This document provides a learning module on biology for Form 4 students. It includes information on cell structure and organization, movement of substances into and out of cells, and the basic chemical components of living things like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Diagrams and tables are included to illustrate topics like organelle functions, osmosis, and the structures of biological molecules. The module aims to explain key concepts in biology and provide students with definitions, examples, and practice questions to enhance their understanding.
1. LEARNING MODULE
BIOLOGY
FORM 4 — 2008 EDITION
Prepared by :
NAME
CLASS
AL MUMIN HJ. AL KANTA
SMK Agaseh, Lahad Datu, SABAH
2. DIRECTION & ORIENTATION
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LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
Gastro (stomach)
Gaster juice is secreted by
stomach wall.
Hem (blood)
Type of blood pigment are
haemoglobin & haemoeritrin.
Hepato (liver)
Hepatic portal vein carry digested
food from small intestine to the
liver.
Cardio (heart)
Cardiovascular disease—heart
attack.
Reni, reno (kidney)
Adrenaline is the hormone
produced to prepare body to
counter emergency such as fear
and anger.
Cerebro (brain)
Cerebrum is the structure that
control conscious actions..
Thrombo (coagulate)
Thromboplastin & trombin
(enzyme for blood coagulation).
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a, an, ar (without)
e.g., anaerobic respiration.
ad (above)
e.g., Adrenal gland.
aero (air)
e.g., Aerobic respiration.
anti (anti/fight)
e.g., antibody & antitoxin.
bi (two)
e.g., bisep muscle & bicuspid
valve.
co (together)
e.g., codominan gene.
glyco (sugar)
e.g., glycolysis & glycogen.
homo (same)
hydro (water)
e.g., hydrolysis.
hyper (high)
e.g., hypertonic
hypo (low)
e.g., hypoglisemia (low
concentration of glucose)
macro (big/large)
e.g., macronutrient.
mono (one/single)
e.g., monosaccharides (single
sugar molecule)
multi/poly (many)
e.g., multicellular.
peri (around)
e.g., perisikel (plant tissue)
pod (leg)
e.g. pseudopodium.
sub (below)
e.g., submaksila gland.
genesis/genetic (formation)
e.g., oogenesis.
lysis (break down)
e.g., haemolysis (red blood cell
burst)
uria (urine)
e.g., glycosuria.
Anterior
(front)
Posterior
(back)
Longitudal section
A B
Total Surface Area per Volume
(TSA/V)
Material A is breaks down into B.
The volume is still the same but
differ in total surface area. TSA/V
of B is higher than A. Therefore,
the smaller the higher the value of
TSA/V. Food is need to be break
down into a small pieces to
increase its TSA/V so that easy for
enzyme to digest.
Cross sectional
Dorsal (top)
Ventral (bottom)
TERMS, AFFIXES & SUFFIXES
3. CELL—STRUCTURE & ORGANISATION
Cell Structure & Function
Label the diagram and complete the table below.
Organelle Function
Plasma membrane Regulate (control) the movement of substances into and out of cell.
Cell wall (plant)
Cytoplasm
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Nucleus
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1. Controls all the activities inside the cell.
2.
Endoplasmic
reticulum
• rough :
• smooth :
Ribosome
Mitochondrion
Golgi apparatus
Vacuole (plant)
Chloroplast (plant)
4. Cell Comparison
Compare the animal and plant cell based on aspects given below:
i. cell shape
ii. plasma membrane and cell wall
iii. vacuole
iv. organelle
v. food storage
Animal Cell Plant Cell
The Density of Organelle
• Some of the organelles presence in a large amount (high density) or abundance in
cell. The density of organelles depends on cell / tissue functions.
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Complete the table below.
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Cell’s shape is fixed and usually
rectangular or hexagonal.
Has a plasma membrane and no cell wall.
Food is stored in form of glycogen. Food is stored in form of starch.
Cell/Tissue High density
organelle The importance
Muscle cell Mitochondrion Produce energy for contraction and relaxation of
muscle for movement.
Liver cell
Sperm
Palisade cell
Heart muscle
cell Mitochondrion Produce energy for contraction and relaxation of
muscle to pump blood to the entire body.
5. Unicellular Organisms
1. Label the diagram of Amoeba and Paramecium.
2. Explain how Paramecium and Amoeba regulates the excess amount of water moves into
their body?
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.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Compare Amoeba and Paramecium based on aspects given below:
i. Habitat ii. Reproduction
iii. Movement iv. Nutrition
v. Number of nucleus
Amoeba Paramecium
Live in freshwater lakes and ponds. Live in freshwater lakes and ponds.
4. Explain why the cell structure of the unicellular organism is more complex compare to
human cells (e.g. epithelial cell).
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6. Cell Specialisation & Organisation
1. Cell specialisation is ...................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. Cell organisation is ...................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Cell Tissue Organ System
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Tissue Function
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Vascular tissue
Meristematic tissue
Nerve tissue
Muscle tissue
Adipose tissue
Smooth muscle cell
Epithelial cell
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Circular muscle
and longitudal
muscle
Endothelium
Esophagus, stomach
and intestine.
