Data 2 Documents: Modular and Distributive Content Management in RDF

Data 2 Documents
Modular and Distributive
Content Management in RDF
Niels Ockeloen, Victor de Boer, Tobias Kuhn and Guus Schreiber
EKAW 2016 v 21 November 2016

The ‘web of documents’
Sharing content between web
documents and systems is hard
¤  Content Management Systems
all have Specific implementation
details and data models
¤  46% of websites uses a know CMS
¤  Content exchange using offline
converters, plugins, RSS, IFrames
¤  No clear standards for sharing fragments of content on the web
¤  Most common: including HTML snippets (e.g. YouTube videos)
¤  Social Media platforms analyse the content of added links
Data 2 Documents Modular and Distributive Content Management in RDF
Niels Ockeloen, Victor de Boer, Tobias Kuhn and Guus Schreiber v EKAW 2016 v 21 November 2016

The ‘web of data’
Using Linked Data in web
documents is non-trivial
¤  Tools often require a lot of expert
knowledge to use
¤  Not as trivial as doing regular web
content management
¤  Applications, tools and plugins are
in many cases created specifically
for the task or purpose at hand

Can we solve both with one solution?
Our ambition is to turn the technology stack around:
Not yet another tool, but using RDF/Linked Data as
the foundation for doing content management on
the web
¤  RDF-based Linked Data has all the
necessary properties
¤  Eliminating traditional boundaries
between sites
¤  No difference between regular content and existing Linked
Data; provides a way of including Linked Data in web
documents
¤  Bridges the ‘gap’ between the Web of Data and the Web of
Documents

‘Ripping apart web documents’

‘Ripping apart web documents’
Data 2 Documents
Declarative Content Management
expressed in RDF
RENDERING
AND STYLE
TEXT
IMAGE

The knowledge involved
We want to facilitate re-use of the effort put into the
selection, composition and rendering of data
¤  How to select data?
¤  How to compose that data into
logical document sections?
¤  How to render those in the document?
¤  How to re-use those efforts?
à We need to model the knowledge involved in these tasks!

The Data 2 Documents vocabulary
Models the knowledge needed for
RDF based Content Management
¤  Provides essential abstraction
layers for Content Management
¤  Extends upon the notion of
Semantic Elements in HTML5
¤  Works with heterogeneous
Linked Data from multiple sources
¤  Makes Content Management
Declarative, Modular and Distributive

Relation with HTML5
HTML5 offers guidance for
breaking up web documents
with semantic elements
like Article, Section, Header, etc.
¤  A document consist of a
number of nested Sections
¤  An Article is a Section with
content that can be read
out of context, as in Syndication
¤  HTML5 does not specify how to
achieve this re-use; Data 2 Documents facilitates this

Render Definition
Definitions to (re)construct documents
Article Definitions and Render Definitions provide the abstraction
layers of data selection, composition, and rendering
Article Definition
Field Specification
Field Specification
Triple
Specification

Modularity and Distributiveness
Content and Definitions can be located on different servers
across the web, and can be re-used by others
Multiple Article Definitions can fit the same data, while
multiple Render Definitions can fit the same Article Definition

Vocabulary schema
Definitions: which data is selected? And how it is rendered?

Reference implementation
A general parsing script
that interprets the d2d
vocabulary
¤  Based mainly on two
recursive functions
¤  Processing of Sections
¤  Processing of Triple
Specifications
Data 2 Documents
Function ProcessSection(Section) {
Definition = GetFromLibrary(Section->Type);
ForEach FieldSpec in Definition {
TripleSpec = FieldSpec->TripleSpec;
Field = ProcessTripleSpec(TripleSpec, Section);
If (Field->Type == Section) {
ProcessSection(Field);
} else {
Render(Field);
}
}
}
Function ProcessTripleSpec(TripleSpec, Section) {
NeededPr = TripleSpec->NeededPredicate;
Object = Section->{NeededPr};
NestedTripleSpec = TripleSpec->mustSatisfy();
If (NestedTripleSpec != Null) {
return ProcessTripleSpec(NestedTripleSpec, Object);
} else {
return Object;
}
}
Modular and Distributive Content Management in RDF

