
the
sheer
pleasure
of
helping
one
another
and

creaEng
something
beauEful
from
which
they
all
will
benefit.”

Howe, J. (2008). Crowdsourcing: Why the power of the crowd is driving
the future of business. New York: Crown Business. p.8


Believing in Openness
If
you
don't
know
why
you
do
what
you
do
then
how
will
you
ever

get
people
to
be
loyal
and
want
to
be
a
part
of
what
you
do?

The
goal
is
not
just
to
sell
to
people
what
you
have,
it's
to
sell

people
on
what
you
believe
-‐
the
goal
is
not
to
hire
people
who

want
a
job
it's
to
hire
people
who
believe
what
you
believe.
If
you

hire
people
just
because
they
can
do
a
job
they
will
work
for
your

money
-‐
if
you
hire
people
who
believe
what
you
believe
they

work
for
you
with
blood
and
sweat
and
tears.
Simon
Sinek:
How
great
leaders
inspire
acEon

hQp://www.ted.com/talks/simon_sinek_
how_great_leaders_inspire_acEon.html


Open Source is Easy!
“The
hard
drive
on
one
of
our
reference
desk
PCs
died
today.

I
threw
in
a
new
one,
but
I

didn't
feel
like
spending
the
day
siing
through
Windows
updates,
so
I
loaded
Ubuntu
11.04

on
it
instead.

The
install,
as
I'm
sure
you
know,
only
took
about
15
minutes.

Now,
before
I

add
my
next
point,
keep
in
mind
that
I
manage
a
staff
whose
average
age
is
about
63.

No

joke.

Most
of
them
have
been
working
at
my
facility
longer
than
I've
been
alive.

SEll,
once
I

had
Ubuntu
up
and
running,
they
were
literally
fighEng
over
who
got
to
use
the
new

operaEng
system.

They
loved
it
that
much.

Now
I
agree,
Linux
kicks
buQ.

I
use
it
about
80%
of
the
Eme.

Typing
to
you
on
Mint
right

now!

However,
I
never
expected
novice
users
to
take
to
it
so
quickly.

Please,
next
Eme
you

do
an
open
source
webinar,
impress
on
your
aQendees
that
libraries
aren't
sacrificing
a
thing

by
switching
over
to
open
source
soCware.

If
anything,
open
source
operaEng
systems
and

applicaEons
can
be
far
more
user
friendly
for
the
novice
user
than
Windows
will
ever
be...”

-‐-‐
Mark
at
the
The
Rahway
Public
Library


Who’s Using Open Source?

•Government
Agencies •Schools
(K-‐colleges)
•All
Kinds
of
Businesses •Librarians


Open Source in Business
2007
Survey
Results

http://www.unisys.com/unisys/news/detail.jsp?id=5100086&pid=&sid=203

Open Source in Business
• In
2010
a
survey
of
300
large
organizaEons
in
both
the
private
and
public

sector
found:
• 50%
are
fully
commiQed
to
open
source
in
their
business

• 28%
say
they
are
experimenEng
with
open
source
and
keeping
an
open

mind
to
using
it
• 38%
expecEng
to
migrate
mission-‐criEcal
soCware
to
open
source
in
next

12
months
• The
cost
was
no
longer
viewed
as
the
key
benefit,
instead:
• 76%
cited
quality
as
a
key
benefit
of
open
source
• 70%
cited
improved
reliability
• 69%
said
beQer
security/bug
fixing

h<p://newsroom.accenture.com/
arIcle_display.cfm?arIcle_id=5045


Making money on open source
• “IBM
not
only
accepted
open
source
soCware
products
and
processes
but
also

its
philosophy,
which
is
to
spur
quality
and
fast
growth
rather
than
just
proﬁts

based
on
proprietary
ownership
of
intellectual
property.”

• “Giving
up
so
much
control
is
unconvenEonal
to
say
the
least,
but
the
rewards

for
doing
so
have
been
handsome.

IBM
spends
about
$100
million
per
year

on
Linux
development.