Inner layer of
intestine and enzyme
gland
Digestive system
Epithelial cell
Smooth muscle cell
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue (circular muscle
and longitudal muscle )
Organ : Intestine
Cell specialisation
Cell organisation (animal—digestive system)
7. Cambium cell Epidermal cell Parenchyma cell Xylem & Phloem cell
Meristematic tissue Epidermal tissue Cortex tissue
Temperature Osmosis pressure
Physical Factors
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Vascular tissue
Stem—organ
(cross sectional)
Cell organisation (plant—stem)
Regulating the Internal Environment
Internal Environment of Cell
Chemical Factors
Respiration
affect
Enzyme
affect
pH Concentration of minerals
affect
Concentration of glucose
• List down the tissues that can be found in hand.
.........................................................................................................................................
• By giving the example, explain the formation of nerve system — name the cells, tissues and
organs involved.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
8. 1. Why the internal environment of cells need to be maintained (constant)?
.........................................................................................................................................
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.........................................................................................................................................
2. Based on diagram, give the meaning of homeostasis
.........................................................................................................................................
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3. Explain the effect of factors given below.
Factor Effect to the cell
Temperature
Concentration of
mineral
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Environment with higher concentration (hypertonic) will caused water to
move out of the cell. Cell become dehydrated and finally die.
Concentration of
glucose
pH The increase or decrease of pH will caused enzyme to denatured.
Chemical reaction will stop and cell die.
Discussion
Predict the effect of factors given below to onion cell;
i. temperature 0 oC ...................................................................................
ii. salt solution 50% ...................................................................................
iii. solution with no glucose / sugar ...................................................................................
iv. hydrochloric acid solution (pH 2.0) ...................................................................................
9. Substances listed below are essential to living things. Explain the importance substances to the
cell.
Substances Function (the importance to the cell)
Glucose Source of energy.
Amino acid
Minerals
Water
Oxygen
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MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES
List out two substances that must be excreted or removed form the cell and their effect.
Substances Effect if not excreted from the cell
Structure of Plasma Membrane
1. Why substances need to move (in or out) the plasma membrane?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. Explain the terms given below:
i. polar ..............................................................................................................
ii. non-polar ..............................................................................................................
iii. hydrophobic ..............................................................................................................
iv. hydrophilic ..............................................................................................................
3. State the characteristics of substances given below:
i. glucose ..............................................................................................................
ii. amino acid ..............................................................................................................
iii. sodium ions ..............................................................................................................
iv. water ..............................................................................................................
v. lipid ..............................................................................................................
4. What is the meaning of selectively permeable?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
10. 4. Draw a simple diagram (2D drawing) of plasma membrane in given space below (based on
Fluid Mosaic Model). Label the carrier protein, pore protein and phospholipids bilayer.
List out two substances which pass (move) through the structure given below:
Structures Reasons — based on characteristic of
Based on the structure of plasma membrane, why it selectively permeable?
..............................................................................................................................................
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substances and structure
Phospholipids
Carrier protein
Pore protein Because its molecule is small enough to pass
through pore and water soluble.
Substances which
pass through
Movement of substances — types movement
Type Type of movement — give two reasons Two examples
Glucose and
Amino acid
11. Effect of osmosis to the cell
Explain the meaning of terms given below:
i. hypertonic ........................................................................................................................
ii. hypotonic ........................................................................................................................
iii. isotonic ........................................................................................................................
1. Compare the passive transport and active transport.
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Concentration
of solution
Type of
solution
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Hypertonic
(high concentration)
Isotonic
(equal concentration)
Hypotonic
(low concentration)
Cell shape
(plant cell)
Cell condition Normal
Cell condition Normal
Shape of
Outer layer
mustard stem
(longitudal
section)
Inner layer
Based on the table above, make a conclusion about osmosis?
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
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Practice
Passive Transport Active Transport
12. 2. What is the effect of the excess use of fertilizer to the plant? Why?
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
3. Why fermented fruits are not rotten (busuk) easily?
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
4. Vegetables are wilt (layu) if not soaked in the water. Why?
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
5. The diagram shows the changing of visking tube size after being soaked in solution Q for
Solution P Solution R
Solution
Q
60 minutes
(a) Explain why does the experiment shows the result as shown above — inferences.
N ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
M ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(b) Arrange in sequence the concentration of solution used in the experiment. Begins with
the highest.
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a 60 minutes.
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Tube N Tube M Tube N Tube M
13. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN THE CELL
What is:
i. inorganic compound ...................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
ii. organic compound ...................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
State one the role of substances and organic compounds given below.
Substances The importance (state one only)
Nitrogen Synthesis of protein, nucleic acid and organic compounds.
Sodium
Organic
compound The importance to the cells
Carbohydrates
Lipid
Protein Formation of plasma membrane and cell growth.
1 .........................................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................................
3 .........................................................................................................................................
4 .........................................................................................................................................
Carbo means carbon (C), while hydrates is water (H2O). Based on that meaning, what are the
elements that made up carbohydrates?
..............................................................................................................................................
