Biodiversity and conservation of butterflies, Insects

BIODIVERSITY OF BUTTERFLIES - CONSERVATION
STRATEGIES IN THE EASTERN GHATS OF ANDHRA
PRADESH
Dr. S. P. Venkata Ramana MSc., Ph.D.FSESc.
Asst. Professor (Sr.)
Department of Zoology
School of life sciences
Principal Investigator (DST, CSIR& UGC)
Publicinformation officer
YOGI VEMANAUNIVERSITY–Kadapa, A.P
Email: akshay@yogivemanauniversity.ac.in

Why protect biodiversity ?
MORAL
• right to exist, stewardship (heritage),
• unnecessary waste immoral
ECONOMIC
• valuable resources now and in the future
ECOLOGICAL
• maintain local to global ecosystem health
LEGAL
• have to by law

DEFINITION:
‘Biological diversity’ or biodiversity is that part of nature which
includes the differences in genes among the individuals of a species,
the variety and richness of all the plant and animal species at
different scales in space, locally, in a region, in the country and the
world and various types of ecosystems, both terrestrial and aquatic,
within a defined area.
The word BIODIVERSITY
originates from the Greek word BIOS = LIFE
and Latin word DIVERSITAS = VARIATION or DIFFERENCE.
The whole word BIO DIVERSITY generally therefore means: VARIETY OF
LIFE.

Plants begin
invading
land
Evolution and expansion of
life
First fossil
record of
animals
Plants invade
the land
Age of reptiles
Age of
mammals
Insects and amphibians
invade the land
Modern humans
(Homo sapiens)
appear about
2 seconds
before midnight
Recorded human
history begins
1/4 second
before midnight
Origin of life
(3.6–3.8 billion
years ago)
noon
midnight

Contents
Introduction1
Biology of Butterflies2
3
e5
Threats to Butterflies6
Conservation Measures of Butterflies7
Conclusion8
Ecological Relationship of Butterflies
Publications9
4 The Importance of Butterflies
Status of Butterflies

Introduction (INDIA)
10 - Bio geographic zones
One of the world’s 12 - mega
diversity countries that together
support two-thirds of the world’s
biological resources
Two biodiversity hotspots- Eastern
Ghats and Western Ghats
Scientific study of Butterflies and
Moths - Lepidopterology

Introduction
Distributed throughout the world except in the very cold and arid
regions
‘Flagships’, ‘Honorary birds’ and valuable pollinators
 Most important food chain components of the birds, reptiles ,
spiders and predatory insects
Good indicators of environmental quality

Most important pollinators
Good indicators of the ecological quality of a habitat
Important components of the food chain, particularly
as larvae
Instrumental in the conservation of tropical forests
Development of rural economy through eco-tourism
and butterfly farming
IMPORTANCE OF BUTTERFLIES

Butterflies and moths belongs to the order
Lepidoptera.
Lepidos in Greek for "scales" ptera - "wing"
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
(Sub Order): Rhopalocera
Family Papilionidae
Biology of Butterfly

Why butterflies and moths are important ?
There are many reasons why butterflies and moths are
important, both in their own right but also as quality of
life indicators.
The following are the main reasons for conserving
butterflies and moths in the India and around the world.

Ecology, Biogeography, Phylo-genetics and Conservation of Indian
butterflies
One of the long-term goals of our lab is to study
the ecology and patterns of diversification, endemism and evolution of Indian butterflies.
Migration, seasonal population dynamics, biogeography, phylogeography, community
structure and mimicry
We have started a modern research collection of Indian butterflies, with associated geo-
referenced data and DNA library (DNA isolation), which we are using for our taxonomic,
phylogenetic, phylogeographic, conservation genetics and conservation prioritization work on
Indian butterflies.

Through active forest management planned for butterflies
and moths, Forestry Commission MOF aims to conserve
populations of all Indian Lepidoptera species on the
Forestry Commission India.
The priorities are to:
1. Prevent further extinctions
2. Stabilise colonies and numbers
3. Increase populations and range of the Priority Species that require
targeted woodland management

Lepidoptera
Hesperiidae
(Skippers)
Lycaenidae
(Blues)
Pieridae
(Whites & Yellows)
Papilionidae
(Swallow tails)
Nymphalidae
(Brush footed)

MOTH
Active at night
(nocturnal)
Dull colors
Wings rest at their sides
Feathered or pointed
antennae
Thick body
BUTTERFLY
Active during the day
(diurnal)
Bright colors
Wings rest together and
upright
Straight and clubbed
antennae
Thin body
Difference between butterfly and moth

