2. REFERENCE
Textbook
1. Rutherford's Vascular Surgery and
Endovascular Therapy 9th edition , Chapter 47,
589-601.e
2. Vascular and Endovascular Surgery: A
Companion to Specialist Surgical Practice, 6th
Edition , Chapter 7, 83-101.e
3. REFERENCE
Journal
- European Journal of Vascular &
Endovascular Surgery RSS :
Volume 56, Issue 5 , 2018-11-
1, Pages i-767
- Infectious Disease Clinics of North
America : Current Issue , 2018-12-1,
Volume 32, Issue 4
4. • Orton, D. F., et al. (2000). "Aortic prosthetic graft infections: radiologic manifestations and
implications for management." Radiographics 20(4): 977-993.
• Folmer, E. I. R., et al. (2018). "Diagnostic Imaging in Vascular Graft Infection: A Systematic Review and
Meta-Analysis." European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery.
• Fatima, J., et al. (2013). "Treatment strategies and outcomes in patients with infected aortic
endografts." Journal of vascular surgery 58(2): 371-379.
REFERENCE
6. VASCULAR GRAFT SEPSIS
Definition: Sepsis involving all or part of a vascular conduit, vascular patch or
endovascular prosthesis
• Prosthetic vascular grafts
• Endovascular prosthesis (aortic or peripheral)
• Autologous vascular grafts / patches (rare)
7. INCIDENCE
• A population-based study from the Mayo Clinic estimated :
incidence of infection 5%
• Early (<30-day) graft infection 1%
• during an emergency procedure (ruptured AAA, acute arterial ischemia)
• prosthesis to the femoral artery
• placed in a subcutaneous tunnel (axillofemoral or cross-femoral bypass
13. CELLULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR EVENTS
Biomaterial-associated infection fundamental
steps
Adhesion of bact to graft/stent surface
Formation of microcolonies within biofilm
Activation host defense
Inflammatory response involve perigraft tissue ,
anastomosis
14.
15. CLINICAL SOURCES OF INFECTION
Perioperative contamination
Seeding of biomaterial by bacteremia
Mechanical erosion into bowel / genitourinary / skin
Involvement in contiguous infectious process
Impair host defense
16. 1.PERIOPERATIVE CONTAMINATION
Direct route during implantation ( break aseptic technique)
Through surgical wound
( healing complication: cellulitis , dermal necrosis , lymphocele /
gaping)
(C/S s.epidermidis 50-70% thrombosed graft , > 80% anastomosis
aneurysm)
Hematogenous/lymphatic from remote site
17. 2.BACTEREMIA
Uncommon but important mechanism
IV Bact 107 within days implantation 100% infection
Parenteral antibiotic significant decrease risk of graft colonization
from bacteremia
Vulnerability graft to infection is beyond 1 yr
Prosthesis heal , incorporated into surrounding tissue bact
colonization decrease
18. 3.MECHANICAL EROSION
GEE/GEF develop as result of
pulsatile movement of aortic
graft against bowel without
adequate intervening
retroperitoneal soft tissue
Incidence GEE/GEF after
aortic grafting : 0.4-2%
GEF : Graft enteric fistula GEE : Graft enteric erosion
19. 4.INVOLVEMENT BY CONTIGUOUS
INFECTIOUS PROCESS
An adjacent infection
Aortofemoral limb infection associated with diverticulitis
Peripheral graft infection secondary to an infected lymphocele
24. Avoid prolonged pre-op hos stay
Shower , scrub with antibacterial
soap night before
Control remote infection
Remove hair immediate before
operation
Protect vas graft contact with skin
by use of iodine-impregnated
plastic drapes
PREVENTION PRINCIPLE
25. Avoid concomitant GI procedure
Prophylactic antibiotic 30-60 min before
Longer (>24hr) duration of periprocedural antibiotic
Control MRSA : disposable gowns , gloves , masks
PREVENTION PRINCIPLE
26. ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS IN ADULTS UNDERGOING
VASCULAR PROCEDURES
• 1st Vascular intervention (ATB for
24hrs)
• Cefalexin 1-2 g iv 30 min before
procedure
and repeat q 8 hrs
• Cefuroxime 1.5 g iv q 12 hrs
• Single dose before procedure involving a
prior access-site prosthesis (2nd intervention)
• Cefalexin 1-2 g iv 30 min before procedure
and repeat q 8 hrs
• Cefuroxime 1.5 g iv q 12 hrs
• Re-op involving an existing
prosthesis graft/ patch
• Vancomycin 1 g iv 30-60 min
before incision and continued q
12 hrs for 24-48 hrs
High MRSA risk : Vancomycin 1 g iv before