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Sulphur
Phosphorus
Calsium
Magnesium
Nucleic acid
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Role of Water
Carbohydrates
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LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
Glucose
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Short notes
(structure & function)
Glucose
.......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
S
F
Starch
.......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
S
F
Glycogen
.......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
S
F
Cellulose
.......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose
S
F
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
Cellobiose Cellulose
Glucose Starch / Glycogen
Sucrose (sugarcane) -
Lactose (milk sugar) -
Monosaccharides : Glucose-Fructose-Galactose (MonoGFG)
Disaccharides : Sucrose-Lactose-Maltose (DiSuLaM)
Monomer
condensation
Polymer
- H2O
hydrolysis
+ H2O
Formation of disaccharides & polysaccharides
Hydrolysis—addition of
water that cause molecule
to break down
Protein
1. Elements that made up protein are .............................................................................
2. Essential amino acid is..................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
3. Non essential amino acid is...........................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
4. Egg white changes its physical characteristic and colour when heated. Explain why?
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
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Types protein based on function
Level of protein structure & examples
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Essential amino acids
1. Alanine
2. Aspartic acid
3. Glutamic acid
4. Aspargine
5. Gyicine
6. Glutamine
7. Proline
8. Serine
9. Sisteine
10. Tyrosine
Non essential amino
acids
1. Arginine
2. Phenilalanine
3. Histidine
4. Isolucine
5. Leucine
6. Lysine
7. Methionine
8. Threonine
9. Tryptophane
10. Valine
DON’T MEMORISE
THIS LIST
Protein
Polypeptide
Dipeptide
Amino acid
Pepsin/tripsin
Eripsin/Peptidase
Eripsin/Peptidase
hydrolysis (+ H2O)
condensation (- H2O)
Group The role inside body
Antibody • Reacts to the antigen (foreign substance) which enter the body and acts as
protector.
Hormone • Stimulates reactions or process such as growth.
Transport protein • Haemoglobin acts as carrier to transport respiratory gases. There are also carrier
protein in plasma membrane.
Contractile protein • Found in muscle and able to contract to produce movement.
Catalyst protein • All types of enzyme which is trigger or initiate chemical reactions.
Primary Secondary Tertiery Quartenery
Polypeptide
chain Fibrous protein Globular protein Haemoglobin
16. Lipids
1. Elements that made up lipid are ........................................................................................
2. Fat or oil made up from ....................................... and ............................................... in the
ratio of .....................
3. In space given below, draw the “building block” of triglyceride (fat).
Type Location and function
Fat • As a energy storage (under skin), organ protector, energy storage and isolation of
4. Compare the saturated and the unsaturated fat based on (i) chemical structure, (ii) state of
matter in room temperature, (iii) effect to the blood cholesterol level and (iv) sources.
Differences of saturated fat and unsaturated fat
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heat.
Phospholipid • Found in plasma membrane—part of plasma membrane.
Cholesterol • Basic molecule for making steroid e.g. sex hormone.
Bile • Colesterol byproduct which emulsify fat and turn it into small droplets.
Vitamine D • Synthesized on skin with the presence of ultraviolet rays and helps absorption of
calcium ion for bone growth.
Steroid
• Oestrogen and progesterone involved in menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
• Adrenaline secreted by adrenal gland as a reaction to an emergency such as
panic, fear and angry.
Saturated fat Unsaturated fat
17. Enzyme Substrate Gland
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reaction occur when enzyme collided/
make contact with substrate.
Enzymes
1. Meaning of enzyme.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. Function of enzyme.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Three examples of enzymes and its substrate:
4. Four characteristics of enzyme:
a ......................................................................................................................................
b ......................................................................................................................................
c ......................................................................................................................................
d ......................................................................................................................................
5. What is active site?
.........................................................................................................................................
6. Why does the denatured enzyme does not perform its function? Relate your answer with
active site.
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
7. Draw a schematic diagram to show the synthesis of protein (e.g. enzymes).
8. By giving appropriate example, describe how different organelles works together to enable
cell to function in orderly manner. (e.g. protein / enzyme)
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
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18. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (oC) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
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Effect of substrate concentration
Concentration of substrate
The rate of reaction
Concentration of enzyme
The rate of reaction
Effect of enzyme concentration
The rate of reaction
Effect of temperature Effect of pH
pH
The rate of reaction
9. Complete the graph below.
10. Explain why acid able to stop the enzyme reaction?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
11. State two examples of intracellular enzymes and its function.
Enzyme Function
12. State two examples of extracellular enzymes and its function.
Enzyme Function
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
19. Practice
1. Complete the diagram below to demonstrate the Lock and Key hypothesis.
Enzyme & substrate Enzyme & substrate
3. State four enzymes and its uses in industries.
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complex Enzyme & product
substrate
Enzyme
(globular shape)
2. In the space given below, draw an enzyme (based on answer in 1) and its shape after
being denatured.
denatured
(by temperature or pH)
Enzyme Function
20. 1. Give two reasons why cell is need to be divided (increase in number)?
i. ...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
2. Label the stages of cell cycle diagram above.
3. State the function of stages below;
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
b. Why does the chromosomes need to be replicated?
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
5 Why does the chromosome number of an organisms are must to be in constant from a
generation to the next generation? Explain.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
6 Explain the difference of cytokinesis in animal and plant cells.
.........................................................................................................................................
