DSSG Speaker Series: Paco Nathan

1. DSSG Speaker Series, 2013-08-12: Learnings generalized from trends in Data Science: a 30-year retrospective on Machine Learning, a 10-year summary of Leading Data ScienceTeams, and a 2-year survey of Enterprise Use Cases Paco Nathan @pacoid Chief Scientist, Mesosphere 1

2. Learnings generalized from trends in Data Science: 1. the practice of leading data science teams 2. strategies for leveraging data at scale 3. machine learning and optimization 4. large-scale data workﬂows 5. the evolution of cluster computing DSSG, 2013-08-12 2

3. employing a mode of thought which includes both logical and analytical reasoning: evaluating the whole of a problem, as well as its component parts; attempting to assess the effects of changing one or more variables this approach attempts to understand not just problems and solutions, but also the processes involved and their variances particularly valuable in Big Data work when combined with hands-on experience in physics – roughly 50% of my peers come from physics or physical engineering… programmers typically don’t think this way… however, both systems engineers and data scientists must Process Variation Data Tools Statistical Thinking 3

4. Modeling back in the day, we worked with practices based on data modeling 1. sample the data 2. fit the sample to a known distribution 3. ignore the rest of the data 4. infer, based on that fitted distribution that served well with ONE computer, ONE analyst, ONE model… just throw away annoying “extra” data circa late 1990s: machine data, aggregation, clusters, etc. algorithmic modeling displaced the prior practices of data modeling because the data won’t fit on one computer anymore 4

5. Two Cultures “A new research community using these tools sprang up.Their goal was predictive accuracy.The community consisted of young computer scientists, physicists and engineers plus a few aging statisticians. They began using the new tools in working on complex prediction problems where it was obvious that data models were not applicable: speech recognition, image recognition, nonlinear time series prediction, handwriting recognition, prediction in ﬁnancial markets.” Statistical Modeling: TheTwo Cultures Leo Breiman, 2001 bit.ly/eUTh9L chronicled a sea change from data modeling (silos, manual process) to the rising use of algorithmic modeling (machine data for automation/optimization) which led in turn to the practice of leveraging inter-disciplinary teams 5

6. approximately 80% of the costs for data-related projects gets spent on data preparation – mostly on cleaning up data quality issues: ETL, log ﬁles, etc., generally by socializing the problem unfortunately, data-related budgets tend to go into frameworks that can only be used after clean up most valuable skills: ‣ learn to use programmable tools that prepare data ‣ learn to understand the audience and their priorities ‣ learn to socialize the problems, knocking down silos ‣ learn to generate compelling data visualizations ‣ learn to estimate the conﬁdence for reported results ‣ learn to automate work, making process repeatable What is needed most? UniqueRegistration aunchedgameslobby NUI:TutorialMode BirthdayMessage hatPublicRoomvoice unchedheyzapgame Test:testsuitestarted CreateNewPet rted:client,community NUI:MovieMode BuyanItem:web PutonClothing paceremaining:512M aseCartPageStep2 FeedPet PlayPet ChatNow EditPanel anelFlipProductOver AddFriend Open3DWindow ChangeSeat TypeaBubble VisitOwnHomepage TakeaSnapshot NUI:BuyCreditsMode NUI:MyProfileClicked sspaceremaining:1G LeaveaMessage NUI:ChatMode NUI:FriendsMode dv WebsiteLogin AddBuddy NUI:PublicRoomMode NUI:MyRoomMode anelRemoveProduct yPanelApplyProduct NUI:DressUpMode UniqueRegistration Launchedgameslobby NUI:TutorialMode BirthdayMessage ChatPublicRoomvoice Launchedheyzapgame ConnectivityTest:testsuitestarted CreateNewPet MovieViewStarted:client,community NUI:MovieMode BuyanItem:web PutonClothing Addressspaceremaining:512M CustomerMadePurchaseCartPageStep2 FeedPet PlayPet ChatNow EditPanel ClientInventoryPanelFlipProductOver AddFriend Open3DWindow ChangeSeat TypeaBubble VisitOwnHomepage TakeaSnapshot NUI:BuyCreditsMode NUI:MyProfileClicked Addressspaceremaining:1G LeaveaMessage NUI:ChatMode NUI:FriendsMode dv WebsiteLogin AddBuddy NUI:PublicRoomMode NUI:MyRoomMode ClientInventoryPanelRemoveProduct ClientInventoryPanelApplyProduct NUI:DressUpMode 6

7. apps discovery modeling integration systems help people ask the right questions allow automation to place informed bets deliver data products at scale to LOB end uses build smarts into product features keep infrastructure running, cost-effective Team Process = Needs analysts engineers inter-disciplinary leadership 7

8. business process, stakeholder data prep, discovery, modeling, etc. software engineering, automation systems engineering, availability data science Data Scientist App Dev Ops Domain Expert introduced capability Team Composition = Roles leverage non-traditional pairing among roles, to complement skills and tear down silos 8

9. discovery discovery modeling modeling integration integration appsapps systems systems business process, stakeholder data prep, discovery, modeling, etc. software engineering, automation systems engineering, availability data science Data Scientist App Dev Ops Domain Expert introduced Team Composition = Needs × Roles 9

