PULMONARY DIFFUSION, EXCHANGE OF GASES

1. DR NILESH KATE
MBBS,MD
ASSOCIATE PROF
DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY
PULMONARY
DIFFUSION

2. OBJECTIVES
 Physics of gas diffusion & gas partial
pressure.
 Alveolar ventilation.
 Alveolar ventilation : perfusion ratio
 Alveolar air.
 Diffusion of gases through respiratory
membrane.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

3. INTRODUCTION.
 External Respiration done by
 Pulmonary ventilation
 Pulmonary diffusion
 Transport of gases.
 Main content
 Physics of gas diffusion & gas partial pressure
 Alveolar ventilation
 Ventilation-Perfusion ratio
 Diffusion of gases through respiratory membrane.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

4. PHYSICS OF GAS DIFFUSION &
GAS PARTIAL PRESSURE.
 Gas Pressure – depend
upon following factors
 Concentration of
molecules. P α n
 Volume P α 1/v By
Boyle’s law of gases.
 Absolute Temperature
 By Charle’s law at
constant pressure
V α T
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

5. PHYSICS OF GAS DIFFUSION &
GAS PARTIAL PRESSURE.
 Partial Pressure
As per Dalton’s Law – the total pressure exerted by mixture
of gases is equal to the sum of partial pressure of all gases.
 Partial pressure of gases in water and tissue
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

6. PHYSICS OF GAS DIFFUSION &
GAS PARTIAL PRESSURE.
As per Henry’s Law –
when temperature is
constant content of
gases dissolved in any
solution is directly
proportional to partial
pressure of gas.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

7. PHYSICS OF GAS DIFFUSION &
GAS PARTIAL PRESSURE.
 Partial Pressure – At equilibrium partial pressure in liquid
phase is equal to partial pressure in gas
 In absence of equilibrium partial pressure of gas in liquid
phase is less than in gas phase.
 Solubility Coefficient – solubility coefficient of CO2 is 24
times more & that of N2 is half of that of oxygen.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

8. WATER VAPOUR PRESSURE
 Vapour pressure of
water depend on its
temperature.
 At body temp vapour
pressure of water in
alveolar air is 47 mm
Hg.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

9. ALVEOLAR VENTILATION.
 Volume of fresh air which
reaches the gas exchange
area of the lung each min.
 Alveolar Ventilation =
respiratory rate × (tidal
volume – dead space
volume)
 = 12 × (500-150)
 4200 ml/min
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

10. PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
OF ALVEOLAR VENTILATION
 Subject 1 – TV = 500 ml, RR = 12/min
 Pulmonary ventilation = 12 × 500 = 6L/min
 Alveolar ventilation = 12 × 500-150 = 4.2 L/min
 Subject 2 – TV = 200 ml, RR = 30/min
 Pulmonary ventilation = 30 × 200 = 6L/min
 Alveolar ventilation = 30 × 200-150 = 1.5 L/min
Though in both pulmonary ventilation is same other
subject alveolar ventilation is much less & will
suffer from hypoxia & Hypercapnia.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

11. DEAD SPACE

12. DEAD SPACE AIR
 Anatomical dead space air.
 Alveolar dead space air.
 Physiological dead space.
 Measurement of anatomical dead space.
 Measurement of physiological dead space.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

13. Introduction Total 23 generations of
airways b/w trachea &
alveolar sac.
 First 16 generations:
 Conducting zone
 No gaseous exchange
 Up to terminal bronchiole
 Last 7 generations
 Transitional & respiratory zone
 Gaseous exchange
 Include respiratory bronchiole,
alveolar ducts & alveoli

14. DEAD SPACE
 Part of the tidal volume that does not take
part in gaseous exchange with pulmonary
capillary blood.
 This can be:
 Anatomical dead space
 Alveolar dead space
 Total (Physiological) dead space

15. ANATOMICAL DEAD SPACE
 Gas in the conducting areas of the
respiratory passage, where no
gaseous exchange occurs.
 Volume of air from nose to
terminal bronchiole.
 Approximately equal to the body
weight in pounds.
So, in a 68 kg (150 lb) manSo, in a 68 kg (150 lb) man
Anatomical dead space = 150 mlAnatomical dead space = 150 ml
i.e. out of 500 ml inspired air, only 350 mli.e. out of 500 ml inspired air, only 350 ml
reaches the alveoli for gaseous exchange.reaches the alveoli for gaseous exchange.
rest 150 ml just fills the anatomical dead spacerest 150 ml just fills the anatomical dead space
During expiration,During expiration,
First 150 ml – dead space airFirst 150 ml – dead space air
Last 350 ml – alveolar airLast 350 ml – alveolar air

16. ANATOMICAL DEAD SPACE
 Alveolar ventilation (amount of air
reaching the alveoli per min) is less
than the respiratory minute volume.
If, tidal volume = 500 ml & RR = 12/minIf, tidal volume = 500 ml & RR = 12/min
Dead space volume = 150 mlDead space volume = 150 ml
Then, air reaching the alveoli = 500-150 mlThen, air reaching the alveoli = 500-150 ml
= 350 ml= 350 ml
Minute volume = 500 x 12 = 6 l/minMinute volume = 500 x 12 = 6 l/min
Alveolar ventilation = (500-150) x 12Alveolar ventilation = (500-150) x 12
= 350 x 12= 350 x 12
= 4200 ml= 4200 ml