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i. Growth phase 1 (G1)
ii. DNA Synthesis (S)
iii. Growth phase 2 (G2)
iv. Mitosis
v. Cytokinesis
4 a. What is replication?
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CELL DIVISION
Cell Cycle
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Mitosis
Interphase Explanations
Number of chromosome .....
1 ...................................................................
2 ...................................................................
Number of chromosome .....
1 ...................................................................
2 ...................................................................
3 ...................................................................
Number of chromosome .....
1 ...................................................................
2 ...................................................................
Number of chromosome .....
1 ...................................................................
2 ...................................................................
Number of chromosome .....
1 ...................................................................
2 ...................................................................
3 ...................................................................
4 ...................................................................
Use Ward’s Finger Model
22. i. ...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
iii. ...................................................................................................................................
iv. ...................................................................................................................................
Uncontrolled Mitosis—Cancer
What is cancer?
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Causes of cancer
i. .........................................................................................................................................
ii. .........................................................................................................................................
iii. .........................................................................................................................................
Treatments—explain
i. surgery ..................................................................................................................
ii. chemotherapy ..................................................................................................................
iii. radiotherapy ..................................................................................................................
Application of Mitosis
Cloning—tissue culture
Purpose :................................................................................................................
Advantages i. ............................................................................................................
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The significance of mitosis
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ii. ............................................................................................................
Disadvantages i. ............................................................................................................
ii. ............................................................................................................
Procedure
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23. Graph shows the division of cell inside organism
X.
1. How many chromosomes in parent cell and
daughter cell?
i. parent ............
ii. daughter ............
2. What type of division involved?
....................................................................
3. Give your reason for answer in 1.
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
4. What happen to the chromosomes during
stage M1 and M2?
i. M1 …....................................................
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.......................................................
ii. M2 …....................................................
.......................................................
5. i. What is organism X?
...............................................................
ii. Give your reason for answer in 5.i.
....................................................................
....................................................................
6. Mark on graph the stage of:
i. Prophase
ii. Metaphase
iii. Anaphase
iv. Telophase
1. What is cloning?
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
2. Draw a schematic diagram to show the
cloning of Dolly.
3. What is the role of ultraviolet rays in
cloning process?
.................................................................
.................................................................
4. Advantages of cloning:
i. .................................................................
ii. .................................................................
iii. .................................................................
5. Disadvantages of cloning:
i. .................................................................
ii. .................................................................
iii. .................................................................
Practice
Cloning
24. Meiosis with Paper Cuttings
1. Make sure your group have 8 paper cuttings with 2 size and 2 colours. For example,
large paper cuttings —2 blue and 2 red and small paper cuttings —2 blue and 2 red.
2. Analogy 1: each paper cutting represent a chromosome.
3. Analogy 2: paper cuttings with the same size are homologous or identical (same size and
shape).
4. Analogy 3: do the replication by adding paper cuttings with same size and colour.
5. Analogy 4: do the crossing over by “cut and paste” the paper cuttings.
6. Draw a cell, nucleus membrane and spindle fiber on the table by using chalk.
7. Follow your teacher’s instruction and complete the worksheet for this activity.
1 2 3 4
5 6
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Meiosis
Worksheet
Interphase Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I
Telophase I Prophase II
Metaphase II Anaphase II
7 8
25. 8 Telophase II
Synapsis .....................................................................................................................
Chiasma .....................................................................................................................
Crossing over .....................................................................................................................
Variation .....................................................................................................................
Role of meiosis
1 ............................................................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................................................
3 ............................................................................................................................................
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Meaning of terms
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Practice
1. Based on the diagram you’ve drew (in page 19 and 23), state the differences of mitosis
and meiosis based on:
i. number of chromosome
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
ii. genetic content
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
2. Draw the chromosome for stages below:
Mitosis - Metaphase Meiosis - Metaphase I
26. 3. Based on drawing in 2, explain the difference in term of chromosome position.
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Parent Gametes Offspring
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46
46
23
23
46
4. Which cell division produce variation? How?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
5. Name the cell division, where the separation of homologous chromosome occurs? Name
the stage.
........................................................................................................................................
6. In human, the diploid (2n) number of chromosomes are 46. Based on diagram, explain
how the number of chromosome is maintained (keep in constant) from a generation to the
next generation.
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
7. State the tissue where the process of mitosis and meiosis take place in animal and plant.
Animal Plant
Meiosis ....................................................... .......................................................
Mitosis ....................................................... .......................................................
8. Draw the chromosome of daughter cells inside the diagram below.
Metaphase I Daughter cell
Meiosis
Meiosis
1
2
3 4
1
2
3 4
27. 9. Compare mitosis and meiosis based on;
i. the difference in chromosome number in daughter and parent cell;
ii. number of cell division;
iii. number of daughter cell;
iv. crossing over; and
v. the difference in genetic content in daughter and parent cell.
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of chromosomes in parent’s and
daughter’s cell are equal.
NUTRITION
Four process involved in nutrition are:
i. ......................................................... ii. .........................................................
iii. ......................................................... iv. .........................................................
