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Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research
Center for Aeronautics and Space

REFSQ 2010 (29.03.2011, Essen, Germany)
Andreas Schreiber <Andreas.Schreiber@dlr.de>
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne
http://www.dlr.de/sc


                            REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Abstract



“The development of software is a core activity at most DLR institutes. About a quarter
of DLR’s manpower is assigned to it. Projects range from small software tools
developed by students to large long-term cooperations with other research centers,
academia, and industry. The kind of developed software is very also different. There
are many small scripts with a limited lifetime (e.g., for prototyping) as well as large
systems or critical real-time software. Furthermore, in most cases the software is
developed by engineers or natural scientist who do not have any education in software
engineering. The talk outlines the current status of software engineering at DLR with
focus on requirements engineering. With examples from very different development
projects, some of the used tools and methodologies for requirements engineering will
be described. Also, the efforts for DLR-internal standardization and some of the
research topics related to requirements management will be presented.“

REFSQ 2011:
http://www.sse.uni-due.de/refsq/2011/industry-track/invited-presentations/


                                                                                                                                                       Folie 2
                                   REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Outline


!    The German Aerospace Center (DLR)
!    Software development at DLR
!    Example projects
!    Status of requirements engineering
!    Software Engineering at DLR
!    Research topics




                                                                                                                                                   Folie 3
                               REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Folie 4
REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
DLR
German Aerospace Center




!    Research Institution
!     Space Agency
!      Project Management Agency




                                                                                                                                                  Folie 5
                              REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Locations and employees


6500 employees across
                                                                          Hamburg n
29 research institutes and                                                                                                  n Neustrelitz
facilities at                                                    Bremen n                      n Trauen
        n  13 sites.                                                                                               Berlin n
                                                                     Braunschweig n

                                                                   n Dortmund n Goettingen
Offices in Brussels,
Paris and Washington.                                        n Koeln
                                                              n Bonn


                                                   Lampoldshausen n

                                                                 Stuttgart n

                                                                                                          n Oberpfaffenhofen
                                                                                     Weilheim n




                                                                                                                                                 Folie 6
                             REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Total income 2010 – Research, operations and
management tasks (excluding trustee funding from the
Space Agency/ DLR Project Management Agency): 751 Mio.€
            62                                                                                          Alle Angaben in Mio. Euro




       95
                                                            n  Space
                                     288
                                                            n  Aeronautics
  46                                                        n  Transport

                                                            n  Energy
  45                                                        n  Space Agency /
                                                                DLR Project Management Agency
                                                            n  Other income / earnings


             215



                                                                                                                                           Folie 7
                       REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Software Development at DLR




                                                                                                                               Folie 8
           REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Software Development at DLR

  More than 1000 employees
   are developing software

      > 100 Million EURO
    personnel cost per year

    DLR is one of Germany
 largest software developers
                                                                                                                                       Folie 9
                   REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Software in Space and Aerospace

           Mission-critical software
           (e.g., real-time software)

           Web-based software for
           internet and intranet

           Supporting software
           (e.g., data management)

           High-Performance and
           scientific computing Software
                                                                                                                                       Folie 10
                    REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Scientific Software Development


!    Typical phenomenon: Developments start as small programs (e.g.,
    scripts) but often growth to huge software systems


!    Team size ranges rom one student up to over 50 scientists


!    Many scientists don’t have any Software Engineering Education but
    they develop large software systems

!    Their goal is to get running code to solver their problems very fast


!    Loss of productivity due to antiquated methods and tools




                                                                                                                                                   Folie 11
                                REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Development Process in Aerospace Engineering
Based on ECSS
                            Progress


           Planning (0/A)



                   Preliminary Design (B)



                                     Design & Production (C/D)
                                          Design & Production ( C/D)
                                                     Design & Production ( C/D)




                                                                               Operation (E)




                                                                                                                                               Folie 12
                            REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
DLR Standard Development Process

                                                         QUARTERLY *
1 Require-    2 Release   3               4                                         14 Code                   15                        16
                                                                                                                                         Discussion                17
                              Detailed     Test Case                                                               Doc. for
   ments                                                                               + Test                                                                           Release
               Planning       Design       Generation                                                               Users                   (Review)
  Analysis                                                                            Analysis




                                                          MONTHLY *
                          5 (Change)      6 Release                                 11                        12                        13
                                                                                       Doc. for                Discussion                Incremental
                             Request
                                              Planning                                Developer                + Inspection                Release
                           + Decision




                                                              DAILY *
                                   7 Unittest      8 Check-In           9    Build                 Integration/
                                                    Codestyle                 +                    SW-System
                                     + Coding                               Deploy
                                                      + Test                                      10 Test




                                                                                                                                    *   Time scales may vary
                                                                                                                                                                             Folie 13
                                                          REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Example Projects




                                                                                                                                  Folie 14
               REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Shefex II


Project Goal
!  Development of real-time
   operation system functions
   based on QNX
   (POSIX compatible real-time OS)


Development Process
!  Tailored ECSS


Programming Language
!  C++




                                                                                                                                               Folie 15
                            REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Shefex II
Development Process (Tailored ECSS)

Phase A
!  Mission Requirements (DOORS)
Phase B
!  System + Software Requirements (DOORS)
!  Software architecture (components,
   data flow) (Enterprise Architect)
Phase C
!  Development andTest (Eclipse, Subversion, make, Mantis)
Phase D
!  Acceptance test in real hardware environment
    !  Test sequences (commands) activated in source code by compiler
        directives


                                                                                                                                               Folie 16
                            REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Shefex II
Used Tools

Requirements
!  DOORS
Change management
!  Mantis
Repository
!  Subversion
Design-Tool (UML)
!  Enterprise Architect
IDE
!  Eclipse + QNX-Plug-In + Subversive
Build-Tool
!  make (Makefile generated by QNX-Plug-In)


                                                                                                                                               Folie 17
                            REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
DataFinder


Project Goal
!  Data management system
   for data from
    !    Simulations
    !    Experiments
    !    Earth observation


Programming language
!  Python
!  GUI-Toolkit Qt




                                                                                                                                      Folie 18
                             gearconf 2009 > Andreas Schreiber> Software Engineering inder Luft- und Raumfahrt mit Open Source Tools > 01.10.2009
DataFinder
Used Tools

Requirements                       Communications Tools
!  Wiki (MoinMoin)                     Tool                                Description
Change management                      CodeCollobor                        Code review tool for pre-
                                       ator                                and post-commit review
!  Mantis
                                       Polycom                             Audio and video
Repository                                                                 communication
!  Subversion                          Saros                               Eclipse distributed pair
                                                                           programming
Design-Tool (UML)
                                       Mumble                              Audio communication
!  Enterprise Architect
                                       Mylyn                               Task-based Mantis
IDE                                                                        integration in Eclipse

!  Eclipse + PyDev                     RealVNC                             Desktop sharing
                                       Eclipse-                            Eclipse integrated
Build-Tool                             Hudson                              Hudson monitoring
!  distutils                           Adobe                               web conference system
                                       Connect Pro

                                                                                                                                   Folie 19
                          gearconf 2009 > Andreas Schreiber> Software Engineering inder Luft- und Raumfahrt mit Open Source Tools > 01.10.2009
Status of Requirements Engineering
at DLR




                  REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Requirements Analysis
      Typical „Process“
           Wiki              Excel-Spreadsheet                                                            Document (Word)




Step 1:                     Step 2:                                                              Step 3:
Gathering of requirements   Priorization and                                                     Export to document
                            grouping                                                             (for printing)


                            Step(s) n – m:
                            Tracking of
                            Requirements
                                                                                                                                                 Folie 21
                              REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Practice of Requirements Engineering at DLR


!    Use of sophisticated tools and methods in major space projects
!    In many other cases, there is no methodology
!    Use of simple tools for small projects
!    Examples
      !    None
      !    Office tools (Word, Excel, …)
      !    Wikis
      !    Diagram software (Visio, UML tools, …)
      !    RE tools (DOORS, Requisite Pro, …)
      !    Other tools (Google Wave, Mantis, …, Pen & Paper)


!    Current overall status was unknown at DLR -> Questionnaire


                                                                                                                                                    Folie 22
                                 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Questionnaire
                  Goal: Status of RE in all 30 Institutes and All Domains
                                                                                                                       Prozess

                                                                                                                                                                              Wird	
  das	
  Requirements	
  Engineering	
  als	
  
Projektabfragen                                                                                                                                         Anforderungsmanarozess	
  war	
  genommen?
                                                                                                                                                                eigenständiger	
  P

                                                                                                                                                             gement
              	
  Wie	
  kritische	
  ist	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Werkzeuge
              der	
  Projekterfolg	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Wird	
  bei	
  der	
  Dokumentation	
  
                   anzusehen?                        Anforderungs                                                                                                                                                                                       Findet	
  tandard-­‐Gliederung	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    eine	
  S eine	
                                          Welche	
  Programme	
  
                                                      erhebung                                                                                                                               Gibt	
  es	
  eine	
  explizite	
  
                                                                                   Welche	
  Techniken	
  werden	
  zur	
  Ermittlung	
                                                      Prozessdefinition	
  für	
                       Attributierung	
  der	
   nd	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              genutzt?	
  (RUP,	
  IEEE830-­‐1998,	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      V-­‐Modell,	
  Lasten-­‐	
  u                              werden	
  im	
  RE	
  
                                                                                                     eingesetzt? ist	
  ein	
  Fehler	
  
                                                                                                     Wie	
  kritisch	
  
        Wieviele	
  
                                                                                                                                           Zustimmfragen	
  1..5:
                                                                                  (Befragungstechniken,	
  Kreativitätstechniken,	
  E-­‐Prozess	
  in	
  
                                                                                                                              -­‐	
  Ich	
  finde	
  dem	
  R
                                                                                                                                                                                                   den	
  RE-­‐Prozess? auf	
  einem	
  JA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Filter	
               Anforderungen	
  (Id,	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Zustimmfragen	
  1..5:                         Pflichtenheft)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Werden	
                 eingesetzt?	
  
                                                                                                      in	
  der	
  	
  zu	
  entwickelnden	
  
    Entwickler	
  sind	
  an	
                                                                                          unseren	
  Projekten	
  wird	
  	
  zu	
  wenig	
  
                                                                                       Dokumentenzentrierte	
  Techniken,	
  
                                                                                                        Software	
  anzusehen? gewidmet                                                                            Anforderungserhebung	
  wie	
  wir	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Name,	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                -­‐	
  Ich	
  bin	
  mit	
  der	
                                   Vorgehensmodelle	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             (Bürosoftware	
  [Word,	
  
                                                                            Beobachtungstechniken,	
  Unterstützende	
  Techniken) Aufmerksamkeit	
                                                                                                                                                     für	
  das	
  RE	
  
      dem	
  Projekt	
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Beschreibung,	
  
       beteiligt?
                                                                                                                          -­‐	
  Ich	
  halte	
  das	
  strikte	
  Einhalten	
   Filter	
  auf:	
  JA                  sie	
  anwenden	
  zufrieden.                                                     benutzt?              Excel],	
  Wiki,	
  Visio,	
  
                                                                                                                               von	
  Vorgehensmodellen	
  und	
                                                      -­‐	
  Der	
  Einsatz	
  bestimmter	
                                           (CMMI,	
  Volere,	
  
                                   Frage	
  nach	
                                                                                     Prozessdefinitionen	
  für	
  
                                                                                                                                                                     Kritikalität                                                             Quelle,	
  usw)	
  statt? IEEE830,	
  Cobit,	
  ...)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Techniken	
  wird	
  überbewertet.                                                                   Spezielle	
  RE-­‐Software) Zustimmfragen	
  1..5:
                                                                                                                                               Wird	
  eine	
  Qualitätsprüfung	
  der	
  
                                 Projektgröße	
  (>	
                                                                                     Zeitverschwendung.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Wird	
  d-­‐	
  
                                   oder	
  <	
  5	
  PJ)	
                                                   Anwendung	
  andere	
  
                                                                                                                                                 erhobenen	
  Anforderungen	
  
                                                                                                                             -­‐	
  Ich	
  halte	
  den	
  Bürokratischen	
        Werden	
  die	
   Gliederung	
  an	
                          ie	
                                                                                -­‐	
  Ich	
  finde	
  es	
  wird	
  zu	
  wenig	
  
                                                                          Auf	
  welche	
  Weise	
                         Aufwand	
  für	
  vertretbar,	
  Sind	
  Kriterien	
  zur	
  
                                                                                                                                             vorgenommen?	
   da	
  die	
  
                                                                                                                                                Prüfung	
  bestimmt	
   Anforderungen	
  
                                                                                                                       SE-­‐Verfahren besser	
  sind. worden?                                                                Projektspezifika	
                                                     Filter	
  auf	
  spezielle	
  RE-­‐Werkzeuge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Aufwand	
  beim	
  Management	
  von	
  
                                                                             werden	
  die	
                                           Ergebnisse	
                   Geplante	
                                               angepasst?
         Wie	
  viele	
  Partner	
                                         Anforderungen	
                                   -­‐	
  Ich	
  halte	
  den	
  Bürokratischen	
  
                                                                                                                                                              Wiederverwendung      priorisiert?                                                                                                                                      Anforderungen	
  getrieben.
       (beteiligte	
  Institute,	
                                         dokumentiert?	
  	
                                Aufwand	
  für	
  vertretbar,	
  da	
  es	
  
                                                                                                                        spätere	
  Entwicklungen	
  einfacher	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Pro	
  Werkzeug
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             -­‐	
  Meiner	
  Meinung	
  nach	
  	
  
                                                                           (Modellbasiert,	
  
      Einrichtungen,	
  Firmen)	
                                                                                                        macht.	
  
                                                                                                                                       Welche	
  Techniken	
  werden	
  zu	
                                                            Wird	
  das	
  RE	
  als	
  einmaliger	
  
                                                                         natürlichsprachlich)	
  
       sind	
  an	
  dem	
  Projekt	
                                      Achtung	
  Filter!                                         Prüfung	
  der	
  Kriterien	
  genutzt?	
  
                                                                                                                                                 Kategorie,	
  
                                                                                                                                        (Stellungnahen,	
  Inspektion,	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Werden	
  rojektbeginn	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Prozess	
  zu	
  P
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        die	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   vorgenommen,	
  für	
  mehrere	
  
               beteiligt?	
  
                                                                       Filter	
  auf	
  Modellbasiert                                      Wissenschaftliche	
  
                                                                                                                                      Walkthrough,	
  Perspektivbasiertes	
                                                       Anforderungen	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Projektphasen	
  wiederholt,	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     oder	
  als	
  kontinuierlicher,	
                                                                                               Wie	
  beurteilen	
  Sie	
  die	
  
                                                                                                                                        Lesen,	
  Prototypenprüfung,	
  
                                                                                                                                            Berechnungssw,	
  
                                                                                                                                                  Checklisten)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Versioniert?
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       begleitender	
  Prozess	
                                          ?                                                         Eingesetzten	
  Werkzeuge?	
  
                                                                                                                                            Embedded	
  SW,	
                                                                                  wahrgenommen?
                                                                          Zielmodelle?	
  Use	
                                                  Simulations,	
                                                                                                                                                                                                    (Projektsicht,	
  Benutzersicht,	
  
   Welchen	
  fachlichen	
  Hintergrund	
  haben	
  Sie? Cases?	
  Explizite	
                                                                Planungssysteme,	
  Methoden	
  
                                                             Modellierung	
  
                                                                                                                                                          Welche	
  
                                                                                                                                                 Frameworks,	
  
                                                                                                                                                           werden	
  im	
  RE	
               Welchen	
  Prozentsatz	
                                                                                                                                              Produktsicht,	
  Prozesssicht,	
  
         Ingenieurwesen,	
  Mathematik,	
  
   Naturwissenschaften,	
  Informatik,	
  Technische	
  
                                                           unterschiedlicher	
                                                                    AdminSW)angewandt? Können	
  sich	
  Anforderungen	
   RE	
  im	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                               an	
  Arbeitsaufwand	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                nimmt	
  das	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Anbietersicht,	
  Technische	
  
                                                                                                                                                                  (Ziele	
  &	
  Szenarien,	
  
      Assistenz	
  Berufe,	
  Betriebswirtschaft,	
  
                                                             Perspektiven
                                                                                                                                                                                       verändern,	
  und	
  werden	
  Projektverlauf	
  
                                                                                                                                                                   Soll-­‐Ist-­‐Vergleich,	
                                diese	
                                                                                                                                Sicht,	
  Betriebswirtschaftliche	
  
                      sonstige[])                       Filter	
  auf	
  Perspektiven
                                                                                                                                                                  Systemanalyse,…)       Veränderungen	
  geprüft,	
  	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                     schätzungsweise	
  ein?
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Sicht)
                                                                                                                                                                                        dokumentiert?	
  Gibt	
  es	
  ein	
  
                                                                          Struktur	
  (ERD,	
                                                                                          (offizielles	
  oder	
  inoffizielles)	
   Rolle	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Gibt	
  es	
  eine	
  
                                                                Klassendiagramm)?	
  Funktion	
                                                                                                                      Requirements	
  Engineer	
  
                                                               (Dfd)?,	
  Verhalten(Automaten,	
                                                                                        Gremium	
  zur	
  Prüfung	
  vystemanalytiker)?
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (z.B.	
  S on	
  
                                                                 Zustandsdiagramme,	
  Petri-­‐                                                                                       Anforderungsänderungen	
  (z.B.	
  
                                                                              Netze)	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                         Change-­‐Control-­‐Board)?




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Folie 23
                                                                                                                                                                                             REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Process Perception


!    Only 33% perceive requirements engineering
    as a separate step during software
    development
      !  In the space domain, perception is
          almost 50%
!    Projects with high criticality have very high
    perception for requirements engineering
!    With increasing project size, the perception for
    requirements engineering declines




                                                                                                                                                     Folie 24
                                  REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Effort


!    In many projects (57%), there is no one in
    charge of requirements engineering
!    Man in charge exist in aeronautics and
     space domains only
!    The effort for requirements engineering is
     approximate 10%-20%
!    Higher efforts for requirements engineering
    are either in
      !    projects with higher level of maturity,
      !    projects with higher criticality, or
      !    projects from the aeronautics and
          space domains.



                                                                                                                                                      Folie 25
                                   REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Requirements Analysis


!    Many analysis techniques are known
!    Creativity and interview techniques are
    very well known (84%)
!    Observation techniques are well know
     (58%)
!    The use of document based techniques
     increases with number of projects
     partners




                                                                                                                                                   Folie 26
                                REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Used Software with Relation to Application Domain
                       Space   Aeronautics         Energy                    Transport                        Other

70



60



50



40



30



20



10



 0
     Office Software       Wikis      Diagram Software                               RE-Tools                                        Other
                                                                                                                                                            Folie 27
                                         REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Used Software with Relation to Criticality
         Office Software   Wikis   Diagram Software                                        RE-Tools                           Other


100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

 0%

        very high           high                         middle                                                low
                                                                                                                                                      Folie 28
                                   REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Software Engineering at DLR




                                                                                                                                  Folie 29
               REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
DLR-Software-Engineering-Netzwerk


!    Einrichtung des DLR-Software-Engineering-Netzwerkes
      !    um den DLR-weiten Austausch bzgl. des Software-Engineerings
          zu fördern sowie
      !    die Einführung und Anwendung gängiger Methoden, Prozesse
          und Werkzeuge aus dem Bereich des Software-Engineerings zu
          koordinieren.

!    Unterstützung durch das zentrale IT-Management des DLR

!    Bereitstellung aktueller Informationen über separate Seite im
    Unternehmenswebportal

Ziel: Qualitätsverbesserung der wissenschaftlichen SW-Entwicklung



                                                                                                                                                   Folie 30
                                REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
DLR Software Engineering Network
       Goal: Quality Improvement of Software Engineering
                                        DLR SE
                                     Representative

Developer

                                                                                                                                   Developer


       SE Contact                                                                                             SE Contact
                        Tools and Services



Developer                                                                                                                          Developer

                             SE Contact




                         Developer                                        Developer
                                                                                                                                                  Folie 31
                               REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
DLR Software Engineering Network
Tools and Services
          Software Standards
          •  Selection of suitable QA methods

          Software Catalogue
          •  Classification of DLR software developments

          Tool Suite
          •  Focus on configuration management

          Training
          •  Methods and tools for scientists

                                                                                                                                          Folie 32
                       REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Research Topics




            REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Provenance in Software Engineering


!    Trace software development processes with Provenance information to
    answer questions about it
!    Example: Which issues did Heinrich solve for release 1.5.0?




                                                                                                                                                   Folie 34
                                REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Provenance in Software Engineering
                                                                                   	
  -­‐	
  Name	
  (M)

                                                                                                                                                                                              Document
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Doc
                                                                   User                                                                                                                        C hange
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               C hange
                                                                                                                   	
  -­‐	
  New	
  ID	
  (M)                                                 Process
                                                                                                                   	
  -­‐	
  New	
  Status	
  (O)
                                                                                                                   	
  -­‐	
  New	
  Assignee	
  (O)                                                                                      	
  -­‐	
  Document	
  (M)
                                                                                                                   	
  -­‐	
  New	
  Release	
  (O)                                                                                       	
  -­‐	
  C omment	
  (O)

Define questions about the process                                                                                                                Issue                                                        	
  -­‐	
  String	
  (M)

                                                                                                        Issue                                   C hange
                                                                                                      C hange
                                                                                                      Process                                                                                 Release

Create a model for the                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      	
  -­‐	
  File	
  (M)

development process with Open                                                                 	
  -­‐	
  ID	
  (M)                                 Issue

Provenance Model
                                                                                              	
  -­‐	
  Status	
  (M)
                                                                                              	
  -­‐	
  Assignee	
  (M)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Archive
                                                                                                                                                                                                Release
!  Identifying data items, actors,                                                                                                                                                              Process


   relations                                                   C ommit

                                                                                                                                                       	
  -­‐	
  Number	
  (M)


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               	
  -­‐	
  ExitC ode	
  (M)


Store Provenance information                                   C ommit
                                                                Failure
                                                                                                                 C hange
                                                                                                                    Set
                                                                                                                                                                      Revision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Build
during process runtime                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Result
                                                        	
  -­‐	
  Output	
  (M)   	
  -­‐	
  Message	
  (M)




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Build
Query Provenance information to                              C overage

answer questions and trace the                                                                                                                                                       	
  -­‐	
  #	
  Success	
  (M)         	
  -­‐	
  Version	
  (M)
                                                                                                                                          Unit	
  Test                               	
  -­‐	
  #	
  Failure	
  (M)



process                                                                        C overage
                                                                                                            	
  -­‐	
  C overage	
  
                                                                                                                                                                                   Test
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Maven
                                                                                 Result                     Percentage	
  (M)                                                     Result




                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Folie 35
                                REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
Questions?




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         REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011

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Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space

  • 1. Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space REFSQ 2010 (29.03.2011, Essen, Germany) Andreas Schreiber <Andreas.Schreiber@dlr.de> German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne http://www.dlr.de/sc REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 2. Abstract “The development of software is a core activity at most DLR institutes. About a quarter of DLR’s manpower is assigned to it. Projects range from small software tools developed by students to large long-term cooperations with other research centers, academia, and industry. The kind of developed software is very also different. There are many small scripts with a limited lifetime (e.g., for prototyping) as well as large systems or critical real-time software. Furthermore, in most cases the software is developed by engineers or natural scientist who do not have any education in software engineering. The talk outlines the current status of software engineering at DLR with focus on requirements engineering. With examples from very different development projects, some of the used tools and methodologies for requirements engineering will be described. Also, the efforts for DLR-internal standardization and some of the research topics related to requirements management will be presented.“ REFSQ 2011: http://www.sse.uni-due.de/refsq/2011/industry-track/invited-presentations/ Folie 2 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 3. Outline !  The German Aerospace Center (DLR) !  Software development at DLR !  Example projects !  Status of requirements engineering !  Software Engineering at DLR !  Research topics Folie 3 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 4. Folie 4 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 5. DLR German Aerospace Center !  Research Institution !  Space Agency !  Project Management Agency Folie 5 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 6. Locations and employees 6500 employees across Hamburg n 29 research institutes and n Neustrelitz facilities at Bremen n n Trauen n  13 sites. Berlin n Braunschweig n n Dortmund n Goettingen Offices in Brussels, Paris and Washington. n Koeln n Bonn Lampoldshausen n Stuttgart n n Oberpfaffenhofen Weilheim n Folie 6 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 7. Total income 2010 – Research, operations and management tasks (excluding trustee funding from the Space Agency/ DLR Project Management Agency): 751 Mio.€ 62 Alle Angaben in Mio. Euro 95 n  Space 288 n  Aeronautics 46 n  Transport n  Energy 45 n  Space Agency / DLR Project Management Agency n  Other income / earnings 215 Folie 7 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 8. Software Development at DLR Folie 8 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 9. Software Development at DLR More than 1000 employees are developing software > 100 Million EURO personnel cost per year DLR is one of Germany largest software developers Folie 9 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 10. Software in Space and Aerospace Mission-critical software (e.g., real-time software) Web-based software for internet and intranet Supporting software (e.g., data management) High-Performance and scientific computing Software Folie 10 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 11. Scientific Software Development !  Typical phenomenon: Developments start as small programs (e.g., scripts) but often growth to huge software systems !  Team size ranges rom one student up to over 50 scientists !  Many scientists don’t have any Software Engineering Education but they develop large software systems !  Their goal is to get running code to solver their problems very fast !  Loss of productivity due to antiquated methods and tools Folie 11 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 12. Development Process in Aerospace Engineering Based on ECSS Progress Planning (0/A) Preliminary Design (B) Design & Production (C/D) Design & Production ( C/D) Design & Production ( C/D) Operation (E) Folie 12 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 13. DLR Standard Development Process QUARTERLY * 1 Require- 2 Release 3 4 14 Code 15 16 Discussion 17 Detailed Test Case Doc. for ments + Test Release Planning Design Generation Users (Review) Analysis Analysis MONTHLY * 5 (Change) 6 Release 11 12 13 Doc. for Discussion Incremental Request Planning Developer + Inspection Release + Decision DAILY * 7 Unittest 8 Check-In 9 Build Integration/ Codestyle + SW-System + Coding Deploy + Test 10 Test * Time scales may vary Folie 13 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 14. Example Projects Folie 14 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 15. Shefex II Project Goal !  Development of real-time operation system functions based on QNX (POSIX compatible real-time OS) Development Process !  Tailored ECSS Programming Language !  C++ Folie 15 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 16. Shefex II Development Process (Tailored ECSS) Phase A !  Mission Requirements (DOORS) Phase B !  System + Software Requirements (DOORS) !  Software architecture (components, data flow) (Enterprise Architect) Phase C !  Development andTest (Eclipse, Subversion, make, Mantis) Phase D !  Acceptance test in real hardware environment !  Test sequences (commands) activated in source code by compiler directives Folie 16 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 17. Shefex II Used Tools Requirements !  DOORS Change management !  Mantis Repository !  Subversion Design-Tool (UML) !  Enterprise Architect IDE !  Eclipse + QNX-Plug-In + Subversive Build-Tool !  make (Makefile generated by QNX-Plug-In) Folie 17 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 18. DataFinder Project Goal !  Data management system for data from !  Simulations !  Experiments !  Earth observation Programming language !  Python !  GUI-Toolkit Qt Folie 18 gearconf 2009 > Andreas Schreiber> Software Engineering inder Luft- und Raumfahrt mit Open Source Tools > 01.10.2009
  • 19. DataFinder Used Tools Requirements Communications Tools !  Wiki (MoinMoin) Tool Description Change management CodeCollobor Code review tool for pre- ator and post-commit review !  Mantis Polycom Audio and video Repository communication !  Subversion Saros Eclipse distributed pair programming Design-Tool (UML) Mumble Audio communication !  Enterprise Architect Mylyn Task-based Mantis IDE integration in Eclipse !  Eclipse + PyDev RealVNC Desktop sharing Eclipse- Eclipse integrated Build-Tool Hudson Hudson monitoring !  distutils Adobe web conference system Connect Pro Folie 19 gearconf 2009 > Andreas Schreiber> Software Engineering inder Luft- und Raumfahrt mit Open Source Tools > 01.10.2009
  • 20. Status of Requirements Engineering at DLR REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 21. Requirements Analysis Typical „Process“ Wiki Excel-Spreadsheet Document (Word) Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Gathering of requirements Priorization and Export to document grouping (for printing) Step(s) n – m: Tracking of Requirements Folie 21 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 22. Practice of Requirements Engineering at DLR !  Use of sophisticated tools and methods in major space projects !  In many other cases, there is no methodology !  Use of simple tools for small projects !  Examples !  None !  Office tools (Word, Excel, …) !  Wikis !  Diagram software (Visio, UML tools, …) !  RE tools (DOORS, Requisite Pro, …) !  Other tools (Google Wave, Mantis, …, Pen & Paper) !  Current overall status was unknown at DLR -> Questionnaire Folie 22 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 23. Questionnaire Goal: Status of RE in all 30 Institutes and All Domains Prozess Wird  das  Requirements  Engineering  als   Projektabfragen Anforderungsmanarozess  war  genommen? eigenständiger  P gement  Wie  kritische  ist   Werkzeuge der  Projekterfolg   Wird  bei  der  Dokumentation   anzusehen? Anforderungs Findet  tandard-­‐Gliederung   eine  S eine   Welche  Programme   erhebung Gibt  es  eine  explizite   Welche  Techniken  werden  zur  Ermittlung   Prozessdefinition  für   Attributierung  der   nd   genutzt?  (RUP,  IEEE830-­‐1998,   V-­‐Modell,  Lasten-­‐  u werden  im  RE   eingesetzt? ist  ein  Fehler   Wie  kritisch   Wieviele   Zustimmfragen  1..5: (Befragungstechniken,  Kreativitätstechniken,  E-­‐Prozess  in   -­‐  Ich  finde  dem  R den  RE-­‐Prozess? auf  einem  JA Filter   Anforderungen  (Id,   Zustimmfragen  1..5: Pflichtenheft) Werden   eingesetzt?   in  der    zu  entwickelnden   Entwickler  sind  an   unseren  Projekten  wird    zu  wenig   Dokumentenzentrierte  Techniken,   Software  anzusehen? gewidmet Anforderungserhebung  wie  wir   Name,   -­‐  Ich  bin  mit  der   Vorgehensmodelle   (Bürosoftware  [Word,   Beobachtungstechniken,  Unterstützende  Techniken) Aufmerksamkeit   für  das  RE   dem  Projekt   Beschreibung,   beteiligt? -­‐  Ich  halte  das  strikte  Einhalten   Filter  auf:  JA sie  anwenden  zufrieden. benutzt? Excel],  Wiki,  Visio,   von  Vorgehensmodellen  und   -­‐  Der  Einsatz  bestimmter   (CMMI,  Volere,   Frage  nach   Prozessdefinitionen  für   Kritikalität Quelle,  usw)  statt? IEEE830,  Cobit,  ...) Techniken  wird  überbewertet. Spezielle  RE-­‐Software) Zustimmfragen  1..5: Wird  eine  Qualitätsprüfung  der   Projektgröße  (>   Zeitverschwendung. Wird  d-­‐   oder  <  5  PJ)   Anwendung  andere   erhobenen  Anforderungen   -­‐  Ich  halte  den  Bürokratischen   Werden  die   Gliederung  an   ie   -­‐  Ich  finde  es  wird  zu  wenig   Auf  welche  Weise   Aufwand  für  vertretbar,  Sind  Kriterien  zur   vorgenommen?   da  die   Prüfung  bestimmt   Anforderungen   SE-­‐Verfahren besser  sind. worden? Projektspezifika   Filter  auf  spezielle  RE-­‐Werkzeuge Aufwand  beim  Management  von   werden  die   Ergebnisse   Geplante   angepasst? Wie  viele  Partner   Anforderungen   -­‐  Ich  halte  den  Bürokratischen   Wiederverwendung priorisiert? Anforderungen  getrieben. (beteiligte  Institute,   dokumentiert?     Aufwand  für  vertretbar,  da  es   spätere  Entwicklungen  einfacher   Pro  Werkzeug -­‐  Meiner  Meinung  nach     (Modellbasiert,   Einrichtungen,  Firmen)   macht.   Welche  Techniken  werden  zu   Wird  das  RE  als  einmaliger   natürlichsprachlich)   sind  an  dem  Projekt   Achtung  Filter! Prüfung  der  Kriterien  genutzt?   Kategorie,   (Stellungnahen,  Inspektion,   Werden  rojektbeginn   Prozess  zu  P die   vorgenommen,  für  mehrere   beteiligt?   Filter  auf  Modellbasiert Wissenschaftliche   Walkthrough,  Perspektivbasiertes   Anforderungen   Projektphasen  wiederholt,   oder  als  kontinuierlicher,   Wie  beurteilen  Sie  die   Lesen,  Prototypenprüfung,   Berechnungssw,   Checklisten) Versioniert? begleitender  Prozess   ? Eingesetzten  Werkzeuge?   Embedded  SW,   wahrgenommen? Zielmodelle?  Use   Simulations,   (Projektsicht,  Benutzersicht,   Welchen  fachlichen  Hintergrund  haben  Sie? Cases?  Explizite   Planungssysteme,  Methoden   Modellierung   Welche   Frameworks,   werden  im  RE   Welchen  Prozentsatz   Produktsicht,  Prozesssicht,   Ingenieurwesen,  Mathematik,   Naturwissenschaften,  Informatik,  Technische   unterschiedlicher   AdminSW)angewandt? Können  sich  Anforderungen   RE  im   an  Arbeitsaufwand   nimmt  das   Anbietersicht,  Technische   (Ziele  &  Szenarien,   Assistenz  Berufe,  Betriebswirtschaft,   Perspektiven verändern,  und  werden  Projektverlauf   Soll-­‐Ist-­‐Vergleich,   diese   Sicht,  Betriebswirtschaftliche   sonstige[]) Filter  auf  Perspektiven Systemanalyse,…) Veränderungen  geprüft,     schätzungsweise  ein? Sicht) dokumentiert?  Gibt  es  ein   Struktur  (ERD,   (offizielles  oder  inoffizielles)   Rolle   Gibt  es  eine   Klassendiagramm)?  Funktion   Requirements  Engineer   (Dfd)?,  Verhalten(Automaten,   Gremium  zur  Prüfung  vystemanalytiker)? (z.B.  S on   Zustandsdiagramme,  Petri-­‐ Anforderungsänderungen  (z.B.   Netze)   Change-­‐Control-­‐Board)? Folie 23 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 24. Process Perception !  Only 33% perceive requirements engineering as a separate step during software development !  In the space domain, perception is almost 50% !  Projects with high criticality have very high perception for requirements engineering !  With increasing project size, the perception for requirements engineering declines Folie 24 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 25. Effort !  In many projects (57%), there is no one in charge of requirements engineering !  Man in charge exist in aeronautics and space domains only !  The effort for requirements engineering is approximate 10%-20% !  Higher efforts for requirements engineering are either in !  projects with higher level of maturity, !  projects with higher criticality, or !  projects from the aeronautics and space domains. Folie 25 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 26. Requirements Analysis !  Many analysis techniques are known !  Creativity and interview techniques are very well known (84%) !  Observation techniques are well know (58%) !  The use of document based techniques increases with number of projects partners Folie 26 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 27. Used Software with Relation to Application Domain Space Aeronautics Energy Transport Other 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Office Software Wikis Diagram Software RE-Tools Other Folie 27 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 28. Used Software with Relation to Criticality Office Software Wikis Diagram Software RE-Tools Other 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% very high high middle low Folie 28 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 29. Software Engineering at DLR Folie 29 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 30. DLR-Software-Engineering-Netzwerk !  Einrichtung des DLR-Software-Engineering-Netzwerkes !  um den DLR-weiten Austausch bzgl. des Software-Engineerings zu fördern sowie !  die Einführung und Anwendung gängiger Methoden, Prozesse und Werkzeuge aus dem Bereich des Software-Engineerings zu koordinieren. !  Unterstützung durch das zentrale IT-Management des DLR !  Bereitstellung aktueller Informationen über separate Seite im Unternehmenswebportal Ziel: Qualitätsverbesserung der wissenschaftlichen SW-Entwicklung Folie 30 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 31. DLR Software Engineering Network Goal: Quality Improvement of Software Engineering DLR SE Representative Developer Developer SE Contact SE Contact Tools and Services Developer Developer SE Contact Developer Developer Folie 31 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 32. DLR Software Engineering Network Tools and Services Software Standards •  Selection of suitable QA methods Software Catalogue •  Classification of DLR software developments Tool Suite •  Focus on configuration management Training •  Methods and tools for scientists Folie 32 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 33. Research Topics REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 34. Provenance in Software Engineering !  Trace software development processes with Provenance information to answer questions about it !  Example: Which issues did Heinrich solve for release 1.5.0? Folie 34 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 35. Provenance in Software Engineering  -­‐  Name  (M) Document Doc User C hange C hange  -­‐  New  ID  (M) Process  -­‐  New  Status  (O)  -­‐  New  Assignee  (O)  -­‐  Document  (M)  -­‐  New  Release  (O)  -­‐  C omment  (O) Define questions about the process Issue  -­‐  String  (M) Issue C hange C hange Process Release Create a model for the  -­‐  File  (M) development process with Open  -­‐  ID  (M) Issue Provenance Model  -­‐  Status  (M)  -­‐  Assignee  (M) Archive Release !  Identifying data items, actors, Process relations C ommit  -­‐  Number  (M)  -­‐  ExitC ode  (M) Store Provenance information C ommit Failure C hange Set Revision Build during process runtime Result  -­‐  Output  (M)  -­‐  Message  (M) Build Query Provenance information to C overage answer questions and trace the  -­‐  #  Success  (M)  -­‐  Version  (M) Unit  Test  -­‐  #  Failure  (M) process C overage  -­‐  C overage   Test Maven Result Percentage  (M) Result Folie 35 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011
  • 36. Questions? Folie 36 REFSQ 2011 > Andreas Schreiber > Requirements Engineering in Germany’s Research Center for Aeronautics and Space > 29.03.2011