procedure
Alternative for penicillin , Cephalosporin or Vancomycin
allergy
1. Daptomycin 4 mg/kg and repeat dose 24 hrs
2. Levofloxacin 500 mg iv and repeat dose 24 hrs
3. Clindamycin 900 mg iv and repeat dose 450-900 mg q 8
28. • FOR PREVENT GRAFT COLONIZATION AND TRANSIENT BACTEREMIA :
ATB is recommended if intervention ( dental work , colonoscope ,
cystoscope) performed within 3 mo after implantation of prosthesis
graft
• Amoxy 2 g oral 1 hr before or Clindamycin 600 mg
PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTICS
29. OPERATIVE CONCERN
Meticulous sterile technique
Avoid bacteria contact of vas devices
Careful handling tissues
Hemostatic technique
Closure groin in multiple layers to eliminate
dead space
Skin reapproximate without tension
minimize dermal ischemia / necrosis
33. PRE-OPERATIVE GRAFT IMAGING
Confirm perigraft inflammation
Dilineate the extent of graft sepsis
Angiographic imaging is used to plan a strategy for revascularization in
presence of distal ischemia , occlusive disease , graft thrombosis
Combination anatomic and functional imaging is fairly accurate:
Navigational tool to plan operative strategies
Imaging-guided fluid aspirate
Peri-graft fluid / Peri-graft gas
Anastomosis leak
Partial vs. total graft
involvement
GEE/GEF
Sensitivity 80-100%
Specificity 50-90%
36. CT SCAN/ CTA
CT preferred initial imaging
best separates luminal
graft, arterial, venous
structures and perigraft tissues
37. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
CT scan / CTA
• loss of normal tissue planes (fat density) of retroperitoneal
or subcutaneous perigraft structures (indicative of
inflammation)
• collections of fluid or gas (>3 mo after implantation)
around the graft
• false aneurysm formation
• hydronephrosis, and adjacent vertebral or bony
osteomyelitis
Orton, D. F., et al. (2000). "Aortic prosthetic graft infections: radiologic manifestations and implications for management." Radiographics 20(4):
38. Figure A , CT scan showing perigraft fluid with
air(arrow)
Figure B : CT scan showing thickened perigraft tissue
(large arrow) and air within the graft and perigraft tissue
(small arrow)
39. Figure C : CT scan showing left limb of aortobifemoral bypass
(vertical arrow) surrounded by a large false aneurysm with a small
blush of contrast (small arrow). The false aneurysm communicates
with a large abscess (*) extending from the retroperitoneum into the
left lateral abdominal wall. Note air within the abscess (large arrow).
Figure D, CT scan of the right leg showing
complex abscess containing air at the
infrageniculate level (long arrow).
40. 2.ULTRASONOGRAPHY
• Initial imaging study for extracavitary (P1, P2, P3) graft
infections
• Color duplex scanning : differentiate a perigraft fluid
from
• Anastomotic pseudoaneurysm
• Hematoma
• soft tissue masses
42. 4. FUNCTIONAL WBC SCANNING
• To demonstrate abnormal accumulation of leukocytes in
perigraft tissue
• The accuracy of indium 111–labeled WBC scans 80-90%
in detecting graft infection
• Not useful during early postoperative course (3 - 6 mos)
because of uptake in the healing, inflamed perigraft tissue
44. 6. ARTERIOGRAPHY
• To define inflow and outflow targets for new bypass in
the presence of occlusive disease or graft thrombosis
45. CT-GUIDED ASPIRATION VS OPERATIVE
• CT guided : to differentiate uninfected seroma from
abscess formation ( false negative )
• The definitive diagnostic test for suspected graft
infection is operative exploration, especially with equivocal
anatomic imaging and suspected GEE/GEF
• Broth culture of graft material : only reliable method identifying
bacteria and selecting appropriate antibiotic therapy
46. CULTURE TECHNIQUES
• Standard swab cultures directly from the graft
surfaces and perigraft fluid are usually sufficient
• Surface swabs may not recover less virulent
pathogens that do not invade perigraft tissues
48. SURGICAL TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES
Goals of treatment
1.Eradicate septic process
2.Maintenance of normal
arterial perfusion
Selection criteria for specific
treatment modalities are based
primarily on
1. clinical findings
2. extent of graft
involvement
49.
