Pathology of congenital heart disease

1. PEDIATRICS CONFERENCE
PATHOLOGY
OF
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
Boonyathee Sorawit MD.
Mar 25th , 2014

2. Epidemiology
 Congenital heart disease occurs in 0.5–0.8% of live births.
 Incidence is higher in stillborns (3–4%), spontaneous abortuses
(10–25%) and premature infants (about 2% excluding patent
ductus arteriosus [PDA])
 About 2–3 in 1,000 newborn infants will be symptomatic with
heart disease in the 1st year of life.
 The diagnosis is established by 1 week of age in 40–50% of
patients with congenital heart disease and by 1 month of age in
50–60% of patients.

3. Etiology
 Caused by developmental abnormalities
 Genetic factors
 chromosomal abnormalities
 outflow tract defect may cause by abnormal development of neural crest-
derived cell (region of chromosome 22)
 Environmental factors, such as congenital infection or teratogens
 Multifactorial: genetic, environmental, and maternal factors
 The risk of recurrence of congenital heart disease increases if a
1st-degree relative (parent or sibling) is affected.

4. Chromosome Abnormalities
 Down Syndrome (40%) AVSD, VSD
 Trisomy 13 (80%) VSD, PDA
 Trisomy 18 (100%) VSD, PDA
 Turner’s Syndrome (35%) Coarctation of aorta
 Marfan’s Syndrome Aortic aneurysm, MVP

5. Teratogen
 Infection
 Rubella PDA, peripheral PS
 Drug
 Dilantin PS, AS
 Lithium Ebstein anomaly
 Alcohol VSD, ASD
 Retinoic acid Interrupted aortic arch, TGA, TOF
 Maternal disease
 Diabetes TGA, VSD, cardiomyopathy
 SLE Complete AV block

6. Frequencies of CHD
 VSD
 ASD
 Pulmonary stenosis
 PDA
 TOF
 AVSD
42 %
10 %
8 %
7 %
5 %
5 %

7. How to Approach Congenital Heart Disease

8. History Taking
 History of cardiology related
 Heart Failure
 Usually present in first year old
 Tachypnea, Prolong feeding, Poor weight gain, Diaphoresis, pale
(sympathetic activity increased), Exercise intolerance
 Cyanosis
 Hypoxic Spell
 Cyanosis, Tachypnea, Flaccid or loss of consciousness
 Arrhythmia
 Most common -> Supraventricular tachycardia
 Neurologic Symptoms
 Cerebral thrombosis, Brain Abscess

9. History Taking
 Maternal and Perinatal History
 History of drug used (Teratogen)
 Birth weight
 Family History
 Usually prevalence 8 in 1,000
 1st degree related increased in prevalence during 10 – 15 percent

10. Physical Examination
 General Appearance
 Finding dysmorphic feature
 Vital Signs
 Blood pressure -> Leg > Arm SBP 10-20 mmHg
 Pulse
 Weak Leg > Arm -> Coarctation of Aorta
 Diminish pulse -> Cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output
 Respiratory Rate (Upper limit)
 < 1 month 60 /min
 1 month – 1 year 50 /min
 1 year – 5 years 40 /min
 > 5 years 30 /mins

11. Physical Examination
 Jugular Venous Pressure
 Suspected right-side heart failure
 Cardiac Exam
 Inspection -> Precordial bulging (RV volume overload)
 Palpation
 Apex : 4th Lt intercostal space midclavicular line
 Thrill for grading murmur
 Auscultation

12. Physical Examination
 Pulmonary Exam
 Crepitation or Rales -> Pulmonary congestion
 Complication : Pneumonia -> Left to Right Shunt
 Liver and Spleen
 Right-side heart failure -> Hepatomegaly or splenomegaly
 Extremities
 Edema -> Systemic venous congestion -> Right-side heart failure
 Clubbing of finger -> Cyanotic heart

13. Chest X-Ray
 Cardiovascular Structure
 Location of Heart, Stomach and Liver
 Levocardia, Mesocardia, Dextrocardia (Left, Central, Right)
 Situs Solitus or Situs inversus
 Chamber and Heart Enlargement
 Cardiothoracic Ratio 50 – 60 %
 Identified what chamber enlargement
 Aorta
 Right or Left Aortic Arch
 Size of aorta

