The document discusses the major functions and structures of the teeth and surrounding tissues. It describes how teeth incise and reduce food during chewing and help support the dental arches. It also outlines the important roles teeth play in physical attractiveness, speech, and concentration. The document provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of the anatomical features of teeth, including their shapes, roots, contacts between teeth, and cusps designed for different functions. It also summarizes the periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolar bone, pulp, and gingiva that surround and support the teeth.

1. By: Dr. Pamela Josefina T.
Fabie

3. Major Functions:
 They incise food and reduce food during mastication
 They help sustain themselves in the dental arches by
assisting in the development and protection of tissues
that support them
ex: physiologic mesial drifitng

4. Important Values
• Good teeth makes one more physically attractive
• Good diction is an asset and correct speech is made
possible by the normal development of teeth and
jaws
• Psychologically physical and mental concentration is
aided by clenching the tooth firmly during almost any
activity

7. Mesial and distal
aspects of the 6 anterior
teeth (both maxillary
and mndibular)
TRIANGLE

8. A. The longest uneven side toward occlusal or
incisal surface
a. labial and lingual aspects of all anterior
teeth
b. Buccal and lingual of all posterior teeth
TRAPEZOID
B. Shortest uneven side toward occlusal
a. Mesial and distal aspects of all
posterior teeth

9. A. The longest uneven side toward occlusal or
incisal surface
a. labial and lingual aspects of all anterior
teeth
b. Buccal and lingual of all posterior teeth
RHOMBOID
B. Shortest uneven side toward occlusal
a. Mesial and distal aspects of all
posterior teeth

11.  Covered with enamel
A. Incisal Ridge/ Edge
(Central And Lateral
Incisors)
o To punch and cut
food
B. Single cusps
(Canines /Cuspids)
o To tear and shear
food
o To support incisors
ans premolars

12. C. Two cusps
(Premolars/Bicuspids)
o To grind food
o To support canine
D. Three Cusps (Molars)
o To grind or triturate
food

13.  Covered with cementum
 The length and number of roots depend on the size
and function of teeth
 Single rooted – incisors, canines and mandibular
premolars
 Birooted – Maxillary 1st premolar, Mandibular molars
 Multirooted – Maxillary molars

15.  Positive contact relation mesially and distally of one
tooth with another while they are on their respective
position in the dental arch
IMPORTANCE:
a. It serves to keep food from packing between
teeth
b. It helps to stabilize the dental arches by the
combined anchorage of all teeth in either arch, if
in positive contact with each other

16. PCA can be observed in 2
Aspects:
1. Labial and Buccal
aspects
 Demonstrate the
relative positions of
the contacts cervico-
incisally and cervico-
occlusaly
2. Incisal and Occlusal
aspects
 Show the relative
positions of the contact
areas labio-lingually or
bucco-lingually

18.  Formed by the proximal surfaces in contact
 Triangularly-shaped spaces in between teeth and are
normally filled by the gingival tissues
 There is normally a distance of 1-1.5mm between
enamel and alveolar bone
Interproximal
spaces Interdental
papilla

19.  When 2 teeth in the same arch are in contact, their
curvatures adjacent to the contact areas spillway
spaces
PURPOSES:
1. Serve as spillways of food during mastication
2. It prevents food from being forced to the contact
area

20. Labial /
Buccal
Occlusal/ incisal

21. PHYSIOLOGIC IMPORTANCE:
1. Holds the gingiva under definite tension
2. Protect the gingival margins by deflecting food
material away from the margins during mastication

22. • EFFECTS OF TOO MUCH CURVATURE
Gingiva is protected too much and loses ‘tone’ under
the exaggerated contour, food material and debris will
be packed around the gingiva, stagnation of foreign
material leads to chronic inflammation of the gingiva
0.5mm – the normal curvature of the CEJ to the crest
of contour
• EFFECT OF ABSENCE OR MINIMAL CURVATURE
gingival tissue may be driven apically resulting to
gum recession and possible pathologic changes

23.  The curvature of the cervical
line of most teeth will be
approximately 1mm less
distally than mesially
 Normal attachment follows the
curvature of the CEJ if the
teeth are in normal alignment
and contact

24. PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
CEMENTUM
ALVEOLAR PROCESS
PULP
GINGIVA

25.  A dense connective tissue attaching the tooth to the
alveolar bone
 Aka Periodontal fibers
 Thickness varies from .1 - .25mm
FUNCTIONS:
1) Formative
2) Supportive
3) Nutritive
4) Sensory
5) protective

26. BLOOD SUPPLY:
1. Branches of alveolar artery
2. Branches of interradicular artery
3. Gingival vessels that enter the
periodontal ligament in the crestal
region
NERVES:
Contains both sensory and autonomic
nerve endings
MOBILITY:
1st degree - less than 1mm
2nd degree - 1.1-2mm
3rd degree – more than 2mm

28. TRANSEPTAL – embedded into the cementum of the adjacent
tooth and extends interproximally over the alveolar crest
ALVEOLAR CRESTAL – extends obliquely from the
cementum beneath the junctional epithelium to the alveolar
crest
HORIZONTAL - extends at
a right angle from the long
axis of the tooth from
cementum to the alveolar
bone
Transeptal
fibers

29. OBLIQUE – largest group or principal p.f.; extends from
the cementum to the alveolar bone
INTERRADICULAR –
courses over the crest
of the interradicular
septum in the furcations
of multirooted teeth
Transeptal
fibers
APICAL – radiates from the apical cementum to the alveolar
bone at the base of the socket

30.  Mineralized connective tissue that covers the roots of
teeth
 MAIN FUNCTION: attach periodontal ligament to the
tooth
CLASSIFICATI
ON:
According to Location:
• Coronal cementum
• Radicular cementum
According to the
Presence or Absence of
Collagen fibril:
• Fibrillar cementum
• Afibrillar cementum

31. According to Cellularity:
• cellular cementum
-Covers the coronal half of the root; devoid of cell
• acellular cementum
-Covers the apical half of root and furcations of
multirooted teeth; with ‘cementocytes”
Cells:
 Cementoblasts
 Cementoclasts
 cementocytes

32.  Enamel Projections
 Hypercementosis
 Enamel pearls
 Cementicles

33.  Part of maxilla and mandible that forms and supports the
teeth
PARTS:
a. Alveolar bone Proper
 Consist of thin
lamella of bone
surrounding the root
b. Supporting Bone
 Surrounds the
alveolar bone proper
and provides
additional bone
support

34. BONE CELLS:
 Osteoblasts
 Osteoclasts
 Osteocytes
Alveolar
bone Proper
(lamina
Dura)
Supporting
bone

35.  Consists of vascular connective tissues within the rigid
dentinal tubules
FUNCTIONS:
a. Formative – forerunner
of dentin
b. Nutritive
c. Sensory
d. Defensive

36. PULP IS COMPOSED
of:
a. CELLS
• Firbroblasts
• Odontoblasts
• Defensive cells (histiocytes wandering
cells, undifferentiated mesenchymal
cells, polymorphonuclear
leukocytes, lymphocytes, plasma
cells, eosiniphils)
b. GROUND SUBSTANCE
o Protein associated with glycoproteins
o Acid mucopolysaccharides

37. c. FIBERS
 Collagen fibers
d. BLOOD VESSELS
 Either arteries or arterioles enter the pulp at its
apical termination and course
coronally, increasing and branching into
capillaries adjacent to the odontoblastic layer

38. e. NERVES
o Enter the pulp at its apical segment with the
afferent blood vessels either as accompanying
individual units or as intimately associated nerve
sheaths
o Majority of sensory receptors on the dental
nerves are free nerve endings

39. 1. Decrease in cellular components
2. Dentinal sclerosis
3. Decrease In the number and quality of blood vessels
and nerves
4. Reduction on volume of the pulp owing to continued
dentin deposition and reparative dentin formation
5. Increase in the number and thickness of collagen
fibers
6. Increase of pulp stones and dystrophic
mineralizations

40.  Part of oral cavity that covers the
alveolar bone and surrounds the
cervical region of the teeth
REGIONS:
a. Marginal Gingiva (Unattached gingiva)
• Border of the gingiva that surrounds the
teeth in a collar fashion
• It forms the soft tissue wall of the gingival
sulcus which may be separated from the
tooth surface by a periodontal probe

41. b. Attached gingiva
• Border of the gingiva that
surrounds the teeth in a collar
fashion
• It forms the soft tissue wall of
the gingival sulcus which may
be separated from the tooth
surface by a periodontal probe