13 explosives awareness
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13 explosives awareness
- 1. Small Mines Roadshow October – December 2020 Explosives Awareness
- 2. Contents 1. Explosives Legislation, Standards and Codes 2. Explosives general 3. Transport and storage 4. Firing of Shots 5. Post Blast Inspection 6. Misfires 7. Explosives Control Plan and responsibilities under Legislation 8. Responsibilities of the PCBU, contractors and shot firers 9. Licencing BEUL 10. When things go wrong 11. Graphic pictures of incidents 12. Questions
- 3. Legislation, Codes and Standards • Work Health and Safety Act 2011. • Work Health and Safety Regulation 2017. • Work Health and Safety (Mines and Petroleum Sites) Act 2013. • Work Health and Safety (Mines and Petroleum Sites) Regulation 2014. • Explosives Act 2003. • Explosive Regulation 2013. • SafeWork NSW (Formerly WorkCover Authority of NSW) – Explosive Licence Requirements. • Australian Explosive Industry and Safety Group (AEISG) Codes of Practice. • Australian Code for the Transport of Explosives by Road and Rail – Third edition (2009) • Australian Dangerous Goods Code (ADGC 7.3). • AS2187.0 (1998) Explosives - Terminology • AS2187.1 (1998) Explosive Storage, Transport and Use • AS2187.2 (2006) Explosive Storage and Use; Use of Explosives. • AS4326 (2008) The Storage and Handling of Oxidizing Agents. • Explosive Suppliers Safety Data Sheets
- 4. What is an Explosives Explosives Act 2003 NSW • explosive means any article or substance prescribed by the regulations as an explosive for the purposes of this Act. • explosive precursor means any article or substance prescribed by the regulations as an explosive precursor for the purposes of this Act.
- 5. High Explosives products typically used in Quarries Boosters Detonating Cord Packaged Explosive • Cast boosters and packaged contain high explosives in a cardboard canister or plastic sleeve as shown. • Boosters and packaged produce large amounts of explosive energy to set off bulk product • Detonating cord explodes around 7000 metres second • It is basically a continuous detonator and completely disintegrates on detonation comes in all different sizes • Detonating cord contains a high explosives called (PETN) wrapped in fibre or plastic.
- 6. Surface Connectors Electronic detonators Nonel Detonators • Detonators are used to initiate the booster and explosive charge and determine the sequence of detonation of each hole • Each detonator contains approximately 850mg of high explosive • A detonator is the most sensitive explosive used on a mine site and therefore is the most dangerous • Various types of detonators are used in blasting • They come in various colours, including orange, red, yellow, blue and white • The tubing attached to each detonator contains explosive powder mixed with aluminium (not to be confused with det cord). Tubing can be initiated by impact. • Surface connectors surface timing, low impact Explosives products typically used in Quarries • Electronic and electric detonators have wires attached to them
- 7. Basic Explosives Safety • No Smoking or naked flames within 10m of explosives or explosives vehicles as per Australian Standards or site procedures • Only authorized trained and licenced personnel are to handle, transport and use explosives • Never approach a fire that involves explosives or explosives equipment • Stay clear of parked explosives vehicles • Never pick up or handle explosives without appropriate authorisation • Do not run over explosives and explosives boxes • Never drive or walk onto a blast pattern unless under the direction of a shotfirer • Be aware of all explosives vehicles on site at all times.