10. Alternatively, Data Roles × Skill Sets Harlan Harris, et al. datacommunitydc.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/ 2012/08/SkillsSelfIDMosaic-edit-500px.png Analyzing the Analyzers Harlan Harris, Sean Murphy, Marck Vaisman O’Reilly, 2013 amazon.com/dp/B00DBHTE56 10

11. Learning Curves difﬁculties in the commercial use of distributed systems often get represented as issues of managing complexity much of the risk in managing a data science team is about budgeting for learning curve: some orgs practice a kind of engineering “conservatism”, with highly structured process and strictly codiﬁed practices – people learn a few things well, then avoid having to struggle with learning many new things perpetually… that anti-pattern leads to big teams, low ROI scale➞ complexity➞ ultimately, the challenge is about managing learning curves within a social context 11

13. Business Disruption through Data Geoffrey Moore Mohr DavidowVentures, author CrossingThe Chasm @Hadoop Summit, 2012: what Amazon did to the retail sector… has put the entire Global 1000 on notice over the next decade… data as the major force… mostly through apps – verticals, leveraging domain expertise Michael Stonebraker INGRES, PostgreSQL,Vertica,VoltDB, Paradigm4, etc. @XLDB, 2012: complex analytics workloads are now displacing SQL as the basis for Enterprise apps 13

14. Data Categories Three broad categories of data Curt Monash, 2010 dbms2.com/2010/01/17/three-broad-categories-of-data • Human/Tabular data – human-generated data which ﬁts into tables/arrays • Human/Nontabular data – all other data generated by humans • Machine-Generated data let’s now add other useful distinctions: • Open Data • Curated Metadata • A/D conversion for sensors (IoT) 14

15. Open Data notes successful apps incorporate three components: • Big Data (consumer interest, personalization) • Open Data (monetizing public data) • Curated Metadata most of the largest Cascading deployments leverage some Open Data components: Climate Corp, Factual, Nokia, etc. consider buildingeye.com, aggregate building permits: • pricing data for home owners looking to remodel • sales data for contractors • imagine joining data with building inspection history, for better insights about properties for sale… research notes about Open Data use cases: goo.gl/cd995T 15

16. Trends in Public Administration late 1880s – late 1920s (Woodrow Wilson) as hierarchy, bureaucracy → only for the most educated, elite late 1920s – late 1930s as a business, relying on “Scientiﬁc Method”, gov as a process late 1930s – late 1940s (Robert Dale) relationships, behavioral-based → policy not separate from politics late 1940s – 1980s yet another form of management → less “command and control” 1980s – 1990s (David Osborne,Ted Gaebler) New Public Management → service efﬁciency, more private sector 1990s – present (Janet & Robert Denhardt) Digital Age → transparency, citizen-based “debugging”, bankruptcies Adapted from: The Roles,Actors, and Norms Necessary to Institutionalize Sustainable Collaborative Governance Peter Pirnejad USC Price School of Policy 2013-05-02 Drivers, circa 2013 • governments have run out of money, cannot increase staff and services • better data infra at scale (cloud, OSS, etc.) • machine learning techniques to monetize • viable ecosystem for data products,APIs • mobile devices enabling use cases 16

17. Open Data ecosystem municipal departments publishing platforms aggregators data product vendors end use cases e.g., Palo Alto, Chicago, DC, etc. e.g., Junar, Socrata, etc. e.g., OpenStreetMap,WalkScore, etc. e.g., Factual, Marinexplore, etc. e.g., Facebook, Climate, etc. Data feeds structured for public private partnerships 17

18. Open Data ecosystem – caveats for agencies municipal departments publishing platforms aggregators data product vendors end use cases e.g., Palo Alto, Chicago, DC, etc. e.g., Junar, Socrata, etc. e.g., OpenStreetMap,WalkScore, etc. e.g., Factual, Marinexplore, etc. e.g., Facebook, Climate, etc. Required Focus • respond to viable use cases • not budgeting hackathons 18

19. Open Data ecosystem – caveats for publishers municipal departments publishing platforms aggregators data product vendors end use cases e.g., Palo Alto, Chicago, DC, etc. e.g., Junar, Socrata, etc. e.g., OpenStreetMap,WalkScore, etc. e.g., Factual, Marinexplore, etc. e.g., Facebook, Climate, etc. Required Focus • surface the metadata • curate, allowing for joins/aggregation • not scans as PDFs 19

20. Open Data ecosystem – caveats for aggregators municipal departments publishing platforms aggregators data product vendors end use cases e.g., Palo Alto, Chicago, DC, etc. e.g., Junar, Socrata, etc. e.g., OpenStreetMap,WalkScore, etc. e.g., Factual, Marinexplore, etc. e.g., Facebook, Climate, etc. Required Focus • make APIs consumable by automation • allow for probabilistic usage • not OSS licensing for data 20

