1. Beyond MARC
MARC, Linked Data, and Bibframe
17 April 2013
Thomas Meehan
Head of Current Cataloguing
t.meehan@ucl.ac.uk

2. Card Index Catalogue
http://cardcat.ucl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/carddisplay.pl?card=887;drawer=13;max=931;ctype=C

3. AACR2
Models for decision : a conference under the
auspices of the United Kingdom Automation
Council organised by the British Computer
Society and the Operational Research Society /
edited by C.M. Berners-Lee. -- London : English
Universities Press, 1965.
x, 149 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
• Berners-Lee, C. M.

4. MARC
MAchine
Readable
Cataloguing

5. AACR2 in MARC21
245 00 $a Models for decision :
$b a conference under the auspices of the United Kingdom
Automation Council organised by the British Computer
Society and the Operational Research Society /
$c edited by C.M. Berners-Lee.
260 __ $a London :
$b English Universities Press,
$c 1965.
300 __ $a x, 149 p. :
$b ill. ;
$c 23 cm.
504 __ $a Includes bibliographical references.
700 1_ $a Berners-Lee, C. M.

6. AARC2 in .mrc
00788nam a2200181 a
45000010027000000050017000270080041000440240015000852450
21000100260004900310300003200359504004100391650003300432
700002300465710003900488710003000527710004900557_UCL0100
0000000000000477125_20061112120300.0_850710s1965 enka b
000 0 eng _8 _ax280050495_00_aModels for decision :_ba
conference under the auspices of the United Kingdom Automation
Council organised by the British Computer Society and the Operational
Research Society /_cedited by C.M. Berners-Lee._ _aLondon
:_bEnglish Universities Press,_c1965._ _ax, 149 p. :_bill. ;_c23 cm._
_aIncludes bibliographical references._ 0_aDecision
making_vCongresses._1 _aBerners-Lee, C. M._2 _aUnited Kingdom
Automation Council._2 _aBritish Computer Society._2 _aOperational
Research Society (Great Britain)__

7. RDA in MARC21
245 00 $a Models for decision :
$b a conference under the auspices of the United Kingdom Automation
Council organised by the British Computer Society and the Operational
Research Society /
$c edited by C.M. Berners-Lee.
264 _1 $a London :
$b The English Universities Press Limited,
$c 1965.
264 _4 $c ©1965
300 __ $a x, 149 pages :
$b illustrations ;
$c 23 cm.
336 __ $a text
$2 rdacontent
337 __ $a unmediated
$2 rdamedia
338 __ $a volume
$2 rdacarrier
504 __ $a Includes bibliographical references.
700 1_ $a Berners-Lee, C. M.,
editor of compilation.

8. What is MARC for?

9. What is MARC for?
• Storage
• Exchange and distribution
• Manipulation
• Display
• Input (http://www.aurochs.org/zz/marc_input/marc_input.html)
• “Lingua franca of library cataloguing”

10. Finite Notation Problem
Too many subject schemes
650 _0 for LCSH
650 _1 for LC for Childrens
650 _2 for MeSH
…
650 _7 Source specified in subfield $2
Not enough indicators
246 184 $aThe title on the spine

11. Data in More Than One Place
Languages
008 (positions 35-37) eng
041 __ $a eng
240 10 $l English
546 __ $a In English.

12. Double Encoding: ISBD and MARC
Blanket : Constellation of Orion, 3.
260 __ $a Blanket
$b Constellation of Orion
$c 3
260 __ $a Blanket :
$b Constellation of Orion,
$c 3.

13. Data Mixed Up
GMD
245 10 $a Data on the web
$h [electronic resource] :
$b research and applications /
$c Antonis Bikakis, Adrian Giurca (eds.).
245 10 $a Data on the web
$b research and applications /
$c Antonis Bikakis, Adrian Giurca (eds.).
Nothing allowed after 245$c
245 10 $a Enduring resistance :
$b cultural theory after Derrida /
$c edited by Sjef Houppermans, Rico Sneller, Peter van Zilfhout. =
La résistance persérvère : la théorie de la culture (d')aprés Derrida / edité par Sjef
Houppermans, Rico Sneller, Peter van Zilfhout.

