2. Pont du Gard, Nîmes (France). Imperial Roman, Late first century BCE.

3. Flavian Amphitheater (the Coliseum). Imperial Roman, 70-80 CE.

4. Apollodorus of Damascus. Forum of Trajan, Imperial Roman, c. 112 CE.

6. Temple (perhaps dedicated to Portunus)In the Cattle Market, Rome. Late second century BCE.

7. Seen from rear. Temple (perhaps dedicated to Portunus)In the Cattle Market, Rome. Late second century BCE.

8. Temple (perhaps dedicated to Portunus)In the Cattle Market, Rome. Late second century BCE.

9. Iktinos and Kallikrates. The Parthenon (seen from northwest). Athens, Greece. 447-438 BCE. Reconstruction of an Etruscan temple, according to description by Vitruvius.

10. Reconstruction of an Etruscan temple, according to description by Vitruvius. Iktinos and Kallikrates. The Parthenon Athens, Greece, 447-438 BCE. Temple, perhaps dedicated to Portunus,In the Cattle Market, Rome. Late 2nd century BCE

11. Nîmes

14. Pont du Gard, Nîmes (France). Late first century BCE.

15. Pont du Gard, Nîmes (France). Late first century BCE.

18. FlavianAmpitheater 72-80 CE Vespasian 69-79 CE Titus  79-80 CE

20. ★Engaged columns only give the impression of support. The arcades could support themselves. Corinthian Engaged columns Ionic Doric Flavian Amphitheater (Coliseum), Rome, 72-80 BCE.

21. Groin Vault Flavian Amphitheater (Coliseum), Interior Vaults, Rome, 72-80 BCE.

22. Diagram of an arch Diagram of a barrel vault Vaults supported the seats and substructure of the Coliseum.

23. Diagram of a barrel vault Diagram of a groin vault Groin vaults are two crossed barrel vaults.

24. Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum) Reconstruction, Rome, 72-80 BCE.

25. Inaugural festivities by Emperor Titus: 100 days, in which 9,000 animals and 2,000 gladiators were killed. Flavian Amphitheater (Coliseum), Rome, 72-80 BCE.

26. Flavian Amphitheater (Coliseum), Rome, 72-80 BCE.

27. Gladiatorial Entertainments, “Zliten Mosaic”, Dar BucAmmera Villa, Zliten, Libya, c. before 80 CE

28. Musicians and Costumed Performers Gladiatorial Entertainments, “Zliten Mosaic”, Dar BucAmmera Villa, Zliten, Libya, c. before 80 CE

29. Gladiator vs. Gladiator Gladiatorial Entertainments, “Zliten Mosaic”, Dar BucAmmera Villa, Zliten, Libya, c. before 80 CE

30. Gladiator vs. Beast Gladiatorial Entertainments, “Zliten Mosaic”, Dar BucAmmera Villa, Zliten, Libya, c. before 80 CE

31. Beast vs. Beast Gladiatorial Entertainments, “Zliten Mosaic”, Dar BucAmmera Villa, Zliten, Libya, c. before 80 CE

32. ★ 80 exits to accommodate 50,000 spectators Flavian Amphitheater (Coliseum), Rome, 72-80 BCE.

33. Forum of Trajan Dacia Rome Trajan  98-117 CE

34. Forum of Trajan

35. M a r k e t s Temple to the Divine Trajan Basilica Ulpia Libraries Longitudinal Axis Column of Trajan Apollodorus of Damascus. Forum of Trajan, (reconstruction), Dedicated in 112 CE.

36. Apollodorus of Damascus, Forum of Trajan (Model), c. 117 CE.

37. Apollodorus of Damascus, Entrance to the Basilica Ulpia, Forum of Trajan, c. 117 CE.

38. Apollodorus of Damascus, Basilica Ulpia, Forum of Trajan, c. 117 CE.

39. *Merchants’ Stalls *Taverns/Food Stalls *Communal Space Apollodorus of Damascus, Markets, Forum of Trajan, c. 117 CE.

40. The Pantheon Hadrian  117-138 CE

41. The Pantheon Pantheon

42. ★Temple dedicated to all the gods (pan=all and theion=gods) dome pediment cylindrical drum porch The Pantheon, Rome, c. 118-125 CE.

43. Temple, perhaps dedicated to Portunus. In the Cattle Market, Rome. Late second century BCE. The Pantheon, Rome, c. 118-125 CE.

44. ★20 feet Oculus Coffer ★60 feet ★ 143 feet The Pantheon, Rome, c. 118-125 CE.

45. ★Niches once held the statues of gods, but were replaced by saints in 609 by Pope Boniface IV. The Pantheon, Interior, Rome, c. 118-125 CE.

46. The Baths of Caracalla Caracalla  c. 211-217 CE

47. The Baths of Caracalla

48. The Baths of Caracalla, Rome, c. 211 CE

49. The Baths of Caracalla, Rome, c. 211 CE

50. The Baths of Caracalla, Rome, c. 211 CE

51. Calderium, The Baths of Caracalla, Rome, c. 211 CE

52. The Baths of Caracalla, Rome, c. 211 CE

53. Mosaics, The Baths of Caracalla, Rome, c. 211 CE

54. Critical Thinking Questions What is the importance of construction to Roman emperorship and empire-building? What were some of the major structural and material innovations of Roman engineers? What are some key differences between Roman temples and Greek temples? What does the term “bread and circuses” mean? How does this connect to architecture?