Types of Nutrition
Autotroph organisms are .......................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Heterototroph organisms are ................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Nutrition Meaning and two example of organisms
Chemosyntesis Synthesis the organic compound (glucose) by oxidizing in organic
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substances such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3).
Photosynthesis
Holozoic
Saprophytism
Parasitsm Obtained food by living on or in the body of living organisms.
28. Meaning of balanced diet *
............................................................................................
............................................................................................
............................................................................................
The necessity of balanced diet
............................................................................................
............................................................................................
............................................................................................
............................................................................................
1. How to prove that food contain / produce energy? Explain.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. State the class of foods which does not contain/produce energy. Explain why?
.........................................................................................................................................
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Body size
Gender
Age
Occupation
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Balanced Diet
Energy Value
NOTE
The role of water, carbohy-drates,
proteins & lipids aren’t
stated here because its already
being stated in Chapter 4.
Draw a pyramid of food
3. Explain how does the factors listed below affects the requirement of energy.
4. In a rest condition (such as sleep) we still need energy. Explain why?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
5. Why does the Eskimo (live in Artic region) consume a lot of fatty food?
i. ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
29. 28
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
Min2009
Calculation of energy value
Mineral
Mineral Function Deficiency
Calcium Bone and tooth formation, aids in blood clotting,
needed in muscle and nerve coordination.
Ricket (children), delayed blood
clotting and osteoporosis.
Magnesium Activates most types of enzymes (as a cofactor) Retarded function of muscle.
Ferum / iron Component of haemoglobin needed for oxygen
transport in the blood.
Anemia.
Sodium Maintain the osmotic pressure and important
component in blood plasma.
Muscle cramps.
Potassium Maintenance of acid-base and water balance. Heart failure & muscular weakness.
Iodine Component of the thyroxine hormone. Goiter (adult) & kretinisme (children)
Phosphorus Needed for muscle growth, bone and tooth
formation, nucleotide and ATP synthesis.
Rickets & demineralization of bone
(lost of calcium)
Chlorine Maintenance of osmotic pressure. Muscle cramps.
Vitamin Function Deficiency
A
Needed for formation of light pigment in retina
Retinol
and maintenance of epithelial tissue.
Vision problem (night blindness) and
scaling skin.
B1
Thiamine
Precursor of a coenzyme which functions in
carbohydrate metabolism.
Beriberi (muscle weakness, nerve
disorder, heart disorder, swollen feet
and loss of skin sensitivity.
B2
Riboflavin Component of coenzymes in energy metabolism.
Sore eyes and swollen tongues and
skin lesions at the corner of mouth,
nose and ears.
B3
Niacin Component of coenzymes in energy metabolism.
Pellagra (skin and gastrointestinal
lesions, nervous, mental disorders
and loss of appetite).
B5
Pantothenic acid
Component of coenzyme A, with a role in energy
metabolism.
Muscle cramps, fatigue, impaired
motor coordination.
B6
Pyridoxine Coenzymes in amino acid metabolism.
Irritability, muscular twitching,
convulsions, dermatitis, retarded
growth, kidney stones and pernicious
anemia.
Vitamin
30. Vitamin Function Deficiency
B12
Cobalamin
Group Work
Explain the necessity of diet on a person below:
1. Expectant mother.
2. Sumo wrestler.
3. Long distance runner.
4. Everest climber.
5. Old man.
6. Children.
29
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
Group Discussion
Scrap Book
Min2009
• A coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism.
• Synthesis of red blood cells.
Pernicious anemia, neurological
disorders and weight loss.
C
Ascorbic acid
• Required in the synthesis of collagen.
• Maintenance of cartilage, bone and dentin.
• A strong antioxidant.
1. Poor collagen formation.
2. Scaly skin.
3. Scurvy: symptoms include
swollen, bleeding gums and tooth
loss.
4. Degeneration of blood vessels,
muscles and cartilage.
D
Calcipherol
Aids in the absorption of calcium and
phosphorus ions for bones and teeth growth.
♦ Ricet (demineralization of bone)
♦ Tooth decay.
E
Tocopherol
Produce red blood cells.
Acts an antioxidant. ♦ Anemia.
K
Phylloquinone Important in blood clotting. Defective blood clotting which leads
to excessive bleeding.
• Make a scrap book or booklet about the effect of vitamin and minerals deficiency
and malnutrition in human. Information mainly based on pictures and simple explanation
about the picture.
• Use internet search engine such as google.com, click on image and key in the key word
of image you want.
• Make sure the pictures that you want to download not less than 40 kb (file size).
• The procedure of finding the information using internet will be provided.
Malnutrition
• Meaning ........................................................................................................................
• Causes ........................................................................................................................
• Effect ........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
31. 30
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
Foods test—experiment
Reducing sugar test
Starch and Fat Test
Min2009
Material
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
Result
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
Benedict solution
Water
Glucose solution
Non reducing sugar test
Sodium
bicarbonate
Solution sucrose
+ HCL
Water
Benedict solution
Material :.......................................................................................................................
Result :.......................................................................................................................
Millon test (protein)
Material
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
Result
......................................................................
......................................................................
......................................................................
Millon solution
Egg white
Water
Starch :.......................................................................................................................
Fat :.......................................................................................................................
32. Food Digestion-Human
1. Name two organic polymer (large molecule) found in food and its source.
i ...................................................................................................................................
ii ...................................................................................................................................
2. Can organic polymer absorbed into blood stream / cells? Why?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
3. Why does the organic polymer need to be hydrolysed (break down) into its monomer?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
4. Why does the food need to be break down into a small pieces?
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
5. Complete the short notes below by stating the adaptation (characteristic + role) of an
organ to perform its function. Fill in only the main idea and use a simple and short
sentences.
Liver
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
31
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
Mouth
• Produce saliva to
lubricate and digest
starch.
• Chewing breaks down
food into small pieces
to increase total surface
area.
Min2009
Oesofagus
• Consist of circular and longitudal muscle. Foods are moved
by peristalsis action.
Stomach
i. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
ii. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
Small Intestine
i. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
ii. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
iii. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
iv. ........................................................................................
........................................................................................
Large Intestine
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
33. Digestive enzymes
Gland Enzyme Substrate End product
Salivary Amilase Starch
Stomach Rennin
(gastric juice) Pepsin
Pancreas Amilase Starch
(pancreatic juice) Trypsin
32
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
Experiment — digestion of starch
Test tube
Distilled water
Yeast suspension
Visking tube
Yeast suspension
Inference A
(reason)
Inference B
(reason)
Min2009
Fatty acid + Glyserol
Intestinal Asid amino
Maltose
Lactose
Sucrase
Purpose
To investigate the digestion of starch.
Procedure
1. Apparatus as shown is prepared.
2. Iodine and Benedict test is done to the sample of
water every 30 minutes.
3. Observation are recorded.
Note : Iodine test —> starch —> Dark blue
A B : Benedict test —> Glucose —> Copper
Observation A No change in color for Iodine and Benedict test
Observation B No change in color for Iodine test but the colour of water turn into
copper when tested with Benedict solution.
Discussion
Conclusion
+ saliva
34. 1. Label the digestive system above.
2. State two the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
i. ...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
3. Explain the role of bile in digestion process.
i. ...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
iii. ...................................................................................................................................
4. Explain two adaptations of small intestine to increase the absorption of digested food.
i. ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
33
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
Min2009
Ruminant
1. Label parts of ruminant’s and rodent’s stomach.
2. Draw an arrow to show the flow of food inside ruminant’s stomach.
Rodent
Practice
Digestion in Ruminant & Rodent
mouth
anus
35. 3. Animals unable to produce cellulase to digest cellulose (component of plant cell wall)
into glucose. Explain how the ruminants digest the cellulose?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
4. Compare the digestive system of ruminant and rodent based on:
Absorption & Assimilation of Digested Food
34
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
i. stomach structure
Min2009
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
ii. Digestion of cellulose
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
5. Why ruminant need more than one stomach?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
1. Draw the structure of one villi inside the given space.
2. Three adaptations (characteristic + role) of villi to
increase the rate of food absorption are;
i. ......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
ii. ......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
iii. ......................................................................................
......................................................................................
......................................................................................
3. State the digested food absorbed by the structure below:
i. Blood capillary ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
ii. Lacteal ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
Creative essay
If you’re the starch or protein (choose one), describe your experience in human digestive
system start from mouth until you’re inside the liver.
*
36. The Role of Liver
Small intestine
Glucose
Amino acid
Glycogen
Other Functions
• Break down old red blood cell and haemoglobin.
• Storage of blood (300 cm3 – 1500 cm3).
• Synthesis of plasma protein such as albumin and
• Storage of vitamine A, D and B12.
• Storage of minerals, Fe and Cu.
• Detoxification of drugs, alcohol and poisons.
35
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
globulin.
Min2009
Liver
Glucose
Amino acid
Protein
Blood
Glucose
Amino acid
Plasma protein
Cell / Tissue
Energy
production
Protein synthesis
1. State two functions of large intestine.
i. ...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
2. State the role of rectum.
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Why does the undigested food must be expelled (eliminated) out of the body?
.........................................................................................................................................
4. Explain the cause of constipation.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Problem Causes Symptom & Effect
Gastric
Anoreksia
nervosa
Urea
Defaecation
Problems Related to Nutrition
What is?
• Glycogen
...........................................
• Urea
...........................................
• Plasma protein
...........................................
37. Problem Causes Symptom & Effect
Obesity
Belumia
Nutrient Requirement in Plant
1 Does the plant able to live only by using product of photosynthesis (starch)? Explain.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
2 What is nutrients / minerals?
............................................................................................................................................
3 Complete the table below.
Macronutrient Micronutrient
Meaning
Minerals
The Role of Macronutrient
Minerals Function Effect of deficiencies
36
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
Nitrogen (N)
Min2009
• Synthesis of protein, chlorophyll &
nucleic acid (DNA & RNA)
• Growth of leaf & stem
♦ Yellowish & stunted leaves (chlorosis)
Phosphorus (P)
• Synthesis of protein & nucleic acid
(DNA & RNA)
• Enhanced cell division
♦ Stunted growth
♦ Poor root growth
♦ Formation of dull, dark green leaves
Potassium (K) • Synthesis of protein & starch
♦ Stunted growth
♦ Premature death of plants
Calcium (Ca) • Growth of shoot & root
♦ Stunted growth
♦ Leaves become distort & cupped
Sulphur (S) • Synthesis of protein
♦ General yellowing of leaves or entire
plant
Magnesium (Mg) • Synthesis of chlorophyll (constituent) ♦ General yellowing of leaves
38. Lack (deficiencies) of mineral will cause several symptoms. Based on minerals and symptoms
given below, explain why the symptom occur?
1. Nitrogen—stunted growth
........................................................................................................................................
2. Phosphorus—stunted growth
........................................................................................................................................
3. Magnesium—yellowish leaves
........................................................................................................................................
Preparation of Culture Solution
37
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
Min2009
Knop Solution (complete solution)
Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) 0.8 g
Potassium nitrate (KNO3) 0.2 g
Potassium dehidrogen fosfat (KH2PO4) 0.2 g
Magnesium sulfat (MgSO4) 0.2 g
Ferum (III) fosfat (FePO4) trace
Distilled water 1000 cm3
1. Objective :.......................................................................................................................
2. Variables i. manipulated :......................................................................................
ii. response :......................................................................................
iii. constant :......................................................................................
3. Hypothesis :.......................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
4. What the purpose of covering jar with black paper?
........................................................................................................................................
5. Why does the root need to be aerated (provided with air)?
........................................................................................................................................
6. Name one mineral which provides elements listed below;
i) sulphur ........................................ ii) phosphorus ................................................
iii) nitrogen ........................................ iv) calcium ................................................
7. Based on Knop solution above, how do you prepare solution with lack of (without):
i. Nitrogen .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
ii. Phosphorus .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
iii. Calcium .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
iv. All minerals .............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
39. Photosynthesis
1. Label the cross sectional of leaf above. Label must include palisade mesophyll, spongy
mesophyll, epidermal cell, cuticle, vascular bundle (xylem and phloem) and stoma.
i. Palisade mesophyll ...................................................................................................
ii. Spongy mesophyll ...................................................................................................
iii. Vascular bundle ........................................................................................................
iv. Stoma ........................................................................................................
38
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
2. State the function of structures below:
Min2009
Purpose
...............................................................................................
Result and Discussion
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
Conclusion
...............................................................................................
Purpose
...............................................................................................
Result and Discussion
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
Conclusion
...............................................................................................
Cross sectional of leaf
40. 3. State three structural adaptations (characteristic + role) of leaf to increase the rate of
photosynthesis.
i. ...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
iii. ...................................................................................................................................
4. State the adaptations to carry out photosynthesis for plants given below:
6 O2
12 H2O
39
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
Mechanism of photosynthesis
24 H+
24 e-
24 H
6 CO2
Min2009
*
i. Seaweed (rumpair)
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
ii. Cactus
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
24 H2O
Photolysis
Chlorophyll
Absorb energy from
sunlight
6 H2O
24 OH-
24 e-
C6H12O6
1. Based on flow chart, explain what happen during:
Structure of chloroplast
Light reaction
Dark reaction
REMINDER
Do not memorized the number
of molecules, ions and electron.
i. light reaction ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
ii. dark reaction ..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
2. What is the role of sunlight in photolysis (light reaction)?
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Does the dark reaction occurs at night? Why?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
41. 40
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
Min2009
+
4. Label the flow chart above to shows the summary of photosynthesis.
5. Based on flow chart in page 39, summarized the chemical equation of photosynthesis.
.........................................................................................................................................
6. (a) What is the end product of photosynthesis that useful to the plant?
...................................................................................................................................
(b) State the two roles of substance stated in 5 (a).
i. ..............................................................................................................................
ii. ..............................................................................................................................
7. Compare the light reaction and dark reaction based on:
i. Substrate (substance used in reaction)
ii. Site of reaction
iii. End product
iv. Time of reaction
• Note : use complete sentences.
Light reaction Dark reaction
Occurred in grana.
Light intensity
Rate of photosynthesis
Rate of photosynthesis
Factor affecting photosynthesis
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 (oC)
42. i) light intensity and rate of photosynthesis.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
ii) temperature and rate of photosynthesis
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
3. Explain how the concentration of carbon dioxide become a limiting factor to the rate of
photosynthesis.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
• Explain how methods listed below increase the quality and quantity of food production.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
41
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
1. Plot the graph in page 40.
2. Explain the relation of;
i. Hydrophonics
ii. Aerophonics.
iii. Breeding.
iv. Tissue culture.
v. Genetic engineering.
Min2009
Technology in Food Production
Group discussion
43. Technology of Food Processing
42
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
Purpose
1 ...............................................................
...............................................................
...............................................................
2 ...............................................................
...............................................................
3 ...............................................................
...............................................................
4 ...............................................................
...............................................................
Min2009
Canning
Purpose
To kill microorganisms and its spore (survive
up to 120 oC).
Method (temperature)
Packed in cans and steamed with high
temperature and high pressure.
Advantages
Keep food sterile (free from microorganisms)
for a long period.