Evaluation
Goal: Sanity Check – Can people actually work with this?
¤  Two experiments
¤  7 Linked Data experts
¤  73 Master students
¤  Change and
extend a D2D
based web
document
¤  Using only an
online text editor

Tasks
Participants had to perform 9 tasks
and fill in a questionnaire
¤  Increasing in complexity
¤  Copy article
¤  Edit articles
¤  Create article based on external FOAF profile
¤  Re-use articles from other participants
¤  Place content using DBpedia IRIs
¤  Change the rendering of articles

Evaluation results (1)
Success Rate and Average Time for the first (red) and second (blue) experiment

Evaluation results (2)
Data 2 Documents
“I would consider using Data 2
Documents, if I have to develop a
general website in the future”
“Manually edi>ng Data 2 Documents
deﬁni>ons is not signiﬁcantly harder
to do than manually edi>ng HTML”
“I would consider using Data 2
Documents, if I have to develop a site
in the future that uses Linked Data”

Conclusions
Data 2 Documents (d2d): A vocabulary for Modular and Distributive
Content Management in a declarative fashion, expressed in RDF
¤  Facilitates sharing content across sites, and re-use of the knowledge
needed for data selection, composition and rendering
¤  Participants do not disagree that manually editing d2d definitions is
not significantly harder to do than manually editing HTML
¤  The majority of participants would consider using d2d to develop
websites with Linked Data
Future work
¤  Creation of GUI components
¤  JavaScript implementation

Two sides of the story
Why is this interesting from a Knowledge Engineering and
Knowledge Management perspective?
¤  The representation and re-use aspect of knowledge in existing
knowledge bases and systems, including the Linked Open
Data Cloud
¤  The modeling and managing of the knowledge involved in
doing RDF-based Content Management
¤  How to compose data elements into documents
¤  Which elements, In what order, From what pattern, Constraints
¤  How to use that composition in a certain context
¤  In this case, the rendering in HTML5

Questions…
www.data2documents.org
Data 2 Documents
Thank you for
your attention

“The assignment was really helpful to understand about linked data.”
“I can see why people would make use of D2D, it is easy to connect
different files to each other without having to have the needed files.”
“Even though different articles in the course syllabus presented RDF syntax
and HTML editing, no real commitment was asked from the reader to
implement any of the suggested techniques. Thereby I have realized that
my theoretical coverage of the material was until now incomplete given
that it lacked a practical approach. This introductory experiment with
Linked Data management through D2D documents has therefore
provided me with a broader insight of the specifics that web document
linkage, editing and organizing requires.”
“I really liked this assignment and would have wanted to have more
assignments similar to this one.”
“Completing this assignment I felt like I learned a lot and found a better
way to interlinking webpages and making websites than the traditional
way of making them.”
“When I read the instructions at first I did not understand all the tasks. But
after some minutes of reflection, it was an interesting challenge and I
would have liked to do more exercises like this, because it is useful to put
into practice the topics you learn reading academic articles”

“It was nice to see how easy it is to use data from external sources to
create a nice website”
“I heard the terms Linked Data and Open Data so many times, but never
actually had a hands-on experience. I am therefore, very happy with this
assignment. It was very nice to see the changes I made immediately
appearing on the website.”
“I personally really enjoyed this assignment. Data becomes very
accessible for re-use with D2D. The task where you take other people's
comments is a very good example.”
“I must say when I saw this assignment on BB for first time, I though I should
forget the 3 points because I done have any knowledge in HTML or Linked
Data, but I found one of the goals of this assignment exactly is that
everyone can work with it.”
“D2D is easy to use. I like the fact that it separates the design from the
content. Even without a graphical content management system, it is quite
easy to understand with some basic HTML knowledge.”
“Doing the tasks I realized how you can link all sorts of external knowledge
together in one page. When you want to change something to the
knowledge you just have to update some links and the website will
automatically be updated as well.”

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