If
the
Linux
community
puts
in
$1
billion
of
eﬀort,
and

even
half
of
that
is
useful
to
IBM
customers,
the
company
gets
$500
million
of

soCware
development
for
an
investment
of
$100
million.”

Tapsco<,
Don,
and
Anthony
D.
Williams.
“Joining
Linux.”
In

Wikinomics:
How
mass
collaboraIon
changes
everything,

79-‐82.
Expanded
EdiIon.
New
York,
NY:
Penguin
USA,
2008.

h<p://www.wikinomics.com/book/.


Open Source On the Web
Total
AcEve
Sites:
6/2000
to
3/2012

h<p://news.netcraS.com/archives/2012/03/05/march-‐2012-‐web-‐server-‐survey.html


Why so Popular?
•Reliability
through
Peer
Review
•Freedom
to
Innovate
•No
Vendor
Lock-‐in
•User-‐centric
Development
•CollaboraEve
Environment
•Zero
License
Fees


Why Should Libraries
Care?


Open Source & Libraries
Libraries
and
Open
Source
Both...
• Believe
that
informaIon
should
be
freely
accessible
to
everyone
• Give
away
stuﬀ
• Beneﬁt
from
the
generosity
of
others
• Are
about
communiIes
• Make
the
world
a
be<er
place

-‐-‐
Horton,
G.
h<p://Inyurl.com/3jvumn


Libraries
and
Open
Source
make

the
perfect
pair

[Librarians]
"are
almost
ethically

required
to
use
and
develop
open

source
soCware."

Crawford,
R.
S.
h<p://www.lugod.org/
presentaIons/oss4lib.pdf

hQp://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/cavort/
151687944/


Libraries
and
Open
Source
make
the
perfect
pair

“Libraries
are
commiQed
to
the
noEon
of
the
‘commons.’
Libraries
are
in

fact
one
of
the
last
best
hopes
for
the
preservaEon
of
the
intellectual

commons.
That
value
system
should
extend
to
the
intellectual
work
we

do
on
our
access
systems.
We
should
reclaim
the
domain
of
library

technology
from
the
commercial
and
proprietary
realms
and
actualize
is

as
part
of
our
vision
of
the
commons.

...

We
are
also
congenital
collaborators.
Can
you
think
of
any
other
group
of

insEtuEons
that
share
their
stuﬀ
the
way
we
do
through
ILL?

-‐-‐
Lucia,
J.


2007
Survey
Results

h<p://www.unisys.com/unisys/news/detail.jsp?id=5100086&pid=&sid=203


Common
quesEons
libraries
have:

• Is
there
support?
Do
I
have
to
know

how
to
program?
• Do
I
have
to
skimp
on
features?
• Isn’t
Open
Source
risky?
• Can
I
do
it
myself?


Support for Open Source
Is
there
support? Do
I
have
to
know
how
to
program?

• ByWater
SoluEons • If
you
want
to
contribute

• Catalyst to
the
code
-‐
Yes
• Equinox • If
not
you
can
use:
• YourLibrarySite • Support
Providers
• And
more! • Local
Students
• Freelance
Developers


Do I have to skimp
on features?
• Open
Source
developers
follow
the

rule
of
“Release
early
and
release

oCen”

• Users
vote
with
their
dollars
and
Eme

• Freedom
to
develop
on
your
own

• Developers
love
their
products
hQp://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/programwitch/
2505184887/


Isn’t Open Source Risky?
• Casey
Coleman,
chief
informaEon
officer
for
the
• US
Department
of
Defense
memo