- 8. Explosive: Examples: Plain (open) detonator Lead azide Closed detonators Non-electric. det. Detonating cord Cast Booster Non Electric tubing Lead-in line ANFO Det. sensitive emulsion Packaged Emulsions Bulk pumped emulsion Watergels SENSITIVITYSensitivity of Explosives
- 9. Storage of Explosives – Explosives Magazines What good looks like What bad looks like
- 10. Transport Explosives Key points: Transporting explosives – on road • Licence to transport • Vehicle compliance - explosive boxes, signage etc -AEC • Emergency procedure in place • Overnight security (late delivery)? Private road – consider requirements of AEC or equivalent • Site systems • Suitable containers • Local emergency plan
- 11. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC Detonator in a can
- 12. Power of one 400 gram booster in a car
- 13. • Ammonium Nitrate Prill is white in colour • Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) class 1 Explosives has a smell of diesel and can be different in colours this is due to the dye that is used to ensure consistency of blend – Dry hole explosive. • Heavy ANFO is a sticky with a greasy/oily feel. • Emulsion blends ammonium nitrate solution combined with diesel and emulsifiers – for wet hole explosives. • At no stage should you touch any of these products without permission from the Shotfirer and be authorized. Bulk Explosives Ammonium Nitrate prill Emulsion
- 14. Bulk Explosives • There are different types of bulk explosives used in Quarry Blasting • The main ingredient is Ammonium Nitrate • They are transported around in Mobile Processing Units (MPU’s)
- 15. Bulk Explosives Mobile Processing Unit MPU Bulk Emulsion and AN Prill is stored in separate bins Fuel Oil Special sensitising chemicals Emulsion rich products are delivered through the discharge auger into a pump. This pump delivers the product through a hose to the bottom of the blast hole
- 16. Blast Delineation • The blast area is to be delineated by warning signs and a suitable and clearly visible barrier, this will depend on site procedures. Barricades are visible both day and night and may be in form of physical barrier, safety bund, flagging tape, red flashing lights or series of witches hats.
- 17. Explosives Loading • Blast planning • Personnel and equipment • Competent • Authorised / Appointed • Licensed • Bulk Product ranges • ANFO • Heavy ANFO • Emulsion • Product quality tests
- 18. Blast Boards Blast boards contain information about the date and time that the next blast will take place on that site. Blast boards should be located at the Quarry entrance.
- 19. Exclusion Zones • All blasts must have exclusion zones in order to minimise the potential damage that may be caused by the effects of the blast. The primary hazards from a blast are: • Fly rock – due to poor face burden, overloaded holes, drill holes off design and multiple free faces etc • Exposure to dust and fumes • Prior to any blast a risk assessment should be conducted as per the (site Explosives control plan) regarding the possible outcomes of the blast. From the risk assessment exclusion zones may be implemented at varying distances from the blast depending on the expected outcomes
- 20. Ejection of Material from the Exclusion Zone (Fly rock) In accordance with Work Health and Safety (Mines and Petroleum Sites) Regulation 2014 Schedule 2, clause 4 (1) “An Explosives Control Plan must set out the control measures for risks to health and safety associated with explosives at the mine or petroleum site taking into account: (g) The potential for the ejection of fly rock or other material as a result of the detonation of an explosive. As required under this regulation and pursuant to clause 179(f) a Dangerous Incident: (f) Ejection of rock from blasting that falls outside the blast exclusion zone (being the area from which persons are excluded during the blasting),”
- 21. Post Blast Inspection • Once the shot is fired it must first be inspected by the Shotfirer. • Be Patient This may take extra time to allow for the clearing of toxic fumes (NOx etc) • DO NOT proceed into the area until the shotfirer announces the “ALL CLEAR” and Blast Controller releases the guards
- 22. Exclusion Zones • For example, these zones may be identified as the following:- • Equipment exclusion zone – in which all equipment likely to be damaged from the blast will be withdrawn to a safe area. • Personnel exclusion zone – in which personnel likely to be harmed by the effects of the blast be withdrawn to a safe area • Fume management zone – in which personnel will be removed to a safe area based on the likelihood and potential from the blast fume to extend past the nominal personnel exclusion zone . • Note:- Blast guards will be placed outside these zones. This depends on the outcomes of the blast risk assessment prior to blasting
- 24. Face and bore hole Checks – Physical or Laser Profile Examples to reduce flyrock. Note:- Shot risk assessment and processes for shotfirer or blast controller to increase exclusion zone in consultation with design engineers if face and bore holes are off design.
- 25. Misfires • In accordance with Work Health and Safety (Mines and Petroleum Sites) Regulation 2014 Schedule 2, clause 4 (2) “An Explosives Control Plan must also set out the following: • (b) The procedures for finding, recovering and disposal of explosives that misfire,” • As required under this regulation and pursuant to clause 128 – High Potential Incident: • “(j) A misfire or unplanned explosion of an explosive or explosive precursor (but not in the case of a misfire at a mine or petroleum site other than a coal mine if the misfire explosives can be fired without and significant risk to a person).