Sample of food
Sardines and pineapple
Pasteuraization
Purpose
To destroy bacteria and keeping the flavour
and nutrient
Method (temperature)
63 oC in 30 minutes or 72 oC in 15 seconds
Advantages
Bacteria are destroyed but the nutrient (eg.
protein) undamaged.
Sample of food
Milk and fruits juice.
Drying (dehydrat ion)
Purpose
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
Method
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
Advantages
.................................................................
.................................................................
Sample of food
.................................................................
Refrigeration
Purpose
.................................................................
.................................................................
Method
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
Advantages
.................................................................
.................................................................
Sample of food
.................................................................
Vaccum packaging
Purpose
.................................................................
.................................................................
Method
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
Advantages
.................................................................
.................................................................
Sample of food
.................................................................
44. RESPIRATION
1. What is the substance act as source of energy in living things?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
3. How to get energy from substance in 1 so that it can be use by living things?
.........................................................................................................................................
4. State three the role of energy to living things.
i. ...................................................................................................................................
ii. ...................................................................................................................................
iii. ...................................................................................................................................
5. State two cells/tissues in human body which used a lot of energy. Explain why?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration
43
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
2. Why substance in 1 contain energy?
Min2009
Glycolysis
Break down of glucose
Creb Cycle
The process which produce a lot of
energy.
Note : do not memorized both terms.
1. If you’re not breathing for a certain period of time, you will be weak, then
unconscious and finally die. Based on biology fact, explain why does it happen?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. Sprinter athlete (such as 100m) hold their breathe while running. Can energy be
produce in that condition (without air/oxygen)? Explain how?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
3. After reaching finishing line, the athlete will be puffing (breathing in a fast rate) and
exhausted. After a while, he/she will be recovered and back into normal condition. Explain
these phenomena based on biology fact.
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
45. Chemical Equation of Respiration
Questions 1
a. Why does the glucose solution need to be
boiled?
................................................................
................................................................
b. Which apparatus acts as control? Explain
the purpose of using control.
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
c. What the purpose of using paraffin oil?
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
d. What gas being produced? Give your
reason.
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
44
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
Min2009
e. Name the other substance being produce.
................................................................
................................................................
f. If paraffin layer is removed, what will you
expect?
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
g. How to increase the gas production?
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
h. If yeast is replaced with bacteria, what is
the expected result?
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration In Animal & Yeast
Apparatus A
Practice
Apparatus B
46. 2. Why does the unicellular organism such as yeast and bacteria are able to survive only
by performing anaerobic respiration? [only produce small amount of energy]
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
3. During flood, most of plant will die. Explain why? [based on respiration]
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
4. Compare between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration based on:
i) Substrate used
ii) Product of reaction
iii) The amount ATP produced
iv) Site of reaction.
Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration
Substrate used is glucose Substrate used is glucose
Respiratory Structure—Human
45
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
• Role of cartilage rings?
................................................
................................................
................................................
• Function of epiglottis?
................................................
................................................
................................................
• Function of diaphragm?
................................................
................................................
................................................
Min2009
epiglottis
larynx
lung
47. Explain the adaptations of alveolus to increase the
efficiency of gaseous exchange.
i. ............................................................................
............................................................................
............................................................................
ii. ............................................................................
............................................................................
............................................................................
iii. ............................................................................
............................................................................
............................................................................
Respiratory Structure—Animals
Draw the cross sectional of alveolus
Explain the adaptations of respiration structure (way to increase the TSA/V) to
facilitate the gaseous exchange.
Explain how the gaseous exchange.
46
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
Min2009
Unicellular organism—Amoeba
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
Earth worm
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
spiracle
trachea
Insect-Cockroaches
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
48. 1
2
gill arch
Practice
47
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
gill arch
operculum
1
2
Min2009
Frog
...........................................................................
...........................................................................
...........................................................................
...........................................................................
...........................................................................
...........................................................................
Fish
gill
Gill raker
draw gill filament
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
1. Why does the unicellular organism do not require a respiratory structure?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
2. Crocodile is able to chase its prey for a limited distance/time only, continue chasing
will cause death. Explain why?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
3. Whale use lungs for breathing. What happens if whale using gill for breathing?
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................
49. Gaseous Exchange in Human
Alveolus
• Oxygen transported in form of .................................................... while carbon dioxide
transported in form of .................................................., ..................................................,
and ..................................................
• Haemoglobin is a ................................... which contain ...............................
• The gaseous exchange between respiratory structure and blood involving .........................
• Diffusion occurred due to the .............................................................................................
• For example in alveolus, the partial pressure of oxygen is .............. then the blood
inside the blood capillary. As a result, oxygen ............................. into the blood and
combine with hemoglobin to form ...........................................
• In tissue, partial pressure oxygen is ................... compare to blood inside blood
capillary. As a result, ........................................... releases its oxygen. Oxygen
then ....................... into the tissue.
• Same condition is occur to the carbon dioxide.
48
LEARNING MODULE - BIOLOGY FORM 4
........................................
Min2009
Partial
pressure
O2
CO2
Partial
pressure
O2
CO2
Tissue
O2
O2
CO2
CO2
1. Label the diagram above.