LIFESPAN & HIBERNATION
Lifespan
Butterfly Short-lived insects
Small Blues may live only for two or 3 days
Swallowtails, Nymphalids or Brush-footed live for as
long as 15-30 days
Hibernation
At every stage in their life cycle, butterflies can go
into a resting period or diapause, which is similar to
hibernation in extreme climatic zones
 Pupal stage especially during winter

Colors produced by pigments
Color present in the wing scales or in the
underlying epidermal tissue
1.By the insects ‘own metabolism’
2. By sequestering from a plant source
and rarely by microbial endosymbionts
Melanin, the most common pigment
imparts the blackish–brown colors
Butterfly Colouration

BUTTERFLY BEHAVIOR
Courtship
Butterfly hill topping and patrolling
Gully bottoming
Butterfly Mudpuddling
Butterfly Basking
Mimicry

Mudpuddling
Newly hatched males often gather in large numbers to mud puddle and
take in salts.
Later these salts an essential requirement in the production of healthy
eggs.
Get concentrated as nutrients in compact capsules that from part of
the spermatophores which are passed on to the female during mating.

Migrations is long journey, local flights around the breeding area, which
are associated with feeding, mating and egg laying
Monarch butterfly is the longest migrant, It covers a distance of nearly
3200 km between its breading areas in Canada and northern United
States, California and Mexico
Butterfly Migration

All stages except the adult are attacked by natural enemies like
parasites and diseases (wasps, bees, ants)
Vertebrates - Birds, lizards, bats, insectivorous and monkeys are
important predators
Invertebrate predators - Spiders, preying mantids, and scorpions
Natural Enemies of Butterflies

Butterfly and Flower Association - Butterfly pollination (Psycophily), feed
fluids, flower nectar, using a long, thin, retractile proboscis
Mutualistic
Butterflies and Ants – Association between butterflies and ants is mutually
beneficial. Butterflies give sweet fluid to the ants and the ants in turn protet
them natural enemies (Lycaenidae) Alcon blue butterfly (Maculinea alcon)
Arboreal ant (Oecophylla smaragdina)
ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP OF BUTTERFLY

 Important role in pollination after honeybees by pollinating a
major portion of economically important crop, 3/4 part of
staple crop in world, and more than 75% of flowering plants
etc.
 Silk industry is also dependent on these Lepidoptera
POLLINATION

As valuable environmental indicators
Stable habitat or climatic changes, the diversity and responses of
wildlife.
Indicate signals from the natural disasters, Great tsunami, Cyclone,
Earthquake
 Play a complementary role to birds as an indicator, because they use
the landscape at a far finer scale.
INDICATORS

The 90% of the world’s species have scientific names.
An estimation 17,500 species of butterflies (Papilionoidea) out
of about 180,000 species of Lepidoptera.
India is home to around 1,501 Butterflies
Tamil Nadu - 319 species
(Ackery et al. 1995)
STATUS OF BUTTERFLY

INTRINSIC VALUE
Butterflies and moths are intrinsically valuable and are worthy of
conservation in their own right.
Butterflies and moths are part of Life on Earth and an important
component of its rich biodiversity.
They have been around for at least 50 million years and probably
first evolved some 150 million years ago.
 Butterflies and moths are a highly diverse group comprising over
250,000 species and make up around one quarter of all named
species.
 Butterflies are flagship species for conservation in general, and in
particular for invertebrates.

Aesthetic value
 Butterflies and moths are part of our natural heritage and have been studied for
over 300 years.
 Butterflies and moths are beautiful. Many are iconic and popular.
People like butterflies.
There are many references to butterflies and moths in literature, from the Bible
through Shakespeare to modern day literature, and from poetry to musical lyrics.
Butterflies are used by advertisers and illustrators the world over as way of
indicating that something is environmentally friendly.
Butterflies are often portrayed as the essence of nature or as representing
freedom, beauty or peace.

