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Le taquin

             1               2       3
             4               5       6
             7               8       9
Représentation mathématique naïve

     11 32 43
                                               1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9
     5   4   9       5       2   6       σ=
                                               1   3   4   5   9   2   7   6   8

     77 68 89

Un mouvement : multiplication par une transposition
 1
 1
     2
     2
         3
         3
             4
             4
                 5
                 5
                         6
                         9
                             7
                             7
                                 8
                                 8
                                     9
                                     6        = τ9,6 ∗ Id
         1       2           3                                 1       2       3
         4       5           9                                 4       5       6
         7       8           6                                 7       8       9
Propriétés de cette représentation

  1       2       3
                                1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
  4       5       6       σ=
                                1 2 3 4 5 6 8 7 9

  8       7       9                       σ résoluble ?

Si σ résoluble, σ = τ1 τ2...τp
Alors, ε(σ) = (-1)p
Parité de p récupérable :



Problème :
  Démo de ε(σ) = (-1)p                         σ résoluble

                                  1   2    3   4   5   6   7   8   9
      5       1       2    σ=
                                  5   1    2   7   4   3   6   8   9

      7       4       3        ε(σ) = 1
      6       8       9                        Résoluble ?
Autre représentation

Classe d’équivalence :
                                  1       2       3
                                  6       5       4
                                  7       8
       Numérotation suivant le serpentin



Représentation d’une configuration :
             5 1 2                51 12 23
 Exemple :   4 3                  76 45 34
             7 6 8                67 88

                          1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8
                     σ=
                          5   1   2   3   4   7   6   8
Résolution du taquin
Représentation d’un mouvement :
                                  1 2 3                    1 2 3
  Exemple :                       6 5 4                    5   4
                                  7 8                      6 7 8


                                  1 2 3                    1 2 3
                                  5 7 4                    5 7 4
                                  6 8                      6   8
                      1   2   3   4    5   6   7   8
         τ5,8 =
                      1   2   3   4    6   7   5   8



Mouvements possibles :


            1     2   3   4   5    6   7   8                    1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8
τ1,6 =                                                 τ2,5 =
            5     1   2   3   4    6   7   8                    1   4   2   3   5   6   7   8




            1     2   3   4   5    6   7   8                    1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8
τ5,8 =                                                 τ4,9 =
            1     2   3   4   6    7   5   8                    1   2   3   5   6   7   8   4


                  Et leurs inverses…

   Ces permutations génèrent un groupe
Algorithme SIFT

Permet la décomposition d’une
permutation en produit de générateurs
du groupe.
Pour le taquin, on a une permutation et
les générateurs : on utilise SIFT !

Étude des isométries laissants invariantes
les quatre points d’un carré :
       1
        • •2
       4• •3



 Exemple :                 R-π/4       4
               1
                • •2
                                        • •1
               4• •3                   3• • 2


                                   1 2 3 4
                       R−π/4 =
                                   4 1 2 3
Tableau de permutations

 Exemple :

       Id
        - Id        σ    • σ(1)=1
                         • σ(2)=4
        -    - Id
                         • σ(3)=?
        -    -   - Id



Tableau permutation :
  • La case T[i; j] est :
    • soit indéfinie,
    • soit contient σ telle que
      • ∀ k<i, σ(k)=k
      • σ(i)=j
SIFT

                               1       2       3   4           1   2   3   4
Générateurs :      R=
                               4       1       2   3
                                                       S=
                                                               3   2   1   4
                   1   2   3       4
           σ=
                   3   4   1       2
                                                       Id    S R
                                                        - Id
 La place est prise pour σ !                            - - Id
                                                        - - - Id


 SIFT :

                       1   2       3       4
    γ = S −1 σ =                                       Id R3 S     R
                       1   4       3       2
                                                       - Id -   ɣ
            1 2 3 4                                    -   - Id -
    R3 =
            2 3 4 1                                    -   -   - Id



Tableau complet de calcul du groupe G :
  • Tableau de permutation
  • ∀ ε∈G, on peut écrire
         ε = σ1σ2σ3...σn
   où σi appartient à la ligne i du tableau.
Résultats sur le taquin

 (P 04 09)                       (P 04 09)i




5 mouvements au départ, SIFT donne :
  (P 01 06)i*(P 04 09)*(P 04 09)*(P 04 09)*(P 04 09)*(P 05 08)*
  (P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)*(P 05 08)i*
  (P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i