21. Open Data ecosystem – caveats for data vendors municipal departments publishing platforms aggregators data product vendors end use cases e.g., Palo Alto, Chicago, DC, etc. e.g., Junar, Socrata, etc. e.g., OpenStreetMap,WalkScore, etc. e.g., Factual, Marinexplore, etc. e.g., Facebook, Climate, etc. Required Focus • supply actionable data • track data provenance carefully • provide feedback upstream, i.e., cleaned data at source • focus on core verticals 21

22. Open Data ecosystem – caveats for end uses municipal departments publishing platforms aggregators data product vendors end use cases e.g., Palo Alto, Chicago, DC, etc. e.g., Junar, Socrata, etc. e.g., OpenStreetMap,WalkScore, etc. e.g., Factual, Marinexplore, etc. e.g., Facebook, Climate, etc. Required Focus • address consumer needs • identify community beneﬁts of the data 22

23. algorithmic modeling + machine data (Big Data) + curation, metadata + Open Data data products, as feedback into automation evolution of feedback loops less about “bigness”, more about complexity internet of things + A/D conversion + more complex analytics accelerated evolution, additional feedback loops orders of magnitude higher data rates Recipes for Success source: National Geographic “A kind of Cambrian explosion” source: National Geographic 23

24. Internet of Things 24

25. Trendlines Big Data? we’re just getting started: • ~12 exabytes/day, jet turbines on commercial ﬂights • Google self-driving cars, ~1 Gb/s per vehicle • National Instruments initiative: Big Analog Data™ • 1m resolution satellites skyboximaging.com • open resource monitoring reddmetrics.com • Sensing XChallenge nokiasensingxchallenge.org consider the implications of Jawbone, Nike, etc., plus the effects of Google Glass 7+ billion people, instrumented better than … how we have Nagios instrumenting our web servers right now technologyreview.com/... 25

27. in general, apps alternate between learning patterns/rules and retrieving similar things… machine learning – scalable, arguably quite ad-hoc, generally “black box” solutions, enabling you to make billion dollar mistakes, with oh so much commercial emphasis (i.e. the “heavy lifting”) statistics – rigorous, much slower to evolve, conﬁdence and rationale become transparent, preventing you from making billion dollar mistakes, any good commercial project has ample stats work used in QA (i.e.,“CYA, cover your analysis”) once Big Data projects get beyond merely digesting log ﬁles, optimization will likely become the next overused buzzword :) Learning Theory 27

28. Generalizations about Machine Learning… great introduction to ML, plus a proposed categorization for comparing different machine learning approaches: A Few UsefulThings to Know about Machine Learning Pedro Domingos, U Washington homes.cs.washington.edu/~pedrod/papers/cacm12.pdf toward a categorization for Machine Learning algorithms: • representation: classifier must be represented in some formal language that computers can handle (algorithms, data structures, etc.) • evaluation: evaluation function (objective function, scoring function) is needed to distinguish good classifiers from bad ones • optimization: method to search among the classifiers in the language for the highest-scoring one 28

29. Something to consider about Algorithms… many algorithm libraries used today are based on implementations back when people used DO loops in FORTRAN, 30+ years ago MapReduce is Good Enough? Jimmy Lin, U Maryland umiacs.umd.edu/~jimmylin/publications/Lin_BigData2013.pdf astrophysics and genomics are light years ahead of e-commerce in terms of data rates and sophisticated algorithms work – as Breiman suggested in 2001 – may take a few years to percolate into industry other game-changers: • streaming algorithms, sketches, probabilistic data structures • signiﬁcant “Big O” complexity reduction (e.g., skytree.net) • better architectures and topologies (e.g., GPUs and CUDA) • partial aggregates – parallelizing workﬂows 29

30. Make It Sparse… also, take a moment to check this out… (and related work on sparse Cholesky, etc.) QR factorization of a “tall-and-skinny” matrix • used to solve many data problems at scale, e.g., PCA, SVD, etc. • numerically stable with efﬁcient implementation on large-scale Hadoop clusters suppose that you have a sparse matrix of customer interactions where there are 100MM customers, with a limited set of outcomes… cs.purdue.edu/homes/dgleich stanford.edu/~arbenson github.com/ccsevers/scalding-linalg David Gleich, slideshare.net/dgleich 30

31. Sparse Matrix Collection for those times when you really, really need a wide variety of sparse matrix examples… University of Florida Sparse Matrix Collection cise.uﬂ.edu/research/sparse/matrices/ Tim Davis, U Florida cise.uﬂ.edu/~davis/welcome.html Yifan Hu, AT&T Research www2.research.att.com/~yifanhu/ 31

32. A Winning Approach… consider that if you know priors about a system, then you may be able to leverage low dimensional structure within high dimensional data… what impact does that have on sampling rates? 1. real-world data 2. graph theory for representation 3. sparse matrix factorization for production work 4. cost-effective parallel processing for machine learning app at scale 32

33. Just Enough Mathematics? having a solid background in statistics becomes vital, because it provides formalisms for what we’re trying to accomplish at scale along with that, some areas of math help – regardless of the “calculus threshold” invoked at many universities… linear algebra e.g., calculating algorithms for large-scale apps efﬁciently graph theory e.g., representation of problems in a calculable language abstract algebra e.g., probabilistic data structures in streaming analytics topology e.g., determining the underlying structure of the data operations research e.g., techniques for optimization … in other words, ROI 33