Strategies for Survival
1 - Mate recognition
2 - Aposematic & Diematic colouration
3 - Mimicry
4 - Sexual dimorphism
5 - Roosting behaviour
6 - Seasonal dimorphism
7 - Chemical warfare
8 - Hibernation & Aestivation

Butterfly diversity Hotspot
Source: Butterfly BBC Documentary (2008)

Butterfly diversity in different families
Source : BNHS Report - (2006)

Andhra pradesh- About 319 species of butterflies have been
recorded
Papilionidae - 19 species
Pieridae - 32 species
Nymphalidae - 94 species
Lycaenidae - 97 species
Hesperiidae - 77 species
List of butterflies in ANDHRA PRADESH

Human interferenceHabitat Loss
Forest fire
Non-implementation
of laws
Illegal Trade
Biotic Pressure
THREATS TO
BUTTERFLIES
Threats to Butterflies

THREATS
Human exploitation of forestry, agriculture and other resources.
Pastures and grasslands
Agricultural practices, Urbanization, Over grazing
Change in climate, Global warming, Air pollution
Ditching and draining of wet forests, Swamps and bogs in the
forest landscape

Threats
Forest plantation practices such as cutting of broad leaved forests and
plantations of conifers
Monoculture of tea, Coffee and other commercial crops, Over collection
Cutting of bushes and trees along edges of fields and grasslands
Non- forest activities - mining , road laying, industrial activities ,
clearing large forest areas for construction of dams .

Threats
Source :European Red List - 2010

An integrative approach to the maintenance of biodiversity that uses
appropriate principles and experiences from basic biological fields such as
genetics and ecology; from natural resource management fields such as
wildlife management; and from social sciences such as anthropology,
sociology, philosophy, and economics.
(S .P. Venkata Ramana et al., 2012)
Conservation Strategy

Conservation Strategy
Cooperators
Conservation Actions
Funding
Adaptive Management and
Monitoring
Research

Conservation Measures
Title Butterfly museum
Butterfly Park

 Magical movement, provide flowering plants for nectar, food, lay eggs
Restore or improve natural butterfly habitats, or to create new ones
by designing and creating butterfly gardens
Created in window boxes, small flower beds, entire backyards, vacant
lots, parks, and even indoor greenhouses
Butterfly Garden

Planning a Butterfly Garden the construction of a butterfly garden
takes a few moments to assess your resources
A Butterfly Survey The first step in planning a butterfly garden is to
conduct a butterfly survey for your area
Site Selection Sunny, and relatively undisturbed, water supply, more
natural the area the greater the number and diversity of butterflies
attracted.
 Choosing Your Plants - larval food plants (host plant) and adult nectar
plants.
BUTTERFLY GARDEN (PARK)

Finishing Touches:
1. Damp spots or shallow puddles (for drinking)
2. Large field stones (for basking)
3. Pieces of fruit (citrus, bananas, peaches, and apples work well) or
a butterfly feeder (for supplemental nectaring)
4. Butterfly hibernation boxes (for overwintering).
And don't forget avoid the use of pesticides in and around your
butterfly garden!
Butterfly Garden (Park)

Park is specifically intended for the Captive Breeding
Butterfly park are open to the public
Double-entry door is usually used to ensure that no butterflies
escape
Butterfly Park

Andhra Pradesh government has proposed to set up a butterfly park
in Visakhapatnam and Kadapa.
The forest minister of the state has announced that “a special scheme
has been drawn for establishing a butterfly park in 10 hectare area in
Upper Anaicut Reserve Forest near Visakhapatnam.”
Butterfly park in ANDHRAPRADESH

Butterfly Watching
When to watch?
How to attract butterflies?
Watching with binoculars – An
8x40 or 7x35 binocular would
be ideal.
Where to watch?

METHODOLOGY
 Study sites chosen : Lakamalai, Tirumala, Belum, Thalakona Hill region vegetations.
 Butterfly diversity was measured by scoring the species and their no.
along with the transects each one of which can be traversed in one hour.
This monitoring was conducted twice in a month in all the study sites
 Identification of Butterflies: Captured butterflies were identified by consulting
standard publications & confirmed with Zoological Survey of India (Sambath).
Breeding season, ovipositing and nectar host plants are recorded in the
study sites.
 Butterfly eggs were collected and incubated in the laboratory and natural
conditions in the Butterfly Park and studied further for the larvae, pupae and
emerged adults, along with the climatic conditions.
 Number of broods recorded along with population index.
 Food indices (CI, GR, AD, ECI, ECD) are recorded by using the formulae
given by Waldbauer (1968)
 More number of butterfly eggs collected for rearing in the Butterfly Park.