14. Text, Not Data
ISBN Extent
020 __ $a 9780285638976 (pbk.) 300 __ $a ix, 300 p.
020 __ $a 012002618X (ebook)
Dimensions
Title 300 __ $c 23 cm
245 10 $a British goblins : 300 __ $c 9 mm
Place of publication
260 __ $a Köln
Copyright date
260 __ $c c2005
264 _4 $c ©2002
260 _4 $c copyright 2005
260 _4 $c ℗1983
260 _4 $c phonogram 1993

15. Changing Text as Primary Key for
Headings and Authorities
Author heading for deceased person
Niemeyer, Oscar, 1907-
Different preferences for writing name
Mao, Tse-tung, 1893-1976 [Former heading]
Mao, Zedong, 1893-1976
毛泽东, 1893-1976
Small differences could break match
Mao, Zedong, 1893-1976.
Mao, Zedong, 1893-1976

16. Expressing Relationships
What does this mean?
700 0_ $a Homer.
$t Iliad.
700 1_ $a Berners-Lee, Tim.

17. Record Not Data
00788nam a2200181 a
450000100270000000500170002700800410004402400150008524502100010026000
490031030000320035950400410039165000330043270000230046571000390048871
0003000527710004900557_UCL01000000000000000477125_20061112120300.0_85
0710s1965 enka b 000 0 eng _8 _ax280050495_00_aModels for decision :_ba
conference under the auspices of the United Kingdom Automation Council organised
by the British Computer Society and the Operational Research Society /_cedited by
C.M. Berners-Lee._ _aLondon :_bEnglish Universities Press,_c1965._ _ax, 149 p.
:_bill. ;_c23 cm._ _aIncludes bibliographical references._ 0_aDecision
making_vCongresses._1 _aBerners-Lee, C. M._2 _aUnited Kingdom Automation
Council._2 _aBritish Computer Society._2 _aOperational Research Society (Great
Britain)__
Leader
Directory
Data
245 field, final 710 field

18. Other Considerations
• Only libraries use MARC
– Libraries tied to library-specific software/processes
– Outside agencies can’t take advantage of library data
and standards (See Also: RDA not freely available)
• Not even all of libraries use MARC
– Archives
– Repositories
– Non-MARC LMSs
• US RDA test demanded progress be made on a
replacement before agreeing to adopt RDA

19. Linked Data: “the web of data”
• Use URIs as names for things
• Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up
those names.
• When someone looks up a URI, provide useful
information, using the standards
(RDF, SPARQL)
• Include links to other URIs. so that they can
discover more things.
Tim Berners-Lee (2006)

20. English sentence
Brideshead Revisited was written by Evelyn Waugh.

21. ERM written out
Brideshead revisited created by Evelyn Waugh

22. Adding URIs: Brideshead revisited
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no97080492
created by Evelyn Waugh

23. Adding URIs: Waugh
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no97080492
created by
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79049248

24. Adding URIs: creator
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no970804
92
http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator
http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n7904924
8

25. RDF Statement
<http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no97080492>
<http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator>
<http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79049248> .

26. RDF (Turtle)
@prefix lc_names: <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/> .
@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
lc_names:no97080492 dc:creator lc_names:n79049248 .

27. Brideshead Revisited
@prefix lc_names: <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/> .
@prefix lc_languages: <http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/languages> .
@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
lc_names:no97080492 dc:creator lc_names:n79049248 .
dc:created "1945" .
dc:extent "1 volume" .
dc:language lc_languages:eng .
dc:title "Brideshead revisited" .
dc:type <http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text> .

28. Brideshead Revisited
@prefix lc_names: <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/> .
@prefix lc_languages: <http://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/languages/> .
@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
lc_names:no97080492 dc:creator lc_names:n79049248 .
dc:created "1945" .
dc:extent "1 volume" .
dc:language lc_languages:eng .
dc:title "Brideshead revisited" .
dc:type <http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text> .

29. LC Name Authority for Waugh
(excerpt)
@prefix lc_names: <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix mads: <http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#> .
@prefix viaf: <http://viaf.org/viaf/sourceID/> .
lc_names:n79049248 rdf:type mads:PersonalName .
rdf:type mads:Authority .
mads:authoritativeLabel "Waugh, Evelyn, 1903-1966"@en .
mads:hasExactExternalAuthority viaf:68937142 .