34. ADMM: a general approach for optimizing learners Distributed Optimization and Statistical Learning via the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers Stephen Boyd, Neal Parikh, et al., Stanford stanford.edu/~boyd/papers/admm_distr_stats.html “Throughout, the focus is on applications rather than theory, and a main goal is to provide the reader with a kind of ‘toolbox’ that can be applied in many situations to derive and implement a distributed algorithm of practical use.Though the focus here is on parallelism, the algorithm can also be used serially, and it is interesting to note that with no tuning, ADMM can be competitive with the best known methods for some problems.” “While we have emphasized applications that can be concisely explained, the algorithm would also be a natural ﬁt for more complicated problems in areas like graphical models. In addition, though our focus is on statistical learning problems, the algorithm is readily applicable in many other cases, such as in engineering design, multi-period portfolio optimization, time series analysis, network ﬂow, or scheduling.” 34

36. Enterprise Data Workﬂows middleware for Big Data applications is evolving, with commercial examples that include: Cascading, Lingual, Pattern, etc. Concurrent ParAccel Big Data Analytics Platform Actian Anaconda supporting IPython Notebook, Pandas,Augustus, etc. Continuum Analytics ETL data prep predictive model data sources end uses 36

37. Anatomy of an Enterprise app deﬁnition of a typical Enterprise workﬂow which crosses through multiple departments, languages, and technologies… ETL data prep predictive model data sources end uses ANSI SQL for ETL 37

38. Anatomy of an Enterprise app deﬁnition of a typical Enterprise workﬂow which crosses through multiple departments, languages, and technologies… ETL data prep predictive model data sources end usesJ2EE for business logic 38

39. Anatomy of an Enterprise app deﬁnition of a typical Enterprise workﬂow which crosses through multiple departments, languages, and technologies… ETL data prep predictive model data sources end uses SAS for predictive models 39

40. Anatomy of an Enterprise app deﬁnition of a typical Enterprise workﬂow which crosses through multiple departments, languages, and technologies… ETL data prep predictive model data sources end uses SAS for predictive modelsANSI SQL for ETL most of the licensing costs… 40

41. Anatomy of an Enterprise app deﬁnition of a typical Enterprise workﬂow which crosses through multiple departments, languages, and technologies… ETL data prep predictive model data sources end usesJ2EE for business logic most of the project costs… 41

42. ETL data prep predictive model data sources end uses Lingual: DW → ANSI SQL Pattern: SAS, R, etc. → PMML business logic in Java, Clojure, Scala, etc. sink taps for Memcached, HBase, MongoDB, etc. source taps for Cassandra, JDBC, Splunk, etc. Anatomy of an Enterprise app Cascading allows multiple departments to combine their workﬂow components into an integrated app – one among many, typically – based on 100% open source a compiler sees it all… one connected DAG: • optimization • troubleshooting • exception handling • notiﬁcations cascading.org 42

43. a compiler sees it all… ETL data prep predictive model data sources end uses Lingual: DW → ANSI SQL Pattern: SAS, R, etc. → PMML business logic in Java, Clojure, Scala, etc. sink taps for Memcached, HBase, MongoDB, etc. source taps for Cassandra, JDBC, Splunk, etc. Anatomy of an Enterprise app Cascading allows multiple departments to combine their workﬂow components into an integrated app – one among many, typically – based on 100% open source FlowDef flowDef = FlowDef.flowDef() .setName( "etl" ) .addSource( "example.employee", emplTap ) .addSource( "example.sales", salesTap ) .addSink( "results", resultsTap ); SQLPlanner sqlPlanner = new SQLPlanner() .setSql( sqlStatement ); flowDef.addAssemblyPlanner( sqlPlanner ); cascading.org 43

44. a compiler sees it all… ETL data prep predictive model data sources end uses Lingual: DW → ANSI SQL Pattern: SAS, R, etc. → PMML business logic in Java, Clojure, Scala, etc. sink taps for Memcached, HBase, MongoDB, etc. source taps for Cassandra, JDBC, Splunk, etc. Anatomy of an Enterprise app Cascading allows multiple departments to combine their workﬂow components into an integrated app – one among many, typically – based on 100% open source FlowDef flowDef = FlowDef.flowDef() .setName( "classifier" ) .addSource( "input", inputTap ) .addSink( "classify", classifyTap ); PMMLPlanner pmmlPlanner = new PMMLPlanner() .setPMMLInput( new File( pmmlModel ) ) .retainOnlyActiveIncomingFields(); flowDef.addAssemblyPlanner( pmmlPlanner ); 44

45. Cascading – functional programming Key insight: MapReduce is based on functional programming – back to LISP in 1970s. Apache Hadoop use cases are mostly about data pipelines, which are functional in nature. to ease staffing problems as “Main Street” Enterprise firms began to embrace Hadoop, Cascading was introduced in late 2007, as a new Java API to implement functional programming for large-scale data workflows: • leverages JVM and Java-based tools without any need to create new languages • allows programmers who have J2EE expertise to leverage the economics of Hadoop clusters Edgar Codd alluded to this (DSLs for structuring data) in his original paper about relational model 45