14. Chest X-ray
 Pulmonary Vasculature
 Increased pulmonary vasculature (Left to Right shunt)
 Decreased pulmonary vasculature (Right to Left shunt, PS, PA)
 Normal pulmonary vasculature (PS, AS)
 Extracardiac Structure
 Ribs and Vertebra
 Diaphragm
 Phrenic nerve paralysis, Diaphragmatic hernia
 Lung parenchyma
 Pneumonia or Atelectasis

15. Electrocardiography
 Ventricular Hypertrophy (Right or Left)
 Axis
Right Ventricular hypertrophy
• R wave >98th percentile in lead V1
• S wave >98th percentile in lead V6
• R wave in V1 + S wave in V6 >98th percentile
• R/S ratio >98 percentile in lead V1
• Right axis deviation
• qR pattern in V1
• Upright T wave in V1 (1 week old to 8 years old)
• RSR’ pattern in lead V1, where R’ >15 mm (<1
year old) or R’ >10 mm (>1 year old)
• Pure R wave in V1 >10 mm (newborn)
• RVH (by voltage criteria) with strain pattern
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
• R wave >98th percentile in lead V6
• S wave >98th percentile in lead V1
• R wave in V6 + S wave in V1 >98th percentile
• Q wave >98th percentile in lead lll or V6
• R/S ratio >98th percentile in lead V6
• LVH (by voltage criteria) with strain pattern

16. Congenital heart disease
 Cyanotic / Acyanotic
 Three major categories:
 left-to-right shunt
 right-to-left shunt
 obstruction
 A shunt is an abnormal communication between chambers or
blood vessels
 Direction and magnitude of shunt depends on
 Size of defect
 Relative pulmonary and systemic pressures
 Relative pulmonary and systemic resistance

17. Congenital heart
disease
Cyanosis Acyanosis
Increase pulmonary
blood flow
Decrease pulmonary
blood flow
Normal pulmonary
blood flow
Increase pulmonary
blood flow
How to Approach Congenital Heart Disease

18. Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

19. Acyanotic Heart Disease
 Left to Right Shunt
 Increased pulmonary blood flow
 Clinical -> Heart Failure
 VSD, ASD, PDA, AVSD
 Obstructive Lesions
 Normal pulmonary blood flow
 Clinical -> Exercise intolerance
 PS, AS, Coarctation of aorta

20. Acyanosis
Increase pulmonary
blood flow
Normal pulmonary
blood flow
RVH LVHRVHLVH
ASD
PAPVR
PS
MS
VSD
PDA
AVSD
AS
CoA

21. Increased pulmonary blood flow
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

22. Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
 5 – 10 % of Total congenital heart diseases
 2-fold of Female than male
 Three types exist : primum, secundum and sinus venosus
 The most common is the secundum type (Patent Foramen
Ovale; PFO)

23. Type of ASD
The Cardiovascular System
Cochard, Larry R., PhD, Netter's Atlas of Human Embryology, Updated Edition, Chapter 4, 83-111

24. Pathophysiology

25. Clinical Presentation
 Usually incidental finding heart murmur without symptoms
 1% of first year -> Developed heart failure
 Clinical heart failure depended on shunt
 Physical examination
 Increased right ventricular impulse
 Systolic ejection murmur at left upper sternal border (Relative PS)
 Widely fixed split second heart sound -> prolong ejection time

26. Investigation for Diagnosis
 Plain film (CXR)
 can be normal is early stages +/- when the ASD is small
 signs of increased pulmonary flow (shunt vascularity)
 enlarged pulmonary vessels
 upper zone vascular prominence
 vessels visible to the periphery of the film
 eventual signs of pulmonary arterial hypertension
 chamber enlargement
 right atrium
 right ventricle
 note : left atrium is normal in size & aortic arch is small to normal

27. Investigation for Diagnosis

28. Chest X-ray

29. Investigation for Diagnosis
 Electrocardiography
 Right axis deviation
 Right atrial enlargement
 Right ventricular hypertrophy (rsR’ in V1 80-90 %)

30. Complications
 Right-side heart failure
 Right side of the heart to work harder (Volume overload)
 Arrhythmias
 Atrial enlargement -> Atrial Fibrillation
 Stroke
 Clot pass Right to Left to Systemic circulation
 Pulmonary Hypertension

31. Treatment

32. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
 Most common of congenital heart disease (20 – 30 %)
 Type of VSD
 Subpulmonic VSD
 Perimembranous VSD
 Inlet VSD
 Muscular VSD