Butterfly fauna of : Lakamalai, Tirumala and Thalakona Hill region vegetations of Southern Andhra
Pradesh (2010-14)
Family: Nymphalidae
1. Danaus chrysippus
Plain tiger 1-12 * * * * *
Thk
2. Tirumala limniace Blue tiger 10-4 * * * * Thk
3. Cuphaery manthis Rustic 1-11 * * * * Tkn
4. Euploea core Common crow 1-12 * * * * Tkn
5. Elymnias hypermnestra Common palm fly 9-3 * Tkn
6. Erites falcipennis Common Cyclops 9-3 * Tkn
7. Melanitis leda Common evening brown 9-5 * * * * Tkn
8. Mycalesis visala Tamil brush brown 1-3 * Tkn
9. Ariadne merione Common castor 1-12 * * * * Tkn
10. Euthalia garuda The baron 5-8 * Tkn
11. Euthalianais The baronet 6-10 * * * * Tkn
12. Hypolimnas bolina Great egg fly 6-10 * * * * Tkn
13. Hypolomnas misippus Danaid egg fly 7-3 * * * * Tkn
14. Junonia almanac Peacock pansy 7-12 * * * * Tkn
15. Junonia hierta Yellow pansy 6-12 * * * Tkn
16. Junonia lemonias Lemon pansy 1-12 * * * * * Tkn
17. Junonia orithyia Blue pansy 7-12 * * * Tkn
18. Junonia iphita Chocolate pansy 6-12 * * * Tkn
19. Neptis hylas Common sailer 10-4 * * * Tkn
20. Phalanta phalantha Common leopard 1-12 * * * * Tkn
21. Byblia ilithyia
22. Vanessa indica
23. Cynthia erota
24. Atella alcippe
The Joker
The Paller
The Devil
The Camel
3-7
4-5
9-11
2-4
* *
*
*
*
Tkn
Tkn
Sch
Tkn
25. Acraea violae Tawny coster 1-12 * * * * * Lnk
26.Melantis phedima Dark evening brown 4-12 * * Tkn
27. Euploea sylvester Double-branded crow 3-5 * * * * Tkn
28. Euploe aklugii Brown king crow 4-10 * * * * Sch
29.Parantica aglea Glassy Tiger 1-12 * * * * Sch

Family:Lycaenidae
30.Apharitis vulcanus Common silverline 8-10 * Tkn
31. Castalius rosimon
32. Castalius caleta
33.Tarucus nara
Common pierrot
Common Comb
Rounded pierrot
1-12
4-9
2-5
* * * *
**
*
Lnk
Sch
Lnk
34. Euchrysops cnejus Gram blue 1-12 * * * * Tkn
35. Everes lacturnus Indian cupid 6-10 * * * * Lnk
36. Jamides celeno Common cerulean 1-12 * * * * Tkn
37. Rapala airbus Indian red flash 5-7 * * Sch
38. Spindasis vulcanus The silverline 6-10 * * * * Tkn
39. Talicada nyseus
40. Lycaenesthes emolus
Red pierrot
The wind mill
4-6
3-5
* *
*
Sch
Tkn
41. Rapala iarbus Indian Red glass 4-7 * * Tkn
42. Curetis thetis
43. Pratapa deva
Oak blue
Common cool
7-9
12-3
*
*
Lnk
Tkn
44. Rathinda amor Monkey puzzle 1-12 * * * * Sch
45.Chilades pandava Plains cupid * * * * Lnk
46.Chilades lajus Lime blue * * * * Sch
47.Zizeeria karsandra Dark grass blue 1-12 * * * * Lnk
Family:Papilionidae
48. Graphium agamemnon Tailed jay 1-12 * * * * Sch
49. G. doson Common jay 5-10 * Sch
50. Pathysa nomius Spot sword tail 6-7 * * Sch
51. Pachliopta aristolochiae Common rose 1-12 * * * * Sch
52. P. hector Cromson rose 1-12 * * * * Sch
53. Papilio polymnestor Blue mormon 10-3 * * Sch
54. P. polytes
55. P. memnon
56. P. liomedon
Common mormon
Common merun
The black tail
5-8
3-5
1-3
*
*
*
Sch
Sch
Sch
57. P. crino Common banded peacock 5-8 * Sch
58. Princeps demoleus Lime butterfly 3-11 * * * * Lnk

Family: Hesperiidae
80. Borbocinnara Rice swift 1-12 * * * * Lnk
81. Pelopidas mathias Small branded
swift
1-12 * * * *
Lnk
82. Hasorachromus
83. Hasora nexis
Common banded
Awl
The Red dot
2-8
4-5
* * * *
* * * *
Lnk
Sch
84.Suastusgremius Indian Palm Bob 4-8 * * * * Lnk
*very rare **rare ***less common ****common *****very common
Thalakona hills – Tkn Seshachalam hills– Sch ( Tirumala) Lankamalai hills- Lnk

