6. Length
If a syllable in a word is made longer than
the others, there is quite a strong tendency
for that syllable to be heard as stressed.
7. Pitch
Every syllable is said on some pitch.
It is essencially a perceptual characteristic
of speech.
8. Quality
A syllable will tend to be prominent if it
contains a vowel that is different in quality
from neighbouring vowels.
9. Prominence, then, is produced by four main
factors: loudness, pitch, length and quality.
10. Generally these factors work together in
combination though syllables may sometimes
be made prominent by means of only one or
two of them.
11. These four factors are not equally important;
The strongest effect is produced by pitch.
Length is also a powerful factor.
Loudness and quality have much less effect.
13. It is almost certainly true that in all languages
some syllables are in some sense stronger
than other syllables; these are syllables that
have the potential to be described as
stressed.
14. 1. Speaker/Production
More muscular energy
2. Listener/ Perception
The stressed syllables have one
characteristic in common: they are more
prominent
16. We can find defferent levels of stress and they
do not happen at random.
If we change the stress in the word we can
change its meaning
(n) (v)
Ex: insult insult
present present
record record
17. Some types of words most commonly occur
in an unstressed form in connected speech.
Other types of words most commonly
occurring without a stress (and with reduced
vowels) are auxiliary verbs, personal
pronouns and shorter prepositions and
conjunctions,
whereas the majority of nouns, main
verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals,
quantifiers, and personal pronouns
commonly occur with a stress.
18. The majority of English phoneticians assert
that there are three degrees of stress in
English: primary, secondary and unstressed.
19. 1) PRIMARY STRESS involving the principal
pitch prominence in the word. We mark the
strongest or primary stress with a short
raised stroke [„].
‚funda'mental;
20. 2) SECONDARY STRESS, involving a
subsidiary pitch prominence. We mark the
middle level or secondary level with a short
lowered stroke [,].
ex‚peri'mental;
21. 3) UNSTRESSED, involving a non-prominent
syllable containing no pitch change and one
of the vowels /I, U, ə /.
in‚vesti'gation.
22. Every word unit has at least one primary
stress and one or more unstressed syllables.
Polysyllabic words in English also show, in
general, primary and secondary stress, apart
from unstressed syllables.
Polysyllabic in English usually refers to words with 3
syllables or more and compounds
23.
24. RULE # 1: stress in two-syllable words:
Except for verbs, two-syllable words are
usually stressed on the first syllable.
Examples: 1. answer
2. conduit
3. dealer
25. RULE # 2: stress in words that end in –tion, -
sion, and –cian:
For words that end in –tion, -sion, or –cian,
the stressed syllable comes just before the –
tion, -sion, or –cian.
Examples: 1. articulation
2. celebration
3. commission
26. RULE # 3: Stress in words that end in –ic
and –ical:
*For words that end in -ic, the stressed syllable
comes just before the –ic.
* For words that end in –ical, the stressed
syllable comes just before the –ical.
Examples: 1. analytic 1. classical
2. anesthetic 2. ecumenical
3. energetic 3. vertical
27. RULE # 4: Stress in two-syllable nouns and
verbs
When a two-syllable word can be used as a
noun or a verb, the verb form is usually
stressed on the second syllable.
Examples: Noun Verb
1. confine confine
2. conscript conscript
3. contact contact
28. RULE # 5: Stress in two-word verbs
Some verbs are made up of two words. These
two-word verbs are commonly stressed on
the second syllable.
Examples: Noun Verb
1. letdown let down
2. shutout shut out
3. takeover take over
29. RULE # 6: Stress in compound nouns
English often combines two nouns to make a
new word, called a compound noun. For
example, the words “house” and “boat” can be
combined to form a new noun. Compound
nouns are pronounced as a single word, whit
the stress on the first part.
Examples: 1.overpass
2.longtime
3.output