33. Pathophysiology

34. Clinical Presentation
 Depended on VSD size and Pulmonary vascular resistant
 Small VSD
 Usually asymptomatic
 Can detect murmur in 1st or 2nd weeks after birth
 Pansystolic murmur at Left lower parasternal border
 Moderate to Large VSD
 Developed heart failure in 1 – 2 months
 Murmur same as small VSD and loud P2
 Eisenmenger’s Complex

35. Eisenmenger’s Complex
 Consequence of a large preexisting left-to-right shunt
 Pulmonary artery pressures approach systemic levels and the
direction of the flow becomes bidirectional or right to left.
 The high pulmonary vascular resistance is usually established
in infancy (by age 2 years, except in ASD) and is sometimes
present from birth.

36. Eisenmenger’s Complex
Left to Right Shut
Increased pulmonary blood flow
(Shear stress / Circumferential stretch)
Endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling
(Smooth muscle cell proliferation, Increased in extracellular matrix, Intravascular thrombosis)
Increase in PVR
Inverted shunt : Right to Left
Cyanosis (Irreversible Process)

37. Investigation for Diagnosis
 Plain Film
 The chest radiograph can be normal with a small VSD.
 Larger VSDs may show cardiomegaly
 Left atrial enlargement
 Right and left ventricle can be enlarged
 A large VSD may also show features of pulmonary oedema, pleural
effusion or / and increased pulmonary vascular markings.

38. Investigation for Diagnosis

39. Chest X-ray

40. Investigation for Diagnosis
 Electrocardiography
 Small VSD : Normal EKG
 Moderate VSD : LVH (R in Lead V6 high and can be found deep Q)
 Large VSD : RVH and LVH

41. Treatment
 Spontaneous Closure (35 –
40 % within 2 years)
 Below 6 months that can’t
control heart failure or
recurrence pneumonia
 6 – 24 months should
surgery in pulmonary
hypertension case

42. Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD)
 Endocardial cushion defect
 4 – 5 % of Total congenital heart disease
 40 % of Down Syndrome -> CHD
 40 % of CHD in Down Syndrome -> AVSD
 Type of AVSD
 Complete AVSD
 Primum ASD + Inlet VSD + Common AV valve
 Partial AVSD
 Primum ASD +/- Cleft of Mitral valve
 Transitional (Intermediate) AVSD
 Primum ASD + Small VSD but Separate Mitral and Tricuspid valve

43. Pathophysiology

44. Clinical Presentation
 Partial and Intermediate AVSD
 Can be developed heart failure in infant
 Cardiac murmur
 Systolic ejection murmur (Relative PS)
 Widely fixed split S2
 Pansystolic murmur at Apex (MS)
 Complete AVSD
 Within 4-8 weeks after birth can be developed heart failure
 Cardiac murmur same as above and Loud P2

45. Investigation for Diagnosis
 Plain Film
 Not specific can be found chamber enlargement
 Increased Pulmonary Vasculature

46. Investigation for Diagnosis

47. Chest X-ray

48. Investigation for Diagnosis
 Electrocardiography
 Left superior QRS axis (Lead I : positive and aVF : negative)
 Right ventricular hypertrophy or combine ventricular hypertrophy

49. Treatment

50. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
 9 – 12 % of Total
congenital heart
disease
 2 fold of prevalence in
female than male
 80 % of Low birth
weight (1,200 gm)

51. Ductus arteriosus
 Lung expansion
 PVR↓ , PBF↑, PO2↑
 PGE2↓
 Ductus arteriosus constriction
 Functionally closed; immediately after birth (within 10-15hr)
 Anatomical closure; a week to 10 days
→ Ligamentum arteriosum

52. Pathophysiology

53. Clinical Presentation
 Small duct with no LV volume overload (normal LV) and normal
PAP (generally asymptomatic)
 Moderate PDA with predominant LV volume overload:
 large LV with normal or reduced function (may present with left
heart failure)
 Moderate PDA with predominant PAH:
 pressure-overloaded RV (may present with right heart failure)
 Large PDA:
 Eisenmenger physiology with differential hypoxaemia and
differential cyanosis (lower extremities cyanotic, sometimes left
arm, too)

54. Investigation for Diagnosis
 Plain Film
 may vary depending on
 isolated or associated with other cardiac anomalies
 direction of shunt flow (right to left or left to right).
 Can have cardiomegaly
 predominantly left atrial and left ventricular enlargement