Butterfly Species Larval host plant
•Danaus chrysippus : Calotropis gigantea, C. procera
•Euploea core : Ficus indica, F. religiosa, Neeriumodorum
•Tirumala limniace : Vottacaca
•Danaus plexippus : Raphistemma pulchellum
•Euploea crassa : Ficus hispida
•Melanitis zietenius : Bamboos
•Melanitis leda : Grasses
•Elymnias sps. : Palms
•Mycalesis : Grasses
•Euthalia nais : Shorea robusta
•E. garuda : Mangifera indica, Anacardium oxidentale
•Neptis hylas : Dalbergia
•Precis hierta : Asteracantha longifolia
•P. orithya : Justicia procumbens
•P. lemonias : Asestacea gangetica, Asteracanthalongifolia
•P. almanac : Sarlaria, Asteracantha longifolia
•P. atlites : Sarlaria, Asteracantha longifolia
•P. iphita : Sarlaria, Asteracantha longifolia
•Bablia ilithyia : Eupherbiaceae sps.
•Ergolis merione : Ricinus comunis
Ovipositing Plants
During Mar. 2010 to sep 2014 so far 80 larval hosts were recorded in all the study areas.
Most of the host plants planted in the Butterfly Park also. Some of the host plants are:

•Acraea terpsicore : Hybanthes ennespermus
•Talicada nysus : Bryophyllum calycinum
•Castalius rosiumon : Zizyphus jujuba
•Euchrysops enesus : Legurmineceus sps.
•Jamedes celeno : Pongamia glabra
•Lampides boretious : Crotalaria capensis
•Rathinda amor : Ixora croton sps.
•Spindasis vulcanus : Zizyphus jujuba
•Wretis thetis : Pongamia glabra
•Pachliopta aristolochiae : Aristolochiae indica
•Pachliopta hector : Citrus sps
•Papilio polymnestor : Citrus sps.
•P. polytes : ,,
•Princeps demoleus : Murraya Korenigii
•Graphium Agamemnon : Polyalthia longifolia
•G. doson : ,,
•Leptosia nina : Capparis spinosa
•Cepora nerissa : Cafllaros spoaroa
•Colotis sps. : Cadaba indica
•Catopsilia sdps. : Casia siamea, Casia occidentalis
•Eurema hecabe : Casia tora, mimosa pudica
•Taroctrocera maeviers : Grasses

butterfly species AVAILABLE in the eastern Ghats of
ANDHRA PRADESH
Papilionidae - 19 species
Papilio demoleusPapilio polymnestor Papilio helenus
Papilio crino Papilio polytesPapilio paris

Nymphalidae - 94 species
Junonia orithya Charaxes athamas
Neptis hylas Athyma perius Junonia almana

Pieridae - 32 species
Catopsilia pomona Cepora nerissa Delias eucharis
Pareronia valeriaHebomoia glaucippeColotis danae

Lycaenidae - 97 species
Jamides celeno Cigaritis vulcanus Rathinda amor
Talicada nyseus Castalius rosimon

Hesperiidae - 77 species
Badamia exclamationis Ampittia dioscorides Gangara thyrsis
Spialia galba Suastus minuta Choaspes benjaminii

Euploea core
Danaidae
Tirumala limniace
Danaus chrysippusDanaus genutia

Family Lycaenidae (Blues) Butterflies

Butterfly Photographing
Capturing butterfly images can be a fascinating experience and is
certainly the second best way to appreciate beauty of these winged jewels.
Camera- 35mm SLR.
Lenses- 50mm to 200mm.

FLORAL NECTAR FLOWERING PLANTS IDENTIFIED IN THE EASTERN GHATS OF ANDHRA PRADESH

Area catechu Crotalaria laburnifolia Mimosa pudica
Barleria prionitis Ricinus communis Capparis spinosa
Ovipositing Plants identified in the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh

Facts about butterfly
Largest Butterfly in the World - Queen Alexandra’s
Birdwing (Ornithoptera alexandrae)
largest moths in the world-Atlas moths (Attacus atlas)
Largest butterfly in India- Southern Birdwing (Troides
minos)
Smallest butterfly of India - Grass Jewel (Chilades
trochylus)
The smallest butterfly in the world- Western Pygmy Blue
(Brephidium exilis)
Smallest moth in India - Nepticulid moths (Ectodemia
castaneae)

Poisonous Butterflies
Monarch Butterflies (Danaus plexippus) Beautiful
But Poisonous
Monarch in harm from predators
 Monarchs eat a plant milkweed, its contains
toxins that are not poisonous.
The Goliath Birdwing (Ornithoptera goliath) is the
second-largest butterfly in the world found in
tropical forests in Indonesia Family Papilionidae

Recommendations
Design conservation action with help of local people’s participation
Popularise Butterfly Eco-tourism
Introducing Butterfly Farming
Establish wildlife sanctuaries exclusively for endangered butterflies
Promote conservation education among local communities
Strict enforcement of laws, and protection Strong government support & political
will Promote research, adapt management
Promote butterfly watching
Band collection of rare and endangered species

Captive breeding in the Butterfly park

TWO NEW SPECIES IDENTIFIED IN THE UNIVERSITY PREMISES

S.No. Name of the Butterfly
speices
New larval host-plant
1.
2.
Precis almana linn.
Precis hierta linn.
Asystasia gangetica
Ruellia toberosa
Dipteracanthus prostrates
3. Hypolimnas bolina
bolina linn.
Sida veronicaefolia
Triumfelta pentandra
Asystasia gangetica
4. Tirumala limniaceae
crom.
Wattakaka volubilis and
Pentatropis capensis
New larval host plants identified in the study areas for some
butterfly species

Butterfly Lab with Netted house, incubators & various equipment

Butterfly Species studied and reared in the Butterfly Park & Laboratory
To improve the existing low populations and to restock the species (particularly endangered and endemic) in areas of
their total disappearance, a complete knowledge of the life cycles with energetics are very much required. During the
period from Mar. 2010 to sep 2014 several butterfly species life cycles and energetics are worked out, they are
Nymphalidae -Byblia ilithia, Junonia hierta, Neptis soma
Hesperiidae -Hasora chromus, Suastus gremius
Lycaenidae -Tarucus nara, Catopsilia rosimon
Zizeera karsandra, Chilades pandava,
Lampides boeticus, Deudorix isocrates,
Chilades lajus, Echrysops cnejus .
Papilionidae - Graphium nomius, G. sarpedon,
Princeps demoleus
Pieridae - Colotis etrida
(Bold names represents endangered butterfly species)

Life history of Gram blue Echrysops cnejus

Life history of the Catopsilia crocale crocale

Life history of Curetisnthetis

Peacock pansy butterfly, Junonia almana

Life history of the Pachliopta aristolochiae

Life history of the TIRUMALA SEPTENTRIONIS

Life history of the Junonia hierta Fabricus

Life cycles of the Butterflies

Life history of the Acraea terpsicore

Life cycle stages of Papilo demolus
Life cycle stages of Castalius rosimon

Life cycle stages of Graphium nomius
Life cycle stages of Graphium sarpedon
A: Adult B: Larva C: Pupa

Life cycle stages of Common Banded Awl, Hasora chromus
A B C
A B C
Life cycle stages of the rounded pierrot ,Tarucus nara

Life cycle stages of Byblia ilithyia
A B
Life cycle stages of Castalius rosimon

“ The Flying Jewels- Butterflies” Book release

P. Harinath Reddy
Research scholar,
UGC - PF
K. Suryanarayana
Research scholar,
DST - Inspire JRF
V. Prasanna Kumar
Research scholar,
CSIR-SRF
Dr. S.P. Venkata Ramana, M.Sc., PhD.,
Asst. Professor in Zoology,
Principal investigator (DST CSIR & UGC)
Public information officer
Yogi Vemana University
KADAPA-516003
AP-INDIA
Butterfly Biology Research Team

Conclusion
Butterfly houses and zoos , good of education, promotion of nature
awareness, environmental sustainability,
Both in situ and ex situ conservation
Study on species specific details covering biology, host plant preferences,
ecological requirements etc.,

Greatly acknowledge to DST,CSIR,UGC New Delhi for
financial support through a major research projects and also
sincere thanks to Andhra Pradesh forest Department for
giving permission to periodical survey in the forest field
areas.
Acknowledgement

Conserving biodiversity for people
For today and tomorrow…
“Save Butterflies and Save Nature”
Long live the passion for butterflies in our
hearts…Dr. S. P. V. R
“Conserving butterflies will improve our whole environment for wildlife
and enrich the lives of people now and in the future.”
Thank you…

Biodiversity and conservation of butterflies, Insects

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