30. Microdata, RDFa, Schema.org
OCLC Worldcat uses embedded Schema.org:
http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221944758

31. Worldcat Schema.org data for a book
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> . _:1
@prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> . rdf:type schema:Place;
schema:name "London :" .
@prefix worldcat: <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/> . _:4
@prefix library: <http://purl.org/library/> . rdf:type schema:Organization;
@prefix viaf: <http://viaf.org/viaf/> . schema:name "English Universities Press" .
@prefix lc_authorities: <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/> . viaf:149407214
@prefix mads: <http://www.loc.gov/mads/rdf/v1#> . rdf:type schema:Organization;
madsrdf:isIdentifiedByAuthority lc_authorities:n79056431;
schema:name "British Computer Society." .
worldcat:221944758 viaf:130073090
rdf:type schema:Book; rdf:type schema:Organization;
library:oclcnum "221944758"; madsrdf:isIdentifiedByAuthority lc_authorities:n85076053;
schema:name "Models for decision : a conference under the schema:name "Operational Research Society." .
auspices of the United Kingdom Automation Council organised by viaf:137135158
the British Computer Society and the Operational Research rdf:type schema:Organization;
Society"; madsrdf:isIdentifiedByAuthority lc_authorities:n79063901;
schema:name "Institution of Electrical Engineers." .
library:placeOfPublication _:1;
viaf:36887201
schema:publisher _:4 . rdf:type schema:Person;
schema:datePublished "[1965]"; schema:name "Berners-Lee, C. M." .
schema:numberOfPages "149";
schema:contributor viaf:149407214;
schema:contributor viaf:130073090; (http://www.aurochs.org/rdfv/rdfv.html : click Get Sample Data (OCLC))
schema:contributor viaf:137135158;
schema:contributor viaf:36887201;

32. Author Information in Worldcat RDF
(Turtle)
@prefix worldcat: <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/> .
@prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> .
@prefix viaf: <http://viaf.org/viaf/> .
worldcat:221944758 schema:contributor viaf:36887201 .

33. Author Information in Worldcat RDF
<http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221944758>
<http://schema.org/contributor>
<http://viaf.org/viaf/36887201> .

34. Lots of Ways To Do It
@prefix schema: <http://schema.org/> .
@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix viaf: <http://viaf.org/viaf/> .
@prefix rda_roles: <http://rdvocab.info/roles/> .
@prefix cam: <http://data.lib.cam.ac.uk/id/entity/> .
@prefix bnb_person: <http://bnb.data.bl.uk/id/person/> .
example:book0001 dc:creator cam:cambrdgedb_eeacef63d900c2acffc3daa400f3d4e4 .
example:book0001 dc:creator bnb_person:WaughEvelyn1903-1966 .
example:book0001 schema:creator viaf:68937142 .
example:book0001 rda_roles:creator viaf:68937142 .
example:book0001 dc:creator lc_names:n79049248 .
example:book0001 dc:creator "Waugh, Evelyn, 1903-1966" .
[from CUL, BNB, OCLC Worldcat, RDA+VIAF, Dublic Core+LC Names, made-up]

35. Going from Wikipedia to a Catalogue
Search
1. “Francis Bacon” (Wikipedia)
2. http://viaf.org/viaf/31992319 (VIAF)
3. “Bacon, Francis, 1561-1626” (LC Authorities)
4. UCL Explore search
1. “Francis Bacon (artist)” (Wikipedia)
2. http://viaf.org/viaf/14789843 (VIAF)
3. “Bacon, Francis, 1909-1992” (LC Authorities)
4. UCL Explore search

36. Linked Data: Is It Any Good?
• Not-library specific
– Detailed library data becomes part of the web
– Libraries can benefit from wider software, community, and expertise; less tied to specific vendors
– Non-librarians can use our data
• Not catalogue-specific: e.g. if archives, repositories, and catalogues, and others can publish linked
data and share identifiers (URIs) then it can be mixed and re-used in interesting ways
• Can be linked with other schemes. E.g. authorities such as VIAF with Wikipedia, ORCID, and ISNI
• Backbone of other big initiatives:
– Schema.org used by major search engines (Google, Bing, Yahoo, Yandex)
– UK government open data: data.gov.uk
– Dbpedia
– BBC websites, e.g. wildlife finder (takes data from Wikipedia) and World Cup sites.
• Based on very basic and flexible Entity Relationship Model (ERM), the same structure as e.g. FRBR
• Provenance of deconstructed data hard to determine
• Can get complex very quickly
• Linked data often synonymous with linked open data (a good thing for libraries)
• No standard way of presenting bibliographic information as linked data, although…

37. BIBFRAME
BIBliographic
FRAMEwork
Initiative

38. BIBFRAME Model

39. BIBFRAME Model: Resource
A BIBFRAME Resource can be anything: a Work, Instance, Authority, or
Annotation
bf:authorizedAccessPoint
bf:description
bf:identifier
bf:label
bf:subject
bf:relatedResource