50. TREATMENT ALGORITHMS NEED TO BE PATIENT-SPECIFIC BASED
ON CLINICAL FEATURES, EXTENT OF GRAFT INVOLVEMENT AND
BACTERIOLOGY
3
Graft preservation technique
2
Graft excision Only
1
-Total Graft excision & Extra-
anatomical/ Remote bypass grafting
-Graft excision (Total/Partial) & In-situ
graft replacement
53. Better results with early infection vs. late infection
Better results with PTFE vs. Dacron grafts
Segmental non-anastomotic graft involvement
Any organism (caution with pseudomonas / MRSA)
1.GRAFT PRESERVATION
** Graft sepsis antibiotic protocol: 6 weeks
54. 2. GRAFT EXCISION
ONLY
• Occluded septic prosthetic
graft
• No need for
revascularization
• Any organism
• Culture-directed antibiotics
for 7 – 10 day
55. 3.GRAFT EXCISION AND EXTRA-
ANATOMICAL BYPASS
• Graft excision alone : arterial
collaterals adequate not to develop
CLI
• Intra-op decision : temporary bypass
occlusion
1.Persistence pulsatile pedal
pulse
AND
2.Ankle pressure >40 mmHg
Delayed revascularization is OK
56. TIME OF LIMB REVASCULARIZATION
- Simultaneous
• Unstable patient
• Haemorrhage
• Severe graft sepsis
• GEE / GEF
& a widely patent, functioning graft
- Staged : axillofemoral PTFE bypass 1-2 days then excision graft
• Stable patients
• No haemorrhage
• Reasonably collateralized, will tolerate interval ischaemia
57. OUTCOME
• Limb loss in infected aortofemoral > aortoiliac
reconstruction
• Unilateral axillofemoral to profunda or SFA patency
94% at 6 mo
• Axillopopliteal bypass patency 42% at 6 mo
58. 3.IN SITU GRAFT
REPLACEMENT
• Aortic and / or peripheral
grafts
• No GEE / GEF
• Staph epidermidis or
culture negative organisms
• No perigraft pus
• Biofilm infection
• Segmental or total graft
involvement
59. ANTIBIOTIC-TREATED PROSTHETIC
GRAFTS
• In situ prosthetic with PTFE or polyester recurrent
infection 10-20%
• > 50% of late extracavitary graft infections met these
criteria + treated in situ PTFE reinfection rate < 5%.
60. SELECTION CRITERIA FOR IN SITU WITH
PROSTHETIC GRAFT
Clinical
1. Months to years after implantation
2. No systemic signs
Anatomical
1. Limited local
inflammation
2. Perigraft cavity with
absence of graft
incorporation
3. Weakening of
anastomosis
Microbiology
1. Perigraft fluid : Gram
stain negative
2. Perigraft fluid : Culture
no growth
3. Graft biofilm culture :
coag - staph
63. ENDOVASCULAR DEVICE INFECTION
• The incidence infection endoluminal devices is lower than
prosthetic grafts during open surgical procedures
• Both arterial stents and stent-grafts show decreasing
susceptibility by 1-4 wks to bacteremic as a result of
protective pseudointimal healing
64. • Definitive treatment of stent and stent-graft infections,
including aortoenteric erosions explantation of
device and ex situ bypass or in situ
ENDOVASCULAR DEVICE INFECTION
65. THORACIC AORTIC AND SUPRA-AORTIC
BRANCH PROSTHETIC INFECTIONS
• Graft excision and extra-anatomic bypass are not
possible for most cases of ascending, transverse arch,
or descending thoracic aortic graft infection
• Mortality : 10-20% in major tertiary centers,
recurrent/residual infection 20%
66. CONCLUSION
• Graft infection : Prophylaxis is better than
treatment
• Principle of treatment
1.Accurate diagnosis
2.Antibiotic
3.Intervension : Graft preservation , In
situ , Ex situ
1. Rutherford's Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Chapter 74,
This diagram show pathogenesis of graft infection
Graft surface colonization and produced arterial growth
Arterial anastomosis arteritisPerigraft tissue pneutrophil chemotaxis , decreased phagocytosis , complememt activation
MOST COMMOND MICRO-ORGANISM -> Staph aureus and Staph epidermidis
S. epidermidis or gram-negative bacteria have increased in frequency. Graft infections associated with negative culture results are caused by
S. epidermidis or other coagulase-negative staphylococci and by Candida species.
Gram negative : The incidence of anastomotic dehiscence and arterial rupture is high because of the ability of the organisms to produce destructive endotoxins (elastase and alkaline protease) that compromise the structural integrity of the vessel wall.
After implantation of a prosthetic graft, patients should be informed of the potential risk
for graft colonization and infection from transient bacteremia, especially after dental work,colonoscopy, or cystoscopy.
Antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended if these procedures are performed within 3 months of the vascular operation
Diagnostic criteria
loss of normal tissue planes (fat density) of retroperitoneal or subcutaneous perigraft structures (indicative of inflammation)
collections of fluid or gas (>3 mo after implantation) around the graft
false aneurysm formation
hydronephrosis, and adjacent vertebral or bony osteomyelitis