This is a series of lectures on general pathology useful for undergraduate and postgraduate pathology students. The ppts here have are enriched with explanatory pictures as well as useful video links.. hope you find them useful
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Cellular adaptations, injury and death.. Lecture 1
1. Chapter I: Cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
CHAPTER I
CELLULAR RESPONSES TO
STRESS AND TOXIC INSULTS
ADAPTATION, INJURY AND
DEATH
2. Email: pathologybasics@gmail.com, Website: www.pathologybasics.wix.com/notes
Introduction to this lecture series
Welcome to series of lectures through ppts
on General pathology
I, Dr. Ashish Jawarkar am a practising
pathologist based in India.
The very idea behind this came from my
own experience, the difficulty I faced in
understanding general pathology concepts.
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Introduction to this lecture series
The first seven chapters of Robbins have
immense weightage not just for exams, but
for understanding pathology as a whole.
I will try here to be brief and precise yet
cover all important aspects with full use of
pictures and multimedia links.
I hope this will help students in becoming
thorough with pathology concepts.
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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OVERVIEW
1. Homeostasis and other definitions
2. Adaptations of cellular growth and
differentiation
3. Cell injury and cell death
4. Apoptosis
5. Intracellular accumulations
6. Pathologic calcification
7. Cellular aging
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Definitions
1. Homeostasis
2. Adaptations
3. Cell injury
4. Cell death
5. Intracellular accumulations
6. Cellular aging
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Definitions
Homeostasis
– A normal cell achieves a steady state of
functioning due to its
• Differentiation (genetic)
• State of metabolism
• Effects of neighbouring cells
• Metabolic substrates
– This is called normal homeostasis
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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That was for the definition
Robbins tries to explain, but still do we get
it? No?
After every definition I will try to explain
the concept in an easier way
So lets understand homeostasis through a
few pictures
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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nd
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
8
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For further understanding see the following
youtube video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZxu
Qo3ylII
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Hope that clears your mind..
Homeostasis done.. Lets move on..
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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What happens when a cell in
homeostasis is subjected to stress or
injury
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
12
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Definitions
Adaptation
– When a cell in homeostasis is subjected to
stress, there is a functional and a structural
response from the cell
– It consists of hypertrophy, hyperplasia,
atrophy or metaplasia
– Due to this it achieves a new steady state
– It is a reversible response (see above chart)
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Definitions
Cell injury
– When cells are exposed to stress/injury and
limits of adaptation are exceeded, a sequence
of events follows termed cell injury
– It is reversible up to a certain point, then
becomes irreversible (cell death)
– Irreversible injury is in form of necrosis or
apoptosis
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Definitions
Intracellular accumulations
– Some types of stresses which are chronic and
sublethal in nature may lead to certain changes
in cells apart from adaptations, necrosis or
apoptosis
– It may lead to accumulation of a number of
different substances including proteins, lipids
or carbohydrates
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Definitions
Pathologic calcification
– Calcium is often deposited at sites of cell
death
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Definitions
Cellular aging
– There is a progressive decline in cellular
function and viability caused by genetic
abnormalities and accumulation of cellular and
molecular damage due to effects of exposure
to exogenous influences
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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That was an overview of what is in store
for us in this chapter…
Now lets look at each topic one by one..in
detail…
I will try to be as explanatory as possible
For any queries you can get back to me at
pathologybasics@gmail.com
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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ADAPTATIONS
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Hypertrophy
Definition
Examples
Molecular Mechanisms
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Hypertrophy
Definition
– Increase in size of the cells
– due to increased synthesis of structural
components
– Happens when non dividing cells such as
myocardium and skeletal muscle cells are
exposed to stress
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Hypertrophy
Examples
– Pathological hypertrophy
• Myocardium in hypertension
• Skeletal muscle in response to exercise
– Physiological hypertrophy
• Growth of uterus during pregnancy
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Physiological Hypertrophy
Mechanism
Due to cell growth in response to estrogen
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Hypertrophy
Molecular mechanism
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Hyperplasia
Definition
Examples
Molecular Mechanisms
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Hyperplasia
Definition
Increase in number of cells in the organ
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Hyperplasia
Examples
Physiologic hyperplasia
– Hormonal
• Glandular epithelium of the breast during puberty and
pregnancy
– Compensatory
• Liver regeneration
Pathologic hyperplasia
– Hyperplasia of endometrium due to excess estrogen
– Benign prostatic hypertrophy
– Skin warts (papilloma virus)
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Hyperplasia
Examples
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Hyperplasia
Molecular mechnism
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Atrophy
Definition
Examples
Molecular mechanism
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Atrophy
Definition
Atrophy is decrease in size of the organ
due to decrease in cell size and number
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Atrophy
Examples
Physiologic atrophy
– Fetal organs – like notochord and thyroglossal duct
– Uterus after parturition
Pathologic atrophy
– Disuse atrophy after immobilization in fracture cast
– Denervation atrophy
– Ischemic atrophy
– Senile atrophy – heart
– Inadequate nutrition – marasmus, cachexia
– Loss of endocrine stimulation – vaginal, endometrial and
breast atrophy after menopause
– Pressure atrophy – in areas surrounding the tumor
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Atrophy
Molecular mechanism
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Metaplasia
Definition
Examples
Molecular mechanism
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Metaplasia
Definition
It is a reversible change occuring in a
differentiated cell
One cell type is replaced by another cell
type due to stress/injurious stimuli
It is always pathological
If it becomes irreversible, it is called
dysplasia – leads to cancer
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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Metaplasia
Examples
Chapter I: cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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That’s all for this lecture…we shall
continue with remaining part of this
chapter in the next lecture
Keep visiting
facebook.com/pathologybasics for
updates..
Chapter I: Cellular responses to stress and
toxic insults: Adaptation, Injury and Death
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