2. HOW IS IT DIFFERENT FROM NORMAL
REFRACTION??????
Objective Refraction is usually used to determine
refractive status of infants and preverbal children
Meticulously and accurately done
Great expertise is necessary
Should understand Emmetropization and relation
between state of BSV and refractive status of child
Techniques must be easily understandable
Cycloplegic Refraction is preferable due to active
accomodation in child 2
3. REFRACTIVE STATUS OF CHILDREN
FIRST YEAR OF LIFE 3-5 YEARS OLD ADOLESCENCE
•SPHERICAL REFRACTION
Healthy neonates are
hyperopic (+2.00 D)
•PREMATURE NEWBORNS
Birth weight <2500gm= -1
to -10 D (-4.00 D) mostly
myopic and can become
emmetropic as age increases
Some hyperopic (+5D)
•ASTIGMATISM
Uncommon
Sometime +1 D present
•ANISOMETROPIA
•Length of Globe
increases (5mm from
birth to 3 yrs)
•Process of
emmetropization during
1st yr of life
•SPHERICAL REFRACTION
•ASTIGMATISM
•ANISOMETROPIA
•Mostlly emmetropic
•More myopic than hyperopic
•If myopic at 5-6 yrs= >myopia
•>+1.50D hyperopic at 5-6yrs =
mild hyperopic at 13 -14 yrs
•Spherical Refraction +0.50D to
+1.00D = emmetropic at 13-14yrs
•Spherical Refraction 0.00D -
+0.50= myopic by 13-14 yrs
•NB- AS AGE INCREASES SIZE OF
EYE INCEREASES
3
4. TYPES OF PEDIATRIC REFRACTION
4
SUBJECTIVE REFRACTION WITH/WITHOUT
CYCLOPLEGIGS
OBJECTIVE REFRACTION
STATIC and NEAR
RETINOSCOPY
DYANAMIC
MANIFEST CYCLOPLEGICS
MEM BELL BOOK CHROMORETINOSCOPY
5. CHOICE OF REFRACTION FOR
DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS
INFANTS
PRE-
SCHOOL
SCHOOL
AGED 5
Mohindra Near Retinoscopy
Retinoscopy with and without cycloplegics
Photorefraction
Keratometry/Placido’s disc/Keratoscope
Retinoscopy with or without cycloplegics
Distance (by showing TV for fixation)
Dyanamic- MEM for Near
Book Retinoscopy
Subjective Refraction
Keratometry
Manifest/Cycloplegic Retinoscopy
Dynamic Retinoscopy
Subjective Refraction
FUNDUS EVALUATION IN ALL
6. CYCLOPLEGIC REFRACTION
CYCLOPLEGICS are the drugs that paralyze the
ciliary muscles resulting in loss of
accommodation and secondarily dilatation of
Pupil
6
7. WHY CYCLOPLEGIC REFRACTION??
To stop eye’s ability to auto focus or
accommodate in order to determine true
prescription
When the eye contracts and relaxes the lens
changes its shape
Cycloplegics paralyses ciliary muscles and lens
can nolonger change its shape and there is no
chance of accommodation
In children they have the great ability to vary
their accommodation
7
8. HYPERMETROPIA
8
LATENT
Corrected by
tone of ciliary
muscle
(cycloplegic
refraction)
MANIFEST
A)FACULTATIVE
(Corrected by
accommodation)
B)ABSOLUTE (Not
corrected by
accommodation)
TOTAL
Found out by
abolishing tone
of ciliary muscle
( cycloplegics)
9. MECHANISM OF ACTION
9
Releases acetyl
cholin from
post ganglionic
nerve fibers
Parasympathetic
system
Blocks muscarine
receptors in ciliary
body
Ciliary body is
paralysed
Loss of
accommodation
Parasympathetic
supplies Sphincter
pupilary muscle
Dosent work
Pupil Dilates
11. IDEAL CYCLOPLEGICS SHOULD HAVE
Rapid onset
Full Paralysis of accommodation
Sufficient duration to allow accurate assessment of
refraction
Rapid recovery of accommodation
Dissociation from cycloplegic effect from mydriatic
effect
Absence of local and systemic side effects
Capacity of safe administration by appropriate person
11
12. CHOