Keynote address delivered at the AECT International Research Conference. Shanghai, China, June 2015.

1. Why Open Education?
Three Arguments
David Wiley
Lumen / BYU / Creative Commons

2. This presentation is licensed CC BY
unless indicated otherwise in notes

3. Download these slides
davidwiley.org

4. < philosophical >

5. education

6. education =

7. education = sharing

8. sharing

9. what you know

10. sharing

11. feedback

12. sharing

13. encouragement

14. sharing

15. passion

16. sharing

17. yourself

18. education

19. searching for parking

20. faculty meetings

21. tenure and promotion

22. educative acts

23. ALL

24. sharing

25. if

26. sharing

27. education

29. “rivalrous”

31. “nonrival”

32. sharing

33. asynchronously?

34. externalize

37. externalized ideas

38. converted to rivalrous

41. externalized & nonrivalrous?

42. “internet”

46. externalized ideas

47. externalized ideas + internet =

48. nonrival

49. Handwriting Printing Press Internet
Make a copy
of a textbook
$1000s per
copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per
copy
Distribute
a textbook
$1000s per
copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per
copy

50. unprecedented capacity

51. sharing

52. education = sharing

53. unprecedented capacity

54. educate

55. except we can’t

57. ©

58. Copyright
Regulates
Handwriting Printing Press Internet
Copying
of a textbook
$1000s per
copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per
copy
Distributing
a textbook
$1000s per
copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per
copy

59. Tech
Enables
Law
Forbids

64. in the air?

65. open

66. Open Educational Resources

67. open ≠ free

68. open = free + permissions

69. • Make and own copiesRetain
• Use in a wide range of waysReuse
• Adapt, modify, and improveRevise
• Combine two or moreRemix
• Share with othersRedistribute
The 5Rs

70. Retain is fundamental

71. • Make and own copiesRetain
• Use in a wide range of waysReuse
• Adapt, modify, and improveRevise
• Combine two or moreRemix
• Share with othersRedistribute
The 5Rs

73. Open
1. Free and unfettered access
2. Perpetual, irrevocable copyright
permissions

74. Open
Permissions
Handwriting Printing Press Internet
Copying
of a textbook
$1000s per
copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per
copy
Distributing
a textbook
$1000s per
copy
$1s per copy $0.0001s per
copy

75. Tech
Enables
OER
Permits

76. traditionally © materials
+ internet

78. openly licensed materials
+ internet

80. < / philosophical >

81. < innovation >

82. Infrastructure

83. Infrastructure is “resources that
create benefits for society
primarily through the facilitation
of downstream productive
activities.”
-- Brett Frischmann

84. “downstream productive activities”

85. Permissionless Innovation
Adam Thierer
Equal Participation in Innovation
Eric Von Hippel

86. Infrastructure and Innovation

87. Relatively inexpensive
Broad permissions

88. thrives when the costs and obstacles
to experimenting are low

89. “Intellectual infrastructure” is
“nonrival input into a wide variety
of outputs.”
-- Brett Frischmann

90. Educational
Materials
Research
Articles
Intellectual Infrastructure for Ed

91. Extremely expensive
Very narrow permissions
Educational
Materials
Research
Articles

92. Extremely Expensive
Only those with significant capital
can afford to experiment and
innovate

94. $0
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
$1,400
$1,600
$1,800
Tuition Textbooks
Annual Costs
$1288
$1666

95. Textbook Pricing in Context
One Month Streaming Access to… Costs…
Netflix – 10k Movies and Episodes $7.99 / month
Hulu Plus – 45k Movies and Episodes $7.99 / month
CourseSmart – 1 Biology Textbook $19.67 / month

96. Accelerating Journal Costs

97. Very Narrow Permissions
ALL Rights Reserved

99. Trouble with Costs and Permissions?

100. Open
1. Free and unfettered access
2. Perpetual, irrevocable copyright
permissions

101. The Content Oligarchies
Textbooks (74%)
• Pearson
• Cengage
• McGraw-Hill
Journals (73%)
• Reed-Elsevier
• Wiley-Blackwell
• Springer
• Taylor & Francis
• Sage

102. Open Education Infrastructure
Will enable everyone to innovate
Will enable everyone to benefit

103. < / innovation >

104. < evidence >

105. 105
Textbook Costs and Student Success
Outcomes
Six-year
graduation
rate for
open access
institutions
33%
Avg. annual textbook
cost per college
student
$1,200
Costs growing
3x
inflation
Cost
students go without
textbooks due to cost
6 in 10
take fewer
courses
due to
textbook
cost
35%
Access
of community college
students achieve
credential goals
<50%

106. 106
Internet, Textbook Costs, Student Success
Outcomes
Six-year
graduation
rate for
open access
institutions
?%
Avg. annual textbook
cost per college
student
< $50
Costs
dropping
Cost
students go without
textbooks due to cost
0 in 10
take fewer
courses
due to
textbook
cost
0%
Access
of community college
students achieve
credential goals
?%

108. The Impact of Open
Textbooks on Secondary
Science Learning Outcomes
Robinson, Fischer, Hilton, and Wiley
Published in Ed Researcher

109. Participants
• Nebo School District
• 4183 students
• 43 teachers
• Earth Science, Biology, Chemistry

110. Method
Quasi-experimental design with:
• Treatment and Control Group
• Pre and Post Test
• Dependent variable: Score on 2012
statewide standardized science exam
• Independent variable: Textbook condition
• 15 Covariates: including age, gender,
special education, English language
proficiency, 2011 test data, 2011 GPA, and
race

111. Propensity Score Matching
Increased group balance by 98%

112. Outcome: State Standardized Test
• IRT scaled scores increased
with open textbooks, p < .001
• Multiple r squared = .635
(variance in scores accounted
for in our model)

113. A Multi-institutional Study of the
Impact of Open Textbook
Adoption on the Learning
Outcomes of Post-secondary
Students
Fischer, Hilton, Robinson, and Wiley
Accepted in JCHE

114. Participants
• 4909 treatment
• 11,818 control
• 50 different undergraduate courses
• 130 teachers
• 10 institutions

115. Method
Quasi-experimental design with:
• Propensity Score Matching
• Post Test Only
• Dependent variables: Completion; C or
Better; Credits Enrolled This Term; Next
Term
• Independent variable: Textbook condition
• 3 covariates: including age, gender, and
race

116. Results

117. Credits Taken
Semester Treatment Control Result
Fall 13.29 11.14 t (8101) = 27.81 p < .01
Winter 10.71 9.16 F(1, 6440) = 154.08, p <.01)

118. The Tidewater Z-Degree and
the INTRO Model for
Sustaining OER Adoption
Wiley, DeMarte, Williams, and Hilton
Accepted in EPAA

119. Associates of Business
“Z Degree”
Graduate without ever buying a textbook
World’s first “all-OER” degree
~30% cheaper for students

120. When a student drops, it..
Slows down their graduation
Costs the institution tuition dollars
(refunds)

121. (182 * .89 * $164.35 * 3) in-state +
(182 * .11 * $358.95 * 3) out-of-state =
$101,042 annual INTRO
INTRO Model

122. Mad, Glad, Sad, Rad:
A Framework for Evaluating the
Academic Return on Investment
in Textbooks and Other
Educational Materials
Wiley, Hilton, Fischer, and Puente
Submitted

123. “Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
Completing with C or Better
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
$200

124. “Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
Completing with C or Better
Commercial
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
$200

125. “Mad” “Glad”
“Sad” “Rad”
Cost
Completing with C or Better
Commercial
OER
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
$200

126. Completing with C or Better
Student Success per Dollar
0 100%
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Cost
$250
$0

127. openedgroup.org/review

128. 11 Peer Reviewed Studies
http://openedgroup.org/

129. 48,623 Students
http://openedgroup.org/

130. 93% Same or Better Outcomes
http://openedgroup.org/

131. 9 Peer Reviewed Studies of
Perceptions of OER Quality
http://openedgroup.org/

132. 4,510 Professors and Students
http://openedgroup.org/

133. 50%
Same35%
Better
15%
Worse
http://openedgroup.org/

134. impact.lumenlearning.com

135. < / evidence >

136. Why open education?

137. Why open education?
Better philosophical alignment
Increased academic freedom for faculty
Better academic outcomes for students
Positive institutional budget impacts

138. Why not open education?

139. Discussion!
davidwiley.org