- 26. Handling a misfire • In the event of finding explosives material during the mining process it is important to immediately stop all mining activity in the immediate vicinity of the product location. You must assume that all material found is live and has the potential to detonate • Prevent others from approaching the misfire until a shotfirer arrives • DO NOT TOUCH Remove or withdraw all personnel and equipment to a safe distance (determined by site procedures and or risk assessment) • The Quarry Manager and or shotfirer will ensure the area is made safe, possibly relocate the mining equipment away from the threat area and contact the site explosives personnel to investigate and treat the product in accordance with the relevant site work practices. • Notify the Regulator of the misfire Note:- When Re-firing Misfires , Larger exclusion zones may be necessary this will depend on the sites procedure under the Explosives control plan.
- 27. Explosives Control Plan • With regard to the Work Health and Safety (Mines and Petroleum Sites) Regulation 2014 (NSW). • “The mine operator of a mine in which there is a risk to health and safety associated with explosives or explosive precursors at the mine must prepare an Explosives Control Plan for the mine that sets out the means by which the mine operator will manage those risks in accordance with clause 9”. • Pursuant to clause 26, “the Principal Control Plan must be documented and so far as reasonably practicable, be set out and expressed in a way that is readily understandable by persons that use it.”
- 28. Explosives Control Plan • Must set out the control measures for risks to health and safety associated with explosives taking into account: • the potential for unintended or uncontrolled detonation of explosives • the characteristics of relevant explosives and the purposes for which they are to be used • the characteristics of the places in which the explosives are to be used • the full set of phases for the use of relevant explosives such as the charging and firing phases • the potential for explosives to deteriorate • the potential for the theft or misuse of explosives • the potential for the ejection of flyrock or other material as a result of the detonation of an explosive
- 29. Explosives Control Plan • An explosives control plan must also set out the following: • the procedures for inspecting, reporting, isolating and disposing of deteriorated or damaged explosives • the procedures for finding, recovering and disposal of explosives that misfire • the inspection, testing, reporting and maintenance procedures in relation to the equipment used at the mine for manufacturing, storing, transporting and delivering explosives • the procedures and equipment used in storing and transporting explosives at the mine • the procedures used for the accounting of explosives at the mine • the arrangements for the keeping of a register identifying persons who are identifying persons who are licenced under the Explosives Act 2003 to transport, use, store or handle explosives at the mine
- 30. Explosives Control Plan (cont’d) • An explosives control plan must also set out the following: • the procedures for ensuring that any person transporting, using, storing or handling explosives at the mine has any licence necessary under the Explosives Act 2003 • the procedures in relation to consultation and co-operation to ensure that any transportation, use, storage or handling of explosives at the mine is conducted safely and in accordance with any conditions attached to the licence under which that transportation, use, storage or handling takes place
- 31. Responsibilities of Mine Operators • Must ensure that explosives and explosive precursors handled at the mine are handled only by persons who are authorised under a licence under the Explosives Act 2003 • Must ensure the keeping of a register identifying those persons currently at, or providing a service to, the mine who are authorised under a licence under the Explosives Act 2003 to handle explosives or explosive precursors at the mine. • The operator of a mine must ensure that, with respect to the handling of explosives and explosive precursors at a mine, arrangements are coordinated between the operator and any person authorised under a licence under the Explosives Act 2003 to handle explosives, so as to ensure the safety and security of such explosives.
- 32. LICENSES – Explosives Regulation 2013 • There are 11 types of licenses under these Regs. The ones that we are interested in are: • License to Supply • License to Transport • License to Store • Blasting Explosives User’s License • License to Manufacture • Security Clearance
- 33. BEUL – Blasting Explosive User’s Licence example only Additional information on the back
- 34. Blasting Activities allowed under BEUL A blasting explosives user’s licence authorises the licensee to carry out the following activities: • use explosives at the type of mines specified in the licence, the explosives or explosive precursors specified in the licence • manufacture explosives for immediate use (if that activity is specified in the licence) • possess explosives or explosive precursors for the purpose of using or disposing them under the licence • transport explosives or explosive precursors for the purpose of using them under the licence • store the explosives or explosive precursors at the premises — if premises are specified in the licence
- 35. When Things Go Wrong… • These four incidents are simple examples of what can happen when explosives handling goes wrong! • Snap – Slap & Shoot
- 36. Power of a Detonator
- 37. Power of a booster
- 39. This C BY-SA Explosives Awareness 2020 Small Mines Roadshow
Editor's Notes
- Discuss briefly the current legislation, codes and standards to doe with explosives A discussion on what type of explosives used in the mining industry and there use. Transport of and storage of explosives – Licenced shot fires vehicles, mobile processing units and magazines Firing of shots including exclusion zones Post blast inspection – fume What to do with misfires Explosives control plan – what must be included Responsibilities of the PCBU, contractors a and shotfirers Licensing BEUL requirements When things go wrong
- Quick look over the legislation, codes and standard used
- Cast Boosters and other Hi Explosives can be found during the mining excavation process. Cast boosters or primers (a booster assembled with a detonator) can be uncovered during the excavation mining operation. Boosters and other hi explosives used in the blasting process are similar to the example(s) pictured. Booster wrapping can come in many different colours in accordance with the manufacturing specifications. The colours of the booster wrapping can be Blue, Yellow, Green, Red, Pink or White. High Explosives such as Det Cord (Detonation Cord) or Packaged Product (Sausage Explosives) may also be found during the mining excavation process and may be classified as misfired explosives. Any booster / primer recovered during the mining operation must be considered to be live and pose a significant risk to personal safety if handled by un-trained or un-authorised persons. Boosters / primers recovered during the mining process may have damaged components leading to increased sensitivity and should only be handled by personnel who are deemed to be competent, licensed and authorised by the site management to conduct such activities. PETN – Pentaerythritol tetranitrate – High explosives compound.
- Detonators can be found during the mining excavation process. Detonators can be uncovered during the mining excavation operation. Detonators used in the blasting process are similar to the example(s) pictured. Detonators in this state are to be considered to be live and pose a significant risk to personal safety if handled by un-trained or un-authorised persons. Detonators recovered during the mining process may have damaged components leading to increased sensitivity and should only be handled by personnel who are deemed to be competent, licensed and authorised by the site management to conduct such activities.
- Sensitivity of explosives – main thing to remember here is a detonator is the most sensitive.
- 1. Licensing All magazines must have the appropriate licence under the Explosives Act 2003. The location and construction of all new magazines and magazine facilities will be carried out in such a way as to meet the requirements of AS2187.1-1998 Explosives- Storage, transport and use Part 1: Storage. 2. Storage of Explosives The Quarry Manager shall not permit any explosive to be stored at the mine other than in a licensed magazine. This does not prohibit the temporary storage of explosives required during the course of Shotfiring duties. 3. Housekeeping and Maintenance The following work procedure details the requirements relating to housekeeping and maintenance in and around the magazines: Packaging of explosives stored in magazines shall comply with the Australian Code for the Transport of Explosives by Road and Rail. 4. Record Books In each magazine, a book shall be kept for the purpose of recording the movements of explosives into and out of the magazine. 5. Stocktaking The magazine keeper must: a) Periodically (usually monthly but at least once every 3 months) carry out an audit of the explosives kept, received or issued from the magazine during the audit period, b) Keep a written record of each audit, and c) Immediately notify the Quarry Manager and licence holder of any discrepancies discovered during an audit and if necessary notify relevant authorities as required by Explosive Regulation 2013 clause 102
- Compliance with the Australian Explosives Code 1. The conveyance of dangerous goods of Class 1 must comply with any applicable provisions of the Explosives Act 2003, The Explosive Regulation 2013 and the Australian Code for the Transport of Explosives by Road and Rail (Australian Explosives Code). 2. Loading Explosives for on-site Transport A person, before loading explosives into or onto a vehicle for carriage, must ensure that the part of the vehicle in or on which the explosives are to be carried has been swept clean. 3. Transport of Detonators and Boosters Only persons with a Security Clearance and who have been nominated as Magazine Keepers, Shotfirers or Trainee Shotfirers are permitted to drive vehicles carrying explosives. Only vehicles designed and constructed for the purpose of transporting explosives will be used. Different explosive types (1.1D & 1.1B) are placed in separate compartments during loading and Transportation No person shall, unless charging a blasthole, carry any detonator (otherwise than in a magazine) except in a securely fastened detonator case or in the original packaging in which the detonators are contained.
- This Video Clip demonstrates a Nonel Detonator being fired in a can. Note the shrapnel from the detonator around the can.
- This video clip demonstrates the power of a single 400 gram booster when fired in a surface blast environment. These types of explosives should never be underestimated, mis handled or handled without due care and attention. All high explosives are to be considered impact sensitive and subject to uncontrolled initiations from:- F – Friction I – Impact S – static electricity / sparks (fires) H - heat (fires / conducted heat). These types of explosives are never to be handled by persons not competent in explosives handling techniques.
- The loading of bulk explosives products is completed by the use of Mobile Processing Units (trucks) which will deliver the bulk products by an auger delivery system of by a hose (pumped product) All products delivered by an explosives company need to be approved and registered for use with the regulatory body.
- A delineated blast bench is a demarcated area in which explosives loading operations are conducted prior to blasting A delineated blast bench (similar to the areas pictured above) shall be demarcated by the use of a combination of the following:- appropriate signage and cones; earth bunds; delineation tape and flashing lights and to indicate that the area has been or will be loaded with explosives. Under no circumstances are unauthorised persons or machines to enter the delineated area without the approval of the appointed Shotfirer. Only competent and authorised persons are to be within the delineated area at any time. Lghts should be located along the boundary and in the corners of any delineated blast area for definition of the area at night if the blastholes have been loaded or partially loaded (Sleeping Shot)
- Explosives Loading Process The loading of explosives should always be done in accordance with a explosives plan, designed for each particular blast. The plan should incorporate (but is not limited to): The location of the blast A detailed risk assessment of the blast A layout of the drill pattern including hole depths Denotation sequence and powder factors Explosives types and quantities Method on initiation Various procedures (loading, firing etc) Security of the balst Sleep times Traffic management Warnings and notifications Firing schedule Exclusion zones Some of the tasks involved in the explosivs loading process will include:- Area preparation Drilling Area clean up Dewatering of the blastholes Priming Bulk product loading Stemming Firing and inspection Handover The equipment and personnel used to load the products will be competent and authorised to perform the explosives handling on site, within the nominated explosives company and where applicable by a regulatory body. The loading of bulk explosives products is completed by the use of Mobile Processing Units (trucks) which will deliver the bulk products by an auger delivery system of by a hose (pumped product) All products delivered by an explosives company need to be approved and registered for use with the regulatory body. Product density testing is essential to ensure the quality of the products being delivered.
- Managing the Blast Zones All blasts must have exclusion zones in order to minimise the potential damage that can be caused by the affect of the blast. The primary hazards from a blast are Fly rock and Exposure to dust and gasses
- What's in the Post Blast Debris Cloud? All blasting explosives produce large volumes of gas in very short time spans (milliseconds) which is the basis for the energetic work they are used for. Blasting explosives predominantly use ammonium nitrate based agents in the form of ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) or emulsions/water gels. In an ideal ammonium nitrate explosive reaction the following by-products are produced. H2O water, in the form of steam, CO2 carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Dust (particulate matter / rock debris) Explosives that include ammonium nitrate as the main ingredient, can under non ideal conditions produce oxides of nitrogen which are toxic. The two main gases within the oxides of nitrogen gas group are: Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (Nitric oxide in air is unstable and gains an extra oxygen atom from the atmosphere and becomes nitrogen dioxide) While oxides of nitrogen is created in varying amounts when blasting, these gases are mainly generated from all high temperature combustion processes, predominately the internal combustion engines found in motor vehicles. The largest contributor to NOx fumes in the atmosphere is the automotive industry. Some cities have a haze that is often coloured brown – this is in fact NOx pollution, predominantly from motor vehicles. Some nitrogen dioxide is formed naturally in the atmosphere by lightning and some is produced by plants, soil and water. However, only about 1% of the total amount of nitrogen dioxide found in our cities' air is formed this way. The most important sources of NO2 are internal combustion engines, thermal power stations and, to a lesser extent, pulp mills. Butane gas heaters and stoves are also sources. The excess air required for complete combustion of fuels in these processes introduces nitrogen into the combustion reactions at high temperatures and produces nitrogen oxides (NOx). The application of blasting explosives in the field, under variable conditions, results in non ideal explosive reactions that can produce three main toxic gases (in order of toxicity): NO2 nitrogen dioxide, NO nitric oxide and CO carbon monoxide. The most harmful is nitrogen dioxide, which in higher concentrations, is identifiable by the generation of yellowish, orange to reddish brown clouds. Some of the key factors in the development of these gasses in an open cut mining / blasting environment include: Under or over fuelled ammonium nitrate (AN), Poorly mixed fuel, AN mixture, Density of loaded explosives, Degree and confinement of explosives (ground types), Water damage to explosives, Ground conditions e.g. fissures, voids, Blast including product formulation, Blast design and Non optimal loading practices on bench While it is highly unlikely that exposure to these gasses will result in a fatality or serious personal injury due to the concentration of the gasses in an outdoor / well ventilated mining area, there have been at least one reported death from exposure to these gasses as a result of pooling in ground cavities after blasts. It is important to remember that these gasses are naturally occurring and only pose a threat to humans in extreme concentrations. With the formation of NOx in particular:- They are broken down rapidly in the atmosphere by reacting with other substances found in the air. The reaction of nitrogen dioxide with chemical produced by sunlight can lead to the formation smog in the air we breather, ozone and acid rain. Small amounts of NOx may evaporate from water, but mostly it will converted to a weak nitric acid or other naturally occurring compounds. Nitrogen oxides do not build up in the food chain.