40. BIBFRAME Model: Work
Work: A resource reflecting a conceptual essence of the cataloging resource. (A
FRBR Work/Expression)
bf:creator
bf:note
bf:language
bf:title
bf:subject
bf:relatedWork
bf:hasInstance
bf:hasExpression
bf:expressionOf

41. BIBFRAME Model: Instance
Instance: A resource reflecting an individual, material embodiment of the
Work. (A FRBR Manifestation)
bf:title
bf:contributor
bf:placePub
bf:provider
bf:pubDate
bf:extent
bf:otherFeatures
bf:dimensions
bf:isbn
bf:language
bf:note
bf:instanceOf

42. BIBFRAME Model: Authority (Person)
Authority: A resource reflecting key authority concepts that have defined
relationships reflected in the Work and Instance.
bf:resourceRole
bf:isni
bf:orcid
bf:viaf

43. BIBFRAME Model: Annotation
Annotation: A resource that decorates other BIBFRAME resources with
additional information, e.g. holdings, cover art, reviews.
bf:annotates
bf:annotationAssertedBy
bf:annotationBody

44. BIBFRAME Examples
http://kcoyle.net/bibframe/
http://www.aurochs.org/rdfv/rdfv.html

45. BIBFRAME: Is It Any Good?
• Still very much in draft
• Uses own scheme and namespace
– ensures security
– but against spirit and usual practice of linked data
• Reliant on successful conversion of MARC records
(more so than move from AACR2 to RDA)
• Not limited to encoding AACR2 or RDA or FRBR or
Dublin Core or…
• Basically under the control of the Library of
Congress

46. More Information
MARC
• MARC21 Standards http://www.loc.gov/marc/
• MARC21 Bibliographic http://www.loc.gov/marc/bibliographic/ecbdhome.html
• MARC21 Record Structure http://www.loc.gov/marc/specifications/specrecstruc.html
• UKMARC Manual http://www.bl.uk/bibliographic/ukmarc.html
• MARC Must Die / Roy Tennant. http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA250046.html
Linked Data
• Library of Congress Linked Data Service. http://id.loc.gov/ Includes LC Name Authorities, LCSH, geographic and language codes, and
others.
• Virtual International Authority File (VIAF). http://viaf.org/
• The RDA (Resource Description and Access) Vocabularies at the Open Metadata Registry. http://rdvocab.info/
• Schema.org for books. http://schema.org/Book
• Dbpedia. http://dbpedia.org/About A linked data version of Wikipedia.
• Linked Open BNB. http://bnb.data.bl.uk/search
• data.lib.cam.ac.uk http://data.lib.cam.ac.uk
• BBC Wildlife Finder, http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildlife. Compare e.g. http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Desert_locust and
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Desert_locust.rdf
• Bookmarklet for searching catalogues from Wikipedia. http://www.aurochs.org/aurlog/2013/03/25/bookmarklet-for-searching-
catalogues-from-wikipedia/
Bibframe
• LC Bibliographic Framework Transition Initiative. http://www.loc.gov/marc/transition/
• BIBFRAME.org : New Bibliographic Framework. http://bibframe.org/
• Bibframe examples / Karen Coyle. http://kcoyle.net/bibframe/ Converted from MARCXML. Mosly in JSON, but one in turtle.
• NISO Bibliographic Roadmap Development Project. http://www.niso.org/topics/tl/BibliographicRoadmap/

47. Beyond MARC
24510$aBeyond MARC
dc:title “Beyond MARC”
bf:title “Beyond MARC”
17 April 2013
Thomas Meehan
Head of Current Cataloguing
t.meehan@ucl.ac.uk

48. Appendix: Look at your own
BIBFRAME examples!
How to get some BIBFRAME RDF/XML
1. Go to http://bibframe.org/tools/compare/
2. Enter an LC system ID into the box (e.g. 10342843) and click on Search.
3. Click on BIBFRAME RDF/XML.
How to convert RDF/XML to RDF/Turtle
1. Select and copy some RDF/XML.
2. Go to http://www.rdfabout.com/demo/validator/ and make sure Input Format is set to RDF/XML
3. Paste the BIBFRAME data into the box, overwriting anything that’s already there.
4. Click on Validate. You will get three versions of the RDF: as Notation 3 (of which Turtle is a
subset); N-Triples; and RDF/XML.
How to view the RDF/Turtle
1. Select and copy some Turtle, Notation 3 or N-Triples. Notation 3 or Turtle are by far the easiest to
read and look much the same.
2. Go to http://www.aurochs.org/rdfv/rdfv.html
3. Paste the RDF data into the box.
4. Click on Submit.
5. Click on the data itself to highlight various bits.