46. Cascading – functional programming • Twitter, eBay, LinkedIn, Nokia, YieldBot, uSwitch, etc., have invested in open source projects atop Cascading – used for their large-scale production deployments • new case studies for Cascading apps are mostly based on domain-speciﬁc languages (DSLs) in JVM languages which emphasize functional programming: Cascalog in Clojure (2010) Scalding in Scala (2012) github.com/nathanmarz/cascalog/wiki github.com/twitter/scalding/wiki Why Adopting the Declarative Programming PracticesWill ImproveYour Return fromTechnology Dan Woods, 2013-04-17 Forbes forbes.com/sites/danwoods/2013/04/17/why-adopting-the-declarative-programming- practices-will-improve-your-return-from-technology/ 46

47. Functional Programming for Big Data WordCount with token scrubbing… Apache Hive: 52 lines HQL + 8 lines Python (UDF) compared to Scalding: 18 lines Scala/Cascading functional programming languages help reduce software engineering costs at scale, over time 47

48. Cascading – deployments • case studies: Climate Corp, Twitter, Etsy, Williams-Sonoma, uSwitch, Airbnb, Nokia, YieldBot, Square, Harvard, Factual, etc. • use cases: ETL, marketing funnel, anti-fraud, social media, retail pricing, search analytics, recommenders, eCRM, utility grids, telecom, genomics, climatology, agronomics, etc. 48

49. Workflow Abstraction – pattern language Cascading uses a “plumbing” metaphor in Java to define workflows out of familiar elements: Pipes, Taps, Tuple Flows, Filters, Joins, Traps, etc. Scrub token Document Collection Tokenize Word Count GroupBy token Count Stop Word List Regex token HashJoin Left RHS M R data is represented as flows of tuples operations in the flows bring functional programming aspects into Java A Pattern Language Christopher Alexander, et al. amazon.com/dp/0195019199 49

50. Workflow Abstraction – literate programming Cascading workflows generate their own visual documentation: flow diagrams in formal terms, flow diagrams leverage a methodology called literate programming provides intuitive, visual representations for apps – great for cross-team collaboration Scrub token Document Collection Tokenize Word Count GroupBy token Count Stop Word List Regex token HashJoin Left RHS M R Literate Programming Don Knuth literateprogramming.com 50

51. Workflow Abstraction – business process following the essence of literate programming, Cascading workflows provide statements of business process this recalls a sense of business process management for Enterprise apps (think BPM/BPEL for Big Data) Cascading creates a separation of concerns between business process and implementation details (Hadoop, etc.) this is especially apparent in large-scale Cascalog apps: “Specify what you require, not how to achieve it.” by virtue of the pattern language, the flow planner then determines how to translate business process into efficient, parallel jobs at scale 51

52. void map (String doc_id, String text): for each word w in segment(text): emit(w, "1"); void reduce (String word, Iterator group): int count = 0; for each pc in group: count += Int(pc); emit(word, String(count)); The Ubiquitous Word Count Definition: this simple program provides an excellent test case for parallel processing: • requires a minimal amount of code • demonstrates use of both symbolic and numeric values • shows a dependency graph of tuples as an abstraction • is not many steps away from useful search indexing • serves as a “HelloWorld” for Hadoop apps a distributed computing framework that runsWord Count efficiently in parallel at scale can handle much larger and more interesting compute problems count how often each word appears in a collection of text documents 52

53. Document Collection Word Count Tokenize GroupBy token Count R M 1 map 1 reduce 18 lines code gist.github.com/3900702 WordCount – conceptual ﬂow diagram cascading.org/category/impatient 53

54. WordCount – Cascading app in Java String docPath = args[ 0 ]; String wcPath = args[ 1 ]; Properties properties = new Properties(); AppProps.setApplicationJarClass( properties, Main.class ); HadoopFlowConnector flowConnector = new HadoopFlowConnector( properties ); // create source and sink taps Tap docTap = new Hfs( new TextDelimited( true, "t" ), docPath ); Tap wcTap = new Hfs( new TextDelimited( true, "t" ), wcPath ); // specify a regex to split "document" text lines into token stream Fields token = new Fields( "token" ); Fields text = new Fields( "text" ); RegexSplitGenerator splitter = new RegexSplitGenerator( token, "[ [](),.]" ); // only returns "token" Pipe docPipe = new Each( "token", text, splitter, Fields.RESULTS ); // determine the word counts Pipe wcPipe = new Pipe( "wc", docPipe ); wcPipe = new GroupBy( wcPipe, token ); wcPipe = new Every( wcPipe, Fields.ALL, new Count(), Fields.ALL ); // connect the taps, pipes, etc., into a flow FlowDef flowDef = FlowDef.flowDef().setName( "wc" ) .addSource( docPipe, docTap ) .addTailSink( wcPipe, wcTap ); // write a DOT file and run the flow Flow wcFlow = flowConnector.connect( flowDef ); wcFlow.writeDOT( "dot/wc.dot" ); wcFlow.complete(); Document Collection Word Count Tokenize GroupBy token Count R M 54