- Prior to any blast a risk assessment should be conducted regarding the possible outcomes of the blast. Several exclusion zones may be implemented at varying distances from the blast pattern depending on the expected blast outcome. For example, these zones may be identified as:- An equipment exclusion zone – in which all equipment likely to be damaged from the blast will be withdrawn to a safe area An personnel exclusion zone – in which all personnel likely to be harmed by the affects of the blast will be withdrawn to a safe area A fume management zone – in which all personnel will be removed to a safe area based on the likelihood and potential for blast fume to extend past the nominal personnel exclusion zone as dictated by known contributing factors.
- Explosive product materials can be found during the mining process. Bulk explosives materials are often uncovered during the mining operation. The material may include any of the explosives blends used on the site including ANFO, Heavy ANFO blends , Pumped product and Low Density Explosives . Some of the reasons that product may be found may include – geological deformations during the blast sequence, product material column dislocation, inadequate blast design, human error during the explosives tie in phase. Explosives found in this condition may or may not include initiating explosives (primers) that have been through the blast process altering their sensitivity. Any product column found must be considered potentially dangerous until assessed by a competent, licensed and (site) appointed shotfirer, to determine the correct course of action to handle the product. Any leads or other products uncovered during the excavation process must be considered live and extremely dangerous. Halt all mining activity and withdrawn to a safe distance. In the event of finding explosives material during the mining process it is important to immediately stop all mining activity in the immediate vicinity of the product location. You must assume that all material found is live and has the potential to detonate. Do not attempt to dig or disturb the material. Remove or withdraw all personnel and equipment to a safe distance (determined by site procedures and or risk assessment) Contact your shotfirer. Immediately contact your shotfirer or Quarry Manager for directions. The Quarry Manager will ensure the area is made safe, possibly relocate the mining equipment away from the threat area and contact the site explosives personnel to investigate and treat the product in accordance with the relevant site work practices.
- Talk through these elements – basically this is what a explosives control plan should have.
- Slide Hidden – Optional for presentor Ensure they understand the responsibilities – could ask the audience what is a PCBU – Person conducting business or undertaking
- Same here responsibilities of the mine operators
- Slide Hidden – Optional for presentor
- Slide Hidden – Optional for presentor Discuss the incident at Albury Quarry – example of holding the mine and the contractor accountable.
- Focus on the main licence which will be the BEUL and Security clearance.
- This is an old example – the licence front has changed
- These four incidents are simple examples of what can happen when explosives go wrong! Each of these incident has a direct link to the inappropriate use of explosives in some way. The incidents include:- A snap, slap and shoot incident where the operator of the truck ran over a down line lead. The resulting tangle lead to the HMX powder in the lead firing and initiating the blast hole just meters from the operators position. While the equipment operator survived the incident and the extent of his injuries are unknown, this is a very high potential incident. Damage to the excavator was a result of a fly rock incident resulting from a face burst and the blasted material travelling further than expected. The equipment was unmanned at the time but the damage is significant. The roll over of an MPU on a mine site road spilling a significant amount of explosives material on the ground which became cross contaminated. The equipment operator suffered minor injuries but again this is a very high potential incident. A light vehicle was destroyed when the explosives being carried back to a magazine initiated from exposure to a cigarette being thrown out of the drivers window. The vehicle operator was out of the vehicle unlocking the gate at the time and survived the incident and again the extent of his injuries are unknown and again, this is a very high potential incident.
- Power of a detonator held in the hand
- Booster being held in the hand
- Orica MMU truck explosion – simulates a truck driving over a box of 400 gram boosters