GSA
(U.S.
General
Services
AdministraEon),
said
encourages
the
use
of
open
source
with

in
a
speech
...
that
the
GSA
heavily
relies
on
many
reasons
“including
cost
advantages,

open
source
to
drive
down
costs,
increase
reduced
risk
of
vendor
lock-‐in,
beQer

flexibility
of
IT
dollars,
and
reduce
risk.
‘You
get
security,
and
increased
flexibility.
It
says

much
more
transparency
and
interoperability,
that
the
posiEve
aspects
of
open
source

and
that
reduces
your
risk,’
she
said. soCware
should
be
given
consideraEon

• h<p://news.cnet.com/ during
procurement
research.
8301-‐13505_3-‐9921115-‐16.html • h<p://arstechnica.com/open-‐source/news/
2009/10/dod-‐military-‐needs-‐to-‐think-‐harder-‐
about-‐using-‐open-‐source.ars


Isn’t Open Source Risky?
For
a
total
284
days
in
2006
(or
more
than
nine
months
out
of
the
year),
exploit
code
for
known,

unpatched
criEcal
flaws
in
pre-‐IE7
versions
of
the
browser
was
publicly
available
on
the
Internet.

Likewise,
there
were
at
least
98
days
last
year
in
which
no
soCware
fixes
from
MicrosoC
were

available
to
fix
IE
flaws
that
criminals
were
acEvely
using
to
steal
personal
and
financial
data
from

users.

In
a
total
of
ten
cases
last
year,
instrucEons
detailing
how
to
leverage
"criEcal"
vulnerabiliEes
in
IE

were
published
online
before
MicrosoC
had
a
patch
to
fix
them.

In
contrast,
Internet
Explorer's
closest
compeEtor
in
terms
of
market
share
-‐-‐
Mozilla's
Firefox

browser
-‐-‐
experienced
a
single
period
lasEng
just
nine
days
last
year
in
which
exploit
code
for
a
serious
security
hole
was
posted

online
before
Mozilla
shipped
a
patch
to
remedy
the
problem.

h<p://blog.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2007/01/
internet_explorer_unsafe_for_2.html


Risk of Proprietary Software
• “Closed-‐source
efforts
oCen
suffer
from
flaws

and
problems
which
the
original
development

team
never
anEcipated.

Lack
of
inspecEon
of

the
code
by
other
programmers
can
mean
that

inappropriate
design
constraints
and
other

errors
might
not
be
discovered
unEl
the
code
is

already
in
use.”
Pavlicek,
Russell.
Embracing

insanity
:
open
source
soSware

development.
Indianapolis

IN:

SAMS,
2000.
p.
33.


Risk of Proprietary Software

• “In
its
2011
Coverity
Scan
Open
Source
Integrity

Report,
which
was
released
on
Thursday,

Coverity
actually
found
that
open
source
code

has
fewer
defects
per
thousand
lines
of
code

than
proprietary
soCware
code
does.”

Noyes,
Katherine.
“Actually,
Open
Source
Code
Is
Be<er:

Report.”
PCWorld
Business
Center,
February
23,
2012.

h<p://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/arIcle/250543/
actually_open_source_code_is_be<er_report.html.


Software is Risky!
All
soSware
has
risks,
you
need
to
evaluate
open
source
the
same
way
you
do

proprietary
systems.

Several
Levels
of
Risk
to
consider:

• SoSware
security
issues
• Open
source
is
just
as
secure
if
not
more
secure
than
proprietary
systems

because
of
its
transparency
• Evaluate
open
source
soSware
no
diﬀerently
than
you
do
other
soSware!
• Company
mergers
and
acquisiIons
• Because
you
own
the
code
to
your
system
you
are
not
Ied
to
one
support

source
and
will
never
be
leS
without
support


Can I do it Myself?
• Absolutely,
with
the
right
in-‐house
skills
• Systems
knowledge
• Linux
server
management
• Web
programming
• Perl
/
PHP
/
MySQL


Some Numbers


When
asked
what
Open
Source
apps
they
use
at
work,
977

librarians
and
library
workers
answered
as
follows

hQp://opensource.web2learning.net/archives/category/survey-‐
results

When
asked
why
they
chose
and
open
source
app,
977

librarians
and
library
workers
answered
as
follows

hQp://opensource.web2learning.net/archives/category/survey-‐
results


Now What?