55. Investigation for Diagnosis

56. Chest X-ray

57. Investigation for Diagnosis
 Electrocardiography
 Small PDA : normal
 Medium to Large PDA :
 LA enlargement (wide P wave > 2.5 mm)
 LV hypertrophy (R wave in lead V6 > 98th percentile)
 +/- ST elevation (decreased diastolic filling time -> myocardial ischemia)

58. Treatment
 Preterm with congestive heart failure
 Restrict fluid with corrected anemia (Keep Hct > 45%)
 Indomethacin should be used within 10 days
 Low birth weight : 0.2 mg/kg in first dose and 2nd – 3rd dose q 12-24 hrs
 < 2 days : 0.1 mg/kg
 2-7 days : 0.2 mg/kg
 > 7 days : 0.25 mg/kg
 Small PDA
 should perform intervention if more than 1 year old
 Medium to Large PDA with clinical heart failure
 should perform intervention as soon as possible

59. Treatment

60. Normal pulmonary blood flow
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

61. Coarctation of aorta (CoA)
 6 – 8 % of Total congenital
heart disease
 2-fold of prevalence in male
than female
 35 % associated with Turner
syndrome
 Type of Coarctation of aorta
 Simple CoA -> +/- PDA
 Complex CoA -> Associated
with other congenital heart
disease

62. Pathophysiology

63. Clinical Presentation
 Depended on severity of stenosis and other congenital heart
disease
 critical CoA
 Shock, Hypotension, Congestive heart failure
 Ductal Dependent systemic blood flow
 Anemia, Poor perfusion, Tachypnea
 Weak pulse and BP Leg > Arm
 Differential cyanosis Leg < Arm (Except Large PDA)
 Adulthood may be present hypertension unknown caused
 Systolic ejection murmur at left upper sternal border

64. Investigation for Diagnosis
 Plain Film
 rib notching
 Compression of intercostal collateral arteries below rib
 3 sign
 Proximal to stenosis -> enlargement
 Distal to stenosis -> narrow
 pulmonary vascular marking normal

65. Chest X-ray

66. Investigation for Diagnosis
 Electrocardiography
 critical CoA
 Right ventricular hypertrophy
 Pumping of right ventricle -> ductus arteriosus -> descending aorta

67. Treatment
 Critical CoA
 Maintain Airway
 Prostaglandin E 1 for opening ductus arteriosus
 Coarctation repair

68. Treatment

69. Pulmonary Stenosis (PS)
 25 – 30 % of total congenital heart disease
 Type of pulmonary stenosis
 Pulmonary valve stenosis
 Infundibular stenosis
 Pulmonary artery stenosis

70. Clinical Presentation
 Subinfundibular/infundibular:
 asymptomatic or they may present with angina, dyspnoea, dizziness, or
syncope
 Valvular:
 Mild to moderate valvular PS (Usually asymptomatic)
 Moderate PS can progress at the valvular level (calcification) or at the subvalvular
level, due to reactive myocardial hypertrophy
 Severe stenosis
 dyspnoea and reduced exercise capacity, and have a worse prognosis
 Supravalvular:
 asymptomatic or have symptom of dyspnoea and reduced exercise
capacity

71. Investigation for Diagnosis
 Plain film
 Non specific
 normal heart size
 Right ventricular hypertrophy
 Dilated pulmonary trunk or a main pulmonary artery
 Electrocardiography
 Right axis deviation
 Right atrial enlargement
 Right ventricle hypertrophy

72. Chest X-ray

73. Treatment
 Mild PS
 Follow up and aware bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis
 Moderate to Severe PS
 Balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty
 Valvulotomy in case fail balloon valvuloplasty or dysplastic
pulmonic valve
 Critical PS
 Need ductus arteriosus should give prostaglandin E1 and corrected
anemia

74. Treatment

75. Aortic Stenosis (AS)
 3-8 % of total congenital heart disease
 4-fold of prevalence in male than female
 Type of aortic stenosis
 Aortic valve stenosis
 Subaortic stenosis
 Supravalvular aortic stenosis

76. Clinical Presentation
 90 % Asymptomatic
 10 % developed heart failure in first year
 2/3 occur in 1-2 months
 Tachypnea, low birth weight, hepatomegaly
 Critical AS
 Cardiogenic shcok, poor perfusion
 Ductal dependent systemic blood flow
 +/- Difference cyanosis (Due to PA pass to Aorta)

