maintenace requirements in small communities

1. nuwemchris@gmail.com
MAKERERE
P.O. Box 7062 Kampala
Uganda
Cables: "MAKUNIKA"
UNIVERSITY
Phone:+256-41-
4534343/4530231-2
Fax : +256-41-4534125/4541771
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DESIGN ART AND
TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
NAME: NUWEMATSIKO CHRISISTOM
Topic;
Operation and maintenance of small borehole supply systemin our small communities to
work efficiently and effectively.

2. nuwemchris@gmail.com
What is Operation and Maintenance?
Operation
Operation refers to the everyday running and handling of a water supply. The proper operation of
a supply results in its optimum use and contributes to a reduction in breakdowns and maintenance
needs.
Maintenance
Maintenance refers to the activities required to sustain the water supply in a proper working
condition. Maintenance can be divided into:
• Preventive maintenance - regular inspection and servicing to preserve assets and minimize
breakdowns.
• Corrective maintenance - minor repair and replacement of broken and worn out parts to sustain
reliable facilities. • Crisis maintenance - unplanned responses to emergency breakdowns and
user complaints to restore a failed supply.
A systematic approach to identify the O&M technical requirements of a borehole
fitted with a hand pump water supply scheme
Most of the boreholes in our communities are made of a small diameter borehole fitted with a
fabricated steel, reciprocating hand pump.
The breakdown description
The operation and maintenance of borehole fitted with a hand pump of small communities have
been neglected in a great number of communities. A very big percent of existing boreholes supply
systems have broken down due to lack of maintenance, leading to the steel arm breaking most of
the times due to the lever arm getting stuck or broken and this leads to piston and valves not
moving, this is due to;
Lack of sense of responsibility for proper use and upkeep of the facilities. Management
supervision of operation and maintenance may be virtually absent in many cases.
A lack of training and understanding of maintenance procedures leads to the poor performance of
O&M staff (operators, mechanics, caretakers, etc.).
Insufficient and inefficient use of funds for O&M restricts the availability of spare parts, tools and
the recruitment and training of competent staff. A lack of accountability in many maintenance
departments leads to inefficient use of maintenance funds.
An overdependence on government agencies who do not have the resources to keep supplies
functioning and user expectation that government provides all the necessary services and
funding required to maintain supplies

3. nuwemchris@gmail.com
MANTENCE SOLUTION DESCRIPUTION PROCEDURES;
Description of O & M Solution Activities
Skills; the technology must be suited to the existing skills among women and men. If the skills do
not exist then either skills training must be arranged or, if this is not feasible, the technology must
be revised.
Tools; Operation and maintenance tasks must be capable of being carried out using tools which
are commonly available and can be handled by men and women as required. If specialist tools are
required they must be provided and be capable of reproduction locally. Dependency on highly
specialized tools is not sustainable.
Standardization; Technology should be standardized as far as possible. Standardization leads to
familiarity among users and maintenance personnel. Spare parts can be ordered and stocked in
bulk and shared between communities. Skills training can be standardized and very specific.
Maintenance tool kits can be standardized and limited to the essential tools required. The private
sector is more interested in standard items which can be efficiently marketed.
Daily
 Carry out an early morning test to check if the foot valve holds water in the rising main
overnight
 Check whether the pump delivery is normal or low.
 Check if the hand pump is firmly fixed in place.
 Check for loose nuts and bolts on the hand pump.
Weekly
 Carry out daily checks and in addition
 Tighten all the above-ground nuts and bolts with a spanner.
 Clean the accessible moving parts.
Monthly
 Carry out the weekly checks, collect and record contributions to the water committee.
Yearly
 Dismantle the pump head parts, remove the connecting rods, piston assembly and foot
valve.
 Inspect all the parts, replace worn or defective parts, like piston seals.
 Straighten bent connecting rods, or replace rods with badly corroded threads, replace
corroded or missing connecting rod lock nuts.
 If connecting rods show severe corrosion, remove the rising main, check the rising main
and replace badly corroded pipes - check the threads in particular, clean pipe threads and
install the rising main.
 Re-assemble and replace the below-ground parts, assemble the pump head, check the pump
operation and pump until the water delivered is clean.
 Record all significant actions.
Irregular
 Repair cracks with cement mortar in the pump platform and drain.
 If pump mounting bolts become loose in the concrete platform, remove pump, breakout
old bolts, and remount in fresh concrete.

4. nuwemchris@gmail.com
 Develop a monitoring system to work in the long run and make sure its standard so that
every community member is conversant with it functionality.
Description of O & M Requirements of O&M Labor providers
Preventive maintenance is an essential factor of sustainable hand pumps, yet it has failed in
many projects. Local people often see maintenance unnecessary or troublesome. Insuffient training
can also be a reason. However, what is obvious is that the working life of the hand pump can be
dramatically shortened if the maintenance is not done at all.
Preventive maintenance is the responsibility of the community members themselves It is
important that communities feel ownership of their water and sanitation project and are given help
in the necessary operation and maintenance systems so that the project succeeds instead of falling
into disrepair. Regular maintenance decreases problems, which affects massive cost of repairs. In
order that preventive maintenance can be done, quality spare parts have to be available Cleaning
the pump stand does not require special skills but checking the pump regularly and doing small
repairs already require basic skills, so all caretakers must be trained. In addition to caretakers,
users, especially children, should be trained Training and re-training are important components
which need to be offered before, during and after the project. For example having a hand pump
repair program, where they send technicians into communities to repair hand pumps and train
water committees to perform routine maintenance, which helps to keep their hand pumps
functioning. In this way, these program provides the tools and know-how for locals to rehabilitate
and repair broken pumps, while involving the community in taking ownership of the water supply.
One of the major reasons that hand pumps do not get maintenance seems to be that people
often continue using traditional sources in the case of a breakdown. This should be an indicator of
poor levels of understanding of the connection between dirty water and diseases. Therefore it is
important that hygienic education is closely linked to training about use and maintenance of the
hand pump.