55. mapreduce Every('wc')[Count[decl:'count']] Hfs['TextDelimited[[UNKNOWN]->['token', 'count']]']['output/wc']'] GroupBy('wc')[by:['token']] Each('token')[RegexSplitGenerator[decl:'token'][args:1]] Hfs['TextDelimited[['doc_id', 'text']->[ALL]]']['data/rain.txt']'] [head] [tail] [{2}:'token', 'count'] [{1}:'token'] [{2}:'doc_id', 'text'] [{2}:'doc_id', 'text'] wc[{1}:'token'] [{1}:'token'] [{2}:'token', 'count'] [{2}:'token', 'count'] [{1}:'token'] [{1}:'token'] WordCount – generated ﬂow diagram Document Collection Word Count Tokenize GroupBy token Count R M 55

56. A Thought Exercise Consider that when a company like Caterpillar moves into data science, they won’t be building the world’s next search engine or social network They will be optimizing supply chain, optimizing fuel costs, automating data feedback loops integrated into their equipment… Operations Research – crunching amazing amounts of data $50B company, in a $250B market segment Upcoming: tractors as drones – guided by complex, distributed data apps 56

57. Alternatively… climate.com 57

58. Two Avenues to the App Layer… scale ➞ complexity➞ Enterprise: must contend with complexity at scale everyday… incumbents extend current practices and infrastructure investments – using J2EE, ANSI SQL, SAS, etc. – to migrate workﬂows onto Apache Hadoop while leveraging existing staff Start-ups: crave complexity and scale to become viable… new ventures move into Enterprise space to compete using relatively lean staff, while leveraging sophisticated engineering practices, e.g., Cascalog and Scalding 58

60. Q3 1997: inﬂection point four independent teams were working toward horizontal scale-out of workﬂows based on commodity hardware this effort prepared the way for huge Internet successes in the 1997 holiday season… AMZN, EBAY, Inktomi (YHOO Search), then GOOG MapReduce and the Apache Hadoop open source stack emerged from this period 60

61. RDBMS Stakeholder SQL Query result sets Excel pivot tables PowerPoint slide decks Web App Customers transactions Product strategy Engineering requirements BI Analysts optimized code Circa 1996: pre- inﬂection point 61

62. RDBMS Stakeholder SQL Query result sets Excel pivot tables PowerPoint slide decks Web App Customers transactions Product strategy Engineering requirements BI Analysts optimized code Circa 1996: pre- inﬂection point “throw it over the wall” 62

63. RDBMS SQL Query result sets recommenders + classiﬁers Web Apps customer transactions Algorithmic Modeling Logs event history aggregation dashboards Product Engineering UX Stakeholder Customers DW ETL Middleware servletsmodels Circa 2001: post- big ecommerce successes 63

64. RDBMS SQL Query result sets recommenders + classiﬁers Web Apps customer transactions Algorithmic Modeling Logs event history aggregation dashboards Product Engineering UX Stakeholder Customers DW ETL Middleware servletsmodels Circa 2001: post- big ecommerce successes “data products” 64

65. Workﬂow RDBMS near timebatch services transactions, content social interactions Web Apps, Mobile, etc.History Data Products Customers RDBMS Log Events In-Memory Data Grid Hadoop, etc. Cluster Scheduler Prod Eng DW Use Cases Across Topologies s/w dev data science discovery + modeling Planner Ops dashboard metrics business process optimized capacitytaps Data Scientist App Dev Ops Domain Expert introduced capability existing SDLC Circa 2013: clusters everywhere 65

66. Workﬂow RDBMS near timebatch services transactions, content social interactions Web Apps, Mobile, etc.History Data Products Customers RDBMS Log Events In-Memory Data Grid Hadoop, etc. Cluster Scheduler Prod Eng DW Use Cases Across Topologies s/w dev data science discovery + modeling Planner Ops dashboard metrics business process optimized capacitytaps Data Scientist App Dev Ops Domain Expert introduced capability existing SDLC Circa 2013: clusters everywhere “optimize topologies” 66

67. Amazon “Early Amazon: Splitting the website” – Greg Linden glinden.blogspot.com/2006/02/early-amazon-splitting-website.html eBay “The eBay Architecture” – Randy Shoup, Dan Pritchett addsimplicity.com/adding_simplicity_an_engi/2006/11/you_scaled_your.html addsimplicity.com.nyud.net:8080/downloads/eBaySDForum2006-11-29.pdf Inktomi (YHOO Search) “Inktomi’s Wild Ride” – Erik Brewer (0:05:31 ff) youtu.be/E91oEn1bnXM Google “Underneath the Covers at Google” – Jeff Dean (0:06:54 ff) youtu.be/qsan-GQaeyk perspectives.mvdirona.com/2008/06/11/JeffDeanOnGoogleInfrastructure.aspx MIT Media Lab “Social Information Filtering for Music Recommendation” – Pattie Maes pubs.media.mit.edu/pubs/papers/32paper.ps ted.com/speakers/pattie_maes.html Primary Sources 67

68. Cluster Computing’s Dirty Little Secret people like me make a good living by leveraging high ROI apps based on clusters, and so the execs agree to build out more data centers… clusters for Hadoop/HBase, for Storm, for MySQL, for Memcached, for Cassandra, for Nginx, etc. this becomes expensive! a single class of workloads on a given cluster is simpler to manage; but terrible for utilization… various notions of “cloud” help Cloudera, Hortonworks, probably EMC soon: sell a notion of “Hadoop as OS” All your workloads are belong to us regardless of how architectures change, death and taxes will endure: servers fail, and data must move Google Data Center, Fox News ~2002 68

69. Three Laws, or more? meanwhile, architectures evolve toward much, much larger data… pistoncloud.com/ ... Rich Freitas, IBM Research Q: what kinds of disruption in topologies could this imply? because there’s no such thing as RAM anymore… 69

70. Topologies Hadoop and other topologies arose from a need for fault- tolerant workloads, leveraging horizontal scale-out based on commodity hardware because the data won’t ﬁt on one computer anymore a variety of Big Data technologies has since emerged, which can be categorized in terms of topologies and the CAP Theorem C A P strong consistency high availability partition tolerance eventual consistency “You can have at most two of these properties for any shared-data system… the choice of which feature to discard determines the nature of your system.” – Eric Brewer, 2000 (Inktomi/YHOO) cs.berkeley.edu/~brewer/cs262b-2004/PODC-keynote.pdf julianbrowne.com/article/viewer/brewers-cap-theorem 70

71. Some Topologies Other Than Hadoop… Spark (iterative/interactive) Titan (graph database) Redis (data structure server) Zookeeper (distributed metadata) HBase (columnar data objects) Riak (durable key-value store) Storm (real-time streams) ElasticSearch (search index) MongoDB (document store) ParAccel (MPP) SciDB (array database) 71

72. “Return of the Borg” consider that Google is generations ahead of Hadoop, etc., with much improved ROI on its data centers… Borg serves as a kind of “secret sauce” for data center OS, with Omega as its next evolution: 2011 GAFS Omega John Wilkes, et al. youtu.be/0ZFMlO98Jkc 72

73. “Return of the Borg” Return of the Borg: HowTwitter Rebuilt Google’s SecretWeapon Cade Metz wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/03/google- borg-twitter-mesos The Datacenter as a Computer: An Introduction to the Design ofWarehouse-Scale Machines Luiz André Barroso, Urs Hölzle research.google.com/pubs/pub35290.html 73

74. Mesos – deﬁnitions a common substrate for cluster computing heterogenous assets in your data center or cloud made available as a homogenous set of resources • top-level Apache project • scalability to 10,000s of nodes • obviates the need for virtual machines • isolation between tasks with Linux Containers (pluggable) • fault-tolerant replicated master using ZooKeeper • multi-resource scheduling (memory and CPU aware) • APIs in C++, Java, Python • web UI for inspecting cluster state • available for Linux, Mac OSX, OpenSolaris 74

75. Mesos – simpliﬁes app development CHRONOS SPARK HADOOP DPARK MPI JVM (JAVA, SCALA, CLOJURE, JRUBY) MESOS PYTHON C++ 75

76. Mesos – data center OS stack HADOOP STORM CHRONOS RAILS JBOSS TELEMETRY Kernel OS Apps MESOS CAPACITY PLANNING GUISECURITYSMARTER SCHEDULING 76

77. Mesos Kernel Chronos Marathon Apps Web AppsStreamingBatch FrameworksHadoop Spark Storm RailsJBoss KafkaMPI Hive Scalding JVMPythonC++ Workloads Mesos – architecture 77

78. Prior Practice: Dedicated Servers DATACENTER • low utilization rates • longer time to ramp up new services 78

79. Prior Practice: Virtualization DATACENTER PROVISIONED VMS • even more machines to manage • substantial performance decrease due to virtualization • VM licensing costs 79

80. Prior Practice: Static Partitioning DATACENTER STATIC PARTITIONING • even more machines to manage • substantial performance decrease due to virtualization • VM licensing costs • static partitioning limits elasticity 80

81. MESOS Mesos: One Large Pool Of Resources DATACENTER “We wanted people to be able to program for the data center just like they program for their laptop." Ben Hindman 81

82. What are the costs of Virtualization? benchmark type OpenVZ improvement mixed workloads 210%-300% LAMP (related) 38%-200% I/O throughput 200%-500% response time order magnitude more pronounced at higher loads 82

83. What are the costs of Single Tenancy? 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% RAILS CPU LOAD MEMCACHED CPU LOAD 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% HADOOP CPU LOAD 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% t t 0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Rails Memcached Hadoop COMBINED CPU LOAD (RAILS, MEMCACHED, HADOOP) 83

84. Compelling arguments for Data Center OS • obviates the need forVMs (licensing, adiosVMware) • provides OS-level building blocks for developing new distributed frameworks (learning curve, adios Hadoop) • removes significantVM overhead (performance) • requires less h/w to buy (CapEx), power and fix (OpEx) • implies lessVMs, thus less Ops overhead (staff) • removes the complexity of Chef/Puppet (staff) • allows higher utilization rates (ROI) • reduces latency for data updates (OLTP + OLAP on same server) • reshapes cluster resources dynamically (100’s ms vs. minutes) • runs dev/test clusters on same h/w as production (flexibility) • evaluates multiple versions without more h/w (vendor lock-in) 84