77. Investigation for Diagnosis
 Plain Film
 Usually normal cardiac size
 Critical AS -> Cardiomegaly
 Electrocardiography
 Critical AS
 Right atrial enlargement
 Right ventricle hypertrophy
 In adulthood
 Left ventricular hypertrophy
 +/- inverted T wave or ST depression in lead V5 and V6 due to myocardial
ischemia in severe stenosis

78. Treatment
 Mild AS
 No specific treatment -> F/U clinical and echocardiogram q 1-2 year
 Moderate AS (PPSG 50–75 mmHg) or EKG change or have
symptom
 Balloon valvuloplasty or valvulotomy
 Severe AS (PPSG > 75 mmHg)
 Suggest Balloon valvuloplasty or valvulotomy even though no
clinical symptom
 Critical AS
 Prostaglandin E1
 Inotropic drug

79. Treatment

80. Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

81. Acyanotic Heart Disease
 Decreased pulmonary blood flow
 Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction ->
right–to–left shunt
 Increased pulmonary blood flow
 Can be developed to congestive heart failure and cyanosis

82. Cyanosis
Decrease pulmonary
blood flow
Increase pulmonary
blood flow
RVH CVHRVHLVH
TOF
PA/VSD
Critical PS
DORV/PS
TGA/VSD/PS
TGA
TAPVR
DORV
HLHS
PA/IVS
Tricuspid
atresia
Truncus
arteriosus

83. Decreased pulmonary blood flow
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

84. Tetralogy of Follot (TOF)
 Most common in cyanotic congenital heart disease
 9 % of total congenital heart disease
 4 Common of defect
 Ventricular septal defect
 Pulmonary stenosis
 Overriding of aorta
 Right ventricular hypertrophy

85. Pathophysiology

86. Clinical Presentation
 Early clinical presentation
 A heart murmur in infancy and progressive cyanosis (from right to
left shunting at the ventricular level secondary to RVOTO).
 Unoperated tetralogy carries a poor prognosis (.95% of patients
used to die before 40 years of age).
 Late clinical presentation
 Late survival after tetralogy repair is excellent, with a 35-year
survival of 85%.

87. Hypoxic Spell
Increased
Right to Left shunt
Hypoxia
Metabolic Acidosis
Hyperpnoea
Increased
systemic venous return
Infundibular
Spasm
Decreased Systemic
vascular resistance

88. Investigation for Diagnosis
 Plain Film
 Boot shape heart
 Apex shift with pulmonary trunk indentation
 Decreased pulmonary marking
 Electrocardiography
 Usually found Right ventricular hypertrophy

89. Chest X-Ray

90. Treatment
 Hypoxic Spells (Emergency condition)
 Knee-Chest Position
 Control Crying
 Oxygen supplement
 Morphine 0.1 mg/kg (Sedate and reduce infundibular spasm)
 IV Hydration and correct metabolic acidosis
 +/- drug for increased systemic vascular resistance
 Propranolol 1-4 mg/kg/day q 6-8 hrs
 Correct Anemia
 Surgery consideration

91. Treatment

92. Tricuspid Atresia (TA)
 3 % of total congenital heart disease
 Hemodynamic
 Blood can’t flow from right atrium to right ventricle
 Right Atrium -> Left atrium (Via ASD) -> Left ventricle)

93. Clinical presentation
 Developed cyanosis in 1 month
 Large VSD and no pulmonary stenosis
 Heart failure due to decreased pulmonary vascular resistance
 Progressive cyanosis due to restrictive VSD
 Progressive pulmonary stenosis -> Hypoxic Spell
 Cardiac murmur
 Pansystolic murmur at left lower sternal border (restrictive VSD)
 Systolic ejection murmur (pulmonary stenosis)
 Single second heart sound

94. Investigation for Diagnosis
 Plain Film
 Normal or minimal cardiomegaly
 Decreased pulmonary vascular marking
 Electrocardiography
 Left superior QRS axis
 R wave amplitude in lead V1 low (due to hypoplastic right ventricle)
 +/- Left ventricular hypertrophy

95. Treatment
 Newborn with severe cyanosis
 Give PGE1 dose 0.05–0.1 mcg/kg/min for maintain ductus arteriosus
 Consider modified Blalock-Taussig shunt
 If restrictive ASD -> balloon atrial septostomy
 Large VSD and no pulmonary stenosis
 For prevent to develop heart failure -> pulmonary artery banding

