3. What is Science ?
A systematic and logical approach to discovering how
things in the universe work.
It aims for measurable results through testing and analysis.
It is not meant to prove theories, but rule out alternative
explanations until a likely conclusion is reached
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4. What is Science Cont…
Science consists simply of the formulation and testing of
hypotheses based on observational evidence.
Science is useful and ongoing.
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5. How related to Computer Science?
Study of phenomena related to computers.
Computing encompasses,
- Computer Science
- Computer Engineering
- Software Engineering
- Information Systems
The purpose of Computing is the systematic study of
algorithmic processes that describe and transform
information their theory, analysis, design, efficiency and
implementation
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6. Scientific Method
In 19th century.
scientific method is the logical scheme used by scientists
searching for answers to the questions
It is used to produce scientific theories..
When conducting a research, scientists observe the scientific
method to collect measurable, empirical evidence in an
experiment related to a hypothesis.
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7. Scientific Method Cont…
The steps of the scientific method :
1. Pose the question in the context of existing knowledge
(theory & observations)
2. Formulate a hypothesis as a tentative answer
3. Deduce consequences and make predictions
4. Test the hypothesis in a specific experiment/theory field
•In case the hypothesis leads to contradictions and demands a
radical change in the existing theoretical background, it has to be
tested carefully
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8. Scientific Method Cont…
Rule:
• loop 2-3-4 is repeated with modifications of the hypothesis until
the agreement is obtained, which leads to 5.
• If major discrepancies are found the process must start from the
beginning, 1.
5. When consistency is obtained the hypothesis becomes a
theory and provides a coherent set of propositions that
define a new class of phenomena or a new theoretical
concept
6. A theory is then becoming a framework within which
observations/theoretical facts are explained and predictions
are made
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10. Scientific Method Cont…
Some key underpinnings to the scientific method:
The hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable
Deductive reasoning is the process of using true
premises to reach a logical true conclusion
dependent variable and an independent variable
experimental group and a control group.
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12. Many definitions
Study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform
information
Study of phenomena related to computers
Study of information structures
Study and management of complexity
Mechanization of abstraction
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13. Mixture of
Engineering
Mathematics
Logic
Management
Generally CS is,
Information theory concerned on transformation and
interpretation of information
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14. Computer science encompasses abstract mathematical
thinking and includes an element of engineering.
Finding solutions
Designing skills
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15. Sub-areas of Computer Science
1. Discrete Structures
2. Programming Fundamentals
3. Algorithms and Complexity
4. Programming Languages
5. Architecture and Organization
6. Operating Systems & etc..
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20. Modeling
Occur in Science
Simplify a phenomenon
Identify what is relevant
Theoretical background
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21. Simplified model of a phenomenon
Description in
symbolic language
Observable/measurable
consequence of a given
change in a system
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22. Question that come in the process
How to model?
Is the model appropriate?
In what way model differs from “reality”?
Validation: are the results valid?
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24. Modeling process scheme follows the general scheme of
scientific method presented before
Theory, experiment and simulation are all about models
of phenomena.
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25. What is theoretical computer
Science?
Subset of general computer science and mathematics
focus on more abstract or mathematical aspects of computing
Includes the theory of computation
Follows a very classical methodology of building theories with
rigid definitions of
Objects
operations
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26. Key recurring ideas of computing
Conceptual and formal models
Different levels of abstraction
Efficiency
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27. Data models
Use to formulate different mathematical concepts
CS data model – two aspects
Values they can assume
Operations on data
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28. Typical data model examples
Tree data model
List data model
Set data model
Relational data model
Graph data model
Patterns, automata and regular expression
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29. Physical science and computer
science
Do not compete with each other on which better explains
the fundamental nature of information
No new theories develop to reconcile theory with
experimental results reveal unexpected phenomena
No history of critical experiments that decide the validity
of various theories
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30. Design and analysis
Methods are developed for algorithm design
Measures are defined for computational resources
Trade offs are explored
Upper and lower resource bounds are proved
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31. Main methodological themes
Iteration – performing sequence of operations repeatedly
Iterative constructs such as for /while statements
Recursion – call themselves directly or indirectly
Induction – definitions and proofs use basis and inductive
step to encompass all possible cases.
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37. computation which comprises computer - based modeling and
simulation, has become the third research methodology within
CS
Computational Science has emerged, at the intersection of
Computer Science, applied mathematics, and science disciplines
in both theoretical investigation and experimentation
Computational Science
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38. Computational Science Cont…
Tools
modeling with 3D visualization and computer simulation
efficient handling of large data sets
ability to access a variety of distributed resources
collaborate with other experts over the Internet
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39. Computational Science Cont…
Computational science involves the use of computers
(''supercomputers'') for visualization and simulation of
complex and large-scale phenomena.
If Computer Science has its basis in computability theory,
then computational science has its basis in computer
simulation
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40. Computer Simulation
Definition
simulation: (computer science) the
technique of representing the real world
by a computer program; "a simulation
should imitate the internal processes
and not merely the results of the thing
being simulated“
Computer simulation makes it possible
to
investigate regimes that are beyond
current experimental capabilities
study phenomena that cannot be
replicated in laboratories, such as the
evolution of the universe and Nano
technology
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42. Key Areas
Chaos and Complex Systems
Virtual Reality
Artificial Life
Physically Based Modeling and Computer
Animation
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43. Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantage
You can test in many different ways, and the more times
you test, the more accurate your results will be
Disadvantage
You can come up with different results which can disprove
your hypothesis, and this leads to inconsistent conclusions
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45. References
1. Some definitions of Science :
http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/1122sciencedefns.html
2. Computing as a Discipline, Denning, P.J. et al. Commun. ACM
32, 1 (January 1989), 9
3. What is computer science ? :
http://www.cs.mtu.edu/~john/whatiscs.html
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