Simplifiable :
  (P 01 06)i*(P 04 09)*(P 04 09)*(P 04 09)*(P 04 09)*(P 05 08)*
  (P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)*(P 05 08)i*
  (P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i

                                       (suppression des identités)

  (P 01 06)i*(P 04 09)*(P 04 09)*(P 04 09)*(P 04 09)*(P 05 08)*
  (P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 05 08)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*
  (P 04 09)i



     Objectif pour étendre :
 trouver d’autres simplifications

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Presentation.key

  • 1. Le taquin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Représentation mathématique naïve 11 32 43 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 4 9 5 2 6 σ= 1 3 4 5 9 2 7 6 8 77 68 89 Un mouvement : multiplication par une transposition 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 9 7 7 8 8 9 6 = τ9,6 ∗ Id 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 9 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9
  • 2. Propriétés de cette représentation 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 5 6 σ= 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 7 9 8 7 9 σ résoluble ? Si σ résoluble, σ = τ1 τ2...τp Alors, ε(σ) = (-1)p Parité de p récupérable : Problème : Démo de ε(σ) = (-1)p σ résoluble 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 1 2 σ= 5 1 2 7 4 3 6 8 9 7 4 3 ε(σ) = 1 6 8 9 Résoluble ?
  • 3. Autre représentation Classe d’équivalence : 1 2 3 6 5 4 7 8 Numérotation suivant le serpentin Représentation d’une configuration : 5 1 2 51 12 23 Exemple : 4 3 76 45 34 7 6 8 67 88 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 σ= 5 1 2 3 4 7 6 8
  • 4. Résolution du taquin Représentation d’un mouvement : 1 2 3 1 2 3 Exemple : 6 5 4 5 4 7 8 6 7 8 1 2 3 1 2 3 5 7 4 5 7 4 6 8 6 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 τ5,8 = 1 2 3 4 6 7 5 8 Mouvements possibles : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 τ1,6 = τ2,5 = 5 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 1 4 2 3 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 τ5,8 = τ4,9 = 1 2 3 4 6 7 5 8 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 4 Et leurs inverses… Ces permutations génèrent un groupe
  • 5. Algorithme SIFT Permet la décomposition d’une permutation en produit de générateurs du groupe. Pour le taquin, on a une permutation et les générateurs : on utilise SIFT ! Étude des isométries laissants invariantes les quatre points d’un carré : 1 • •2 4• •3 Exemple : R-π/4 4 1 • •2 • •1 4• •3 3• • 2 1 2 3 4 R−π/4 = 4 1 2 3
  • 6. Tableau de permutations Exemple : Id - Id σ • σ(1)=1 • σ(2)=4 - - Id • σ(3)=? - - - Id Tableau permutation : • La case T[i; j] est : • soit indéfinie, • soit contient σ telle que • ∀ k<i, σ(k)=k • σ(i)=j
  • 7. SIFT 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Générateurs : R= 4 1 2 3 S= 3 2 1 4 1 2 3 4 σ= 3 4 1 2 Id S R - Id La place est prise pour σ ! - - Id - - - Id SIFT : 1 2 3 4 γ = S −1 σ = Id R3 S R 1 4 3 2 - Id - ɣ 1 2 3 4 - - Id - R3 = 2 3 4 1 - - - Id Tableau complet de calcul du groupe G : • Tableau de permutation • ∀ ε∈G, on peut écrire ε = σ1σ2σ3...σn où σi appartient à la ligne i du tableau.
  • 8. Résultats sur le taquin (P 04 09) (P 04 09)i 5 mouvements au départ, SIFT donne : (P 01 06)i*(P 04 09)*(P 04 09)*(P 04 09)*(P 04 09)*(P 05 08)* (P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)*(P 05 08)i* (P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i Simplifiable : (P 01 06)i*(P 04 09)*(P 04 09)*(P 04 09)*(P 04 09)*(P 05 08)* (P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)*(P 05 08)i* (P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i (suppression des identités) (P 01 06)i*(P 04 09)*(P 04 09)*(P 04 09)*(P 04 09)*(P 05 08)* (P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 05 08)i*(P 04 09)i*(P 04 09)i* (P 04 09)i Objectif pour étendre : trouver d’autres simplifications

Editor's Notes

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