Play Time
• Start
downloading
and

installing
applicaEons

that
will
make
things

more
efficient
(and

possibly
affordable)
for

you.
hQp://www.flickr.com/photos/nengard/
3253133986/


Portable Play
•Can’t
install
soCware
on
your
work

computer?
•Try
PortableApps:
•Install
on
your
USB
drive
and
use

many
of
these
open
source

applicaEons
without
installing
to
the

hard
drive

hQp://portableapps.com


Local Play
•Don’t
have
access
to
a
web
server?
•Try
BitNami:
•Free,
easy
to
setup
wikis,
blogs,

forums
and
many
other
web

applicaEons
that
you
can
run

locally
or
in
the
cloud.
BitNami

makes
deploying
server
soCware

a
simple
and
enjoyable
process.

h<p://bitnami.org/


Additional Links
•Open Source Living
http://osliving.com

•OSS Watch, open source software advisory service:
http://www.oss-watch.ac.uk

•Open Source as Alternative
http://www.osalt.com

•Nicole’s Delicious bookmarks:
http://delicious.com/nengard/opensource


OSS & Libraries Links
• Open
Source
SoCware
in
Libraries
hQp://infomoEons.com/musings/ossnlibraries/

• Open
Source
SoCware
and
Libraries
Bibliography
zotero.org/groups/
freelibre_and_open_source_soCware_and_libraries_bibliography

• PracEcal
Open
Source
SoCware
for
Libraries
hQp://opensource.web2learning.net/blog
• Open
Network
Libraries

hQp://onl.org.nz

• FOSS4Lib
hQp://foss4lib.org


Open Source Blogs
• The
Open
Road
• New
York
Times
-‐
Open
hQp://www.cnet.com/openroad/
hQp://open.nyEmes.com

• Open
Ended
from
Ars
Technica
• OpenSource.com
hQp://arstechnica.com/open-‐source
hQp://opensource.com

• The
H
Open
Source
• Open
Source
at
DatamaEon
hQp://www.h-‐online.com/open/

itmanagement.earthweb.com/osrc/

• ZDNet
Open
Source
hQp://blogs.zdnet.com/open-‐source


Online Reading List
• Open
Source:
Narrowing
the
Divides
between
EducaEon,
Business,
and
Community
hQp://connect.educause.edu/display/47941
• The
concepts
of
Free
SoCware
&
Open
Standards:
IntroducEon
to
Free
SoCware

hQp://Cacademy.org/materials/fsm/1#1

• We
Love
Open
Source
SoCware.
No,
You
Can’t
Have
Our
Code
hQp://journal.code4lib.org/arEcles/527

• Open
Source
SoCware
Tools
And
Directories:
Where
To
Find
Them,
How
To
Evaluate
Them
hQp://www.masternewmedia.org/open-‐source-‐soCware-‐tools-‐and-‐directories-‐where-‐to-‐ﬁnd-‐them-‐
how-‐to-‐evaluate-‐them/
• Open
Source
Security
Bibliography
hQp://www.zotero.org/nengard/items/collecEon/QKWPIXK9

• Nicole’s
Zotero
Library
hQp://www.zotero.org/nengard/items/collecEon/1796131


Print Reading List
• Prac?cal
Open
Source
SoAware
in
Libraries
by
Nicole
C.
Engard

• The
Cathedral
and
the
Bazaar:
Musings
on
Linux
and
Open
Source
by
an
Accidental

Revolu?onary
by
Eric
S.
Raymond

• Embracing
Insanity:
Open
Source
SoAware
Development
by
Russell
Pavlicek

• The
success
of
open
source
by
Steve
Weber

• The
open
source
alterna?ve:
Understanding
risks
and
leveraging
opportuni?es
by

Heather
J.
Meeker

• Open
Sources
2.0:
The
Con?nuing
Evolu?on
by
Chris
DiBona,
Mark
Stone,
and
Danese

Cooper


Thank You!

Nicole C. Engard
Vice President of Education
ByWater Solutions
nengard@bywatersolutions.com


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