96. Timing for Operation
 6 – 12 months
 Bidirectional Glenn shunt
 Superior vena cava -> pulmonary artery
 3 – 4 year
 Fontan operation or total cavopulmonary shunt
 Inferior vena cava -> pulmonary artery

97. Treatment

98. Increased pulmonary blood flow
Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

99. Transposition of Great Arteries (TGA)
 5 % of total congenital heart disease
 Ventriculo-arterial discordance:
 Left ventricle to pulmonary artery
 Right ventricle to aorta

100. Pathophysiology

101. Clinical Presentation
 Pure TGA with small PFO and PDA
 Cyanosis after birth, metabolic acidosis
 Weak murmur, single second heart sound
 TGA with VSD
 Minimal cyanosis
 Developed heart failure in 2-6 months
 TGA with VSD with PS
 Similar tetralogy of Fallot
 Cyanosis but no clinical heart failure

102. Investigation for Diagnosis
 Plain film
 Cardiomegaly with a cardiac contours classically described as
appearing like an egg on a string.
 Narrowing of the superior mediastinum as result of the aortic and
pulmonary arterial configuration.
 Electrocardiography
 Right axis deviation
 Right ventricular hypertrophy
 TGA with VSD -> combined ventricular hypertrophy

103. Chest X-ray

104. Treatment
 Severe Cyanosis
 PGE1: dose 0.05– 0.1 mcg/kg/min for maintain ductus arteriosus
 Correct metabolic acidosis and electrolytes
 If persistent cyanosis
 Atrial balloon septostomy then consider arterial switch operation that
should perform within 2 weeks
 If more than 2 weeks -> Two-stage arterial switch operation
 Pulmonary banding -> For Left ventricle hypertrophy
 Arterial switch after 7-10 days of pulmonary banding

105. Treatment
 TGA with VSD and PS -> Palliative operation
 modified Blalock–Taussig shunt then considered definite surgery
if body weight 10-15 kgs for Ratelli Operation
 Closed VSD and used conduit bridging between right ventricle and
pulmonary artery

106. Treatment

107. Truncus Arteriosus
 < 1 % of total congenital heart disease
 Common route between pulmonary artery and aorta

108. Type of Truncus arteriosus

109. Clinical Presentation
 Minimal Cyanosis
 Can be developed heart failure in 1 month
 Cardiac murmur : pansystolic murmur at left lower sternal
bonder
 Single second heart sound

110. Investigation for Diagnosis
 Plain Film
 Cardiomegaly
 Increased pulmonary marking
 Electrocardiography
 Left atrial enlargement
 Combined ventricular hypertrophy

111. Treatment
 Control heart failure during waiting for operation
 Consider for Total repair (Should perform before 6 months)
 Closed VSD
 Connected conduit between right ventricle to pulmonary artery
 If can’t do total repair
 Pulmonary artery banding for prevent pulmonary vascular
obstructive disease

112. Treatment

113. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
(TAPVR)
 1.5 % of total congenital heart disease
 Usually pulmonary vein must drainage into Left atrium but
blood returning from the lungs drains back to the right side of
the heart.

114. Pathophysiology

115. Type of TAPVR

116. Clinical Presentation
 56 % Symptom presented in first month
 Minimal cyanosis
 Sign of Heart failure
 Systolic ejection murmur at left upper sternal border (Relative PS)

117. Investigation for Diagnosis
 Plain film
 The right heart is prominent
 because of the increased flow volume
 The supracardiac variant (type I) can classically depict a snowman
appearance on a frontal chest radiograph, also known as figure of 8
heart or cottage loaf heart .

118. Chest X-Ray

119. Investigation for Diagnosis
 Electrocardiography
 Right axis deviation
 Right atrium enlargement
 Right ventricular hypertrophy

120. Treatment
 Should perform Total repair as soon as possible

121. Double-outlet right ventricular (DORV)
 Two Great Arteries (Aorta and Pulmonary Artery) both originate
from the right ventricle
 Blood from the left ventricle passes across a VSD into the RV to
reach the great arteries

122. Double-outlet right ventricular (DORV)

123. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)
 Left side of the heart is very poorly formed
 Cannot support the main circulation.
 Left ventricle and aorta are abnormally small (hypoplastic)

124. Treatment

125. Thank you for your kind attention.

126. Reference
 Moss and Adams’ heart disease in infants, children, and
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