85. Opposite Ends of the Spectrum, One Substrate Built-in / bare metal Hypervisors Solaris Zones Linux CGroups 85

86. Opposite Ends of the Spectrum, One Substrate Request / Response Batch 86

87. Case Study: Twitter (bare metal / on premise) “Mesos is the cornerstone of our elastic compute infrastructure – it’s how we build all our new services and is critical forTwitter’s continued success at scale. It's one of the primary keys to our data center efﬁciency." Chris Fry, SVP Engineering blog.twitter.com/2013/mesos-graduates-from-apache-incubation • key services run in production: analytics, typeahead, ads • Twitter engineers rely on Mesos to build all new services • instead of thinking about static machines, engineers think about resources like CPU, memory and disk • allows services to scale and leverage a shared pool of servers across data centers efﬁciently • reduces the time between prototyping and launching 87

88. Case Study: Airbnb (fungible cloud infrastructure) “We think we might be pushing data science in the ﬁeld of travel more so than anyone has ever done before… a smaller number of engineers can have higher impact through automation on Mesos." Mike Curtis,VP Engineering gigaom.com/2013/07/29/airbnb-is-engineering-itself-into-a-data-driven... • improves resource management and efﬁciency • helps advance engineering strategy of building small teams that can move fast • key to letting engineers make the most of AWS-based infrastructure beyond just Hadoop • allowed company to migrate off Elastic MapReduce • enables use of Hadoop along with Chronos, Spark, Storm, etc. 88

89. Resources Apache Project mesos.apache.org Mesosphere mesosphe.re Getting Started mesosphe.re/tutorials Documentation mesos.apache.org/documentation Research Paper usenix.org/legacy/event/nsdi11/tech/full_papers/Hindman_new.pdf Collected Notes/Archives goo.gl/jPtTP 89

90. Learnings generalized from trends in Data Science: 1. the practice of leading data science teams 2. strategies for leveraging data at scale 3. machine learning and optimization 4. large-scale data workﬂows 5. the evolution of cluster computing SUMMARY… DSSG, 2013-08-12 90

91. Workﬂow RDBMS near timebatch services transactions, content social interactions Web Apps, Mobile, etc.History Data Products Customers RDBMS Log Events In-Memory Data Grid Hadoop, etc. Cluster Scheduler Prod Eng DW Use Cases Across Topologies s/w dev data science discovery + modeling Planner Ops dashboard metrics business process optimized capacitytaps Data Scientist App Dev Ops Domain Expert introduced capability existing SDLC Circa 2013: clusters everywhere – Four-Part Harmony 91

92. Workﬂow RDBMS near timebatch services transactions, content social interactions Web Apps, Mobile, etc.History Data Products Customers RDBMS Log Events In-Memory Data Grid Hadoop, etc. Cluster Scheduler Prod Eng DW Use Cases Across Topologies s/w dev data science discovery + modeling Planner Ops dashboard metrics business process optimized capacitytaps Data Scientist App Dev Ops Domain Expert introduced capability existing SDLC Circa 2013: clusters everywhere – Four-Part Harmony 1. End Use Cases, the drivers 92

93. Workﬂow RDBMS near timebatch services transactions, content social interactions Web Apps, Mobile, etc.History Data Products Customers RDBMS Log Events In-Memory Data Grid Hadoop, etc. Cluster Scheduler Prod Eng DW Use Cases Across Topologies s/w dev data science discovery + modeling Planner Ops dashboard metrics business process optimized capacitytaps Data Scientist App Dev Ops Domain Expert introduced capability existing SDLC Circa 2013: clusters everywhere – Four-Part Harmony 2. A new kind of team process 93

94. Workﬂow RDBMS near timebatch services transactions, content social interactions Web Apps, Mobile, etc.History Data Products Customers RDBMS Log Events In-Memory Data Grid Hadoop, etc. Cluster Scheduler Prod Eng DW Use Cases Across Topologies s/w dev data science discovery + modeling Planner Ops dashboard metrics business process optimized capacitytaps Data Scientist App Dev Ops Domain Expert introduced capability existing SDLC Circa 2013: clusters everywhere – Four-Part Harmony 3. Abstraction layer as optimizing middleware, e.g., Cascading 94

95. Workﬂow RDBMS near timebatch services transactions, content social interactions Web Apps, Mobile, etc.History Data Products Customers RDBMS Log Events In-Memory Data Grid Hadoop, etc. Cluster Scheduler Prod Eng DW Use Cases Across Topologies s/w dev data science discovery + modeling Planner Ops dashboard metrics business process optimized capacitytaps Data Scientist App Dev Ops Domain Expert introduced capability existing SDLC Circa 2013: clusters everywhere – Four-Part Harmony 4. Data Center OS, e.g., Mesos 95

96. Enterprise DataWorkﬂows with Cascading O’Reilly, 2013 shop.oreilly.com/product/ 0636920028536.do monthly newsletter for updates, events, conference summaries, etc.: liber118.com/pxn/ 96