17. ANATOMICAL DEAD SPACE
 Rapid shallow breathing produces
much less alveolar ventilation than
slow deep breathing at the same
respiratory minute volume.
Respiratory rateRespiratory rate 30/min30/min 10/min10/min
Tidal volumeTidal volume 200 mL200 mL 600 mL600 mL
Minute volumeMinute volume 6 L6 L 6 L6 L
Alveolar ventilation (200 – 150) x 30 (600 – 150) x 10Alveolar ventilation (200 – 150) x 30 (600 – 150) x 10
= 1500 mL = 4500 mL= 1500 mL = 4500 mL

18. ALVEOLAR DEAD SPACE
 Gas present in under-
perfused or non-perfused
alveoli and excess gas
present in over-ventilated
alveoli.
 Alveolar air that is not
equilibrating with the
pulmonar capillary blood.
If, Tidal volume = 500 mlIf, Tidal volume = 500 ml
Anatomical dead space = 150 mlAnatomical dead space = 150 ml
Alveolar dead space = 100 mlAlveolar dead space = 100 ml
Effective alveolar ventilation = 500 – 150 – 100Effective alveolar ventilation = 500 – 150 – 100
= 250 ml= 250 ml

19. TOTAL (PHYSIOLOGICAL) DEAD
SPACE
 Total volume of inspired air
that does not equilibrate with
the pulmonary capillary blood.
 Total DS = Anatomical DS +
Alveolar DS
 In a healthy individual, Total
DS and Anatomical DS are
equal.

20. MEASUREMENT OF DEAD SPACE
 Anatomic dead space – Single breath N2 curve
 Total dead space – Bohr’s equation
PECO2 x VT = PaCO2 x (VT – VD) + PICO2 x VD
PCO 2 of the expired gas (PECO 2)
Arterial PCO 2 (PaCO 2)
PCO 2 of inspired air (PICO 2)
Tidal volume (VT)
Dead space volume (VD)

21. SINGLE BREATH N2 CURVE
 Subject is asked to take a
deep breath of Oxygen.
 This fills the entire dead
space with pure Oxygen.
 Some Oxygen also mixes with
the alveolar air but does not
completely replace their air.
 Then the person expires
through a rapidly recording
Nitrogen meter
end exp
VT
VD
VA

22. RESULTS OBTAINED
 First portion- from the dead
space regions-Nitrogen
concentration is zero.
 After some time- Nitrogen
concentration rises rapidly
because alveolar air containing
Nitrogen + dead space air.
 At end- only air from alveoli-
high steady concentration of
nitrogen.

23. CALCULATION :
 VE = total volume of
expired air.
 VD = dead space air
Suppose gray area = 30 cm ²Suppose gray area = 30 cm ²
Pink areaPink area = 70 cm ²= 70 cm ²
Total volume expired is 500 mlTotal volume expired is 500 ml
Then dead space would be :Then dead space would be : 30 x 50030 x 500
30+7030+70
= 150 ml= 150 ml

24. EFFECT OF GRAVITY ON
ALVEOLAR VENTILATION
 In Supine Position – alveolar ventilation evenly
distributed
 In Upright Position –
 Alveolar pressure is zero throughout lung
 Intrapleural pressure – at apex -10 mmHg & at base -2
mm Hg.
 So transpulmonary pressure -10 & -2 at apex & base
respectively.
 So linear reduction in regional alveolar ventilation from
base to apex.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

25. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
 So arterial
oxygenation in
unilateral lung
diseases is improved
by keeping good lung
in Dependent
Position.
 Opposite is done in
INFANT.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

26. ALVEOLAR VENTILATION :
PERFUSION RATIO
 Ratio of alveolar
ventilation per minute
to quantity of blood
flow to alveoli per
min.
 VA/Q = 4.2/5 = 0.84-
0.9
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

27. EFFECT OF GRAVITY
 Linear Reduction of blood flow and
alveolar ventilation from base to
apex.
 But gravity affects perfusion more
than ventilation.
 So as we go up from middle VA/Q
goes on increasing , about 3 at apex.
 At the base it is over perfused than
over ventilated so at the base is 0.6
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

28. CAUSES OF ALTERATION.
 Causes of altered
alveolar ventilation
 Bronchial asthma
 Emphysema
 Pulmonary fibrosis
 Pneumothorax
 Congestive heart failure
 Causes of altered
pulmonary perfusion.
 Anatomical shunts
 Pulmonary embolism
 Decrease in pulmonary
vascular bed in
emphysema
 Increase pulmonary
resistance in pulmonary
fibrosis, Pneumothorax,
CHF
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

29. EFFECTS OF ALTERATION IN
VA/Q RATIO.
 Normal VA/Q ratio –both normal alveolar
pO2 = 104 mmHg, pCO2 =40 mmHg.
 Increased VA/Q ratio. – alveolar dead space
air, VA/Q = infinity, pO2 = 149 mmHg, pCO2
= 0 mmHg.
 Decreased VA/Q ratio, pO2 = 40 mmHg,
pCO2 = 45 mmHg.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

30. ALVEOLAR AIR.
 Volume of air available for exchange of gases
in alveoli per breath
 Composition of alveolar air.
 Water vapors dilute the other gases in the inspired air.
 Alveolar air is renewed very slowly by atmospheric
air.
 Oxygen is constantly being absorbed from the alveolar
air.
 Carbon dioxide is constantly diffusing from the
pulmonary blood to alveoli.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

31. COMPOSITION OF EXPIRED
AIR
 First Portion – Dead
space air , composition
is similar to typical
humidified air.
 Middle Portion –
mixture of dead space
air & alveolar air.
 Last Portion –
alveolar air.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

32. ALVEOLAR GAS EQUATION
 Relationship between alveolar pO2 & pCO2
 Pao2 = pIO2 – pACO2 × {FIO2 + 1-
FIO2/RQ}
 pAO2 = alveolar air PO2
 pIO2 = Inspired air.
 pACO2 = alveolar air pCO2
 FIO2= fraction of O2 in dry air.
 RQ = Respiratory quotient (0.8)
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

33. DIFFUSION OF GASES THROUGH
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE.
 Respiratory unit & respiratory membrane.
 Factors affecting diffusion across respiratory
membrane.
 Diffusion & equilibrium of gases through
respiratory membrane.
 Perfusion limited versus diffusion limited gas
exchange.
 Effect of VA/Q ratio on pulmonary gas exchange.
 Diffusion capacity of lungs.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

34. RESPIRATORY UNIT &
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE.
 Respiratory Unit –
composed of
respiratory
bronchiole, alveolar
ducts, atria & alveoli.
 Respiratory
Membrane – separate
capillary blood from
alveolar air.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

35. STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY
MEMBRANE
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

36. FACTORS AFFECTING DIFFUSION
ACROSS RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE.
 Thickness of respiratory membrane – rate of
diffusion inversely proportional to thickness.
 Thickness increases in pulmonary oedema & fibrosis.
 Surface area of respiratory membrane – R@A
 Diffusion coefficient V@ D
 DC of CO2 20 times that of O2
 Pressure gradient across respiratory
membrane – V@(Pc-PA)
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

37. DIFFUSION & EQUILIBRIUM OF GASES
THROUGH RESPIRATORY
MEMBRANE.
 Diffusion of O2
 Alveolar PO2 = 104
mmHg, pulmonary
capillary PO2 – 40 mm Hg.
 Pressure Gradient = 64
mmhg.
 By the time blood passes
1/3rd
of distance in capillary
the PO2 of blood equals that
of alveoli.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

38. EQUILIBRATION TIME.
 Blood remains in
capillary for about 0.75
sec – Transit time
 Blood PO2 & alveolar
PO2 equalize in 0.25 sec
 Provide safety margin to
ensure O2 uptake during
stress.(exercise, high
altitude)
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

39. DIFFUSION OF CO2
 PCO2 in capillary
blood – 46 mmHg, in
alveoli – 40 mmHg.
 Pressure gradient –
6 mmHg.
 EQUILIBRATION
TIME – for PCO2 is
also 0.25 sec.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

40. Wednesday, June 22, 2016

41. EFFECT OF VA/Q RATIO ON
PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE.
 Optimum gas
exchange across
respiratory membrane
occurs when VA/Q
ratio is normal – 0.8-1
 Decrease as well as
increase in VA/Q ratio
reduces gas exchange.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

42. DIFFUSION CAPACITY OF
LUNGS.
 Quantitative expression of
the ability of the respiratory
membrane to exchange a
gas between alveoli & blood.
 Def – Volume of gas that
diffuses through
respiratory membrane of
lung each min for a
pressure gradient of 1
mmHg.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

43. FACTORS AFFECTING DIFFUSION
CAPACITY
 Diffusion Distance – Inversely proportional
to thickness of membrane.
 Surface Area – Directly Proportional
 Diffusion Coefficient - Directly Proportional
 Pressure Gradient - Directly Proportional
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

44. DIFFUSION CAPACITY OF
LUNGS FOR O2
 O2 Pressure
Gradient = 11 mmhg,
 So DLCO - At Rest –
20-25 ml/min/mm
Hg.
 During Exercise – 65
ml/min/mmHg
 Due to increase in
surface area
 Increase in VA/Q ratio.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

45. DIFFUSION CAPACITY OF
LUNGS FOR CO2
 At Rest – about 20
times that of O2
 400-500
ml/min/mmHg
 During exercise –
1200-1300
ml/min/mmHg.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

46. MEASUREMENT OF DIFFUSION
CAPACITY OF LUNGS
 By Fick’s law
v
 DL =--------
(pA-pC)
DL – diffusion capacity
V = volume of gas uptake in
1 min
pA-pC – presure gradient
between alveoli & blood.
 So DLO2
 = O2 consumption/min
---------------------
pAO2-pO2
CO is preferred for
measuring DLCO.
Wednesday, June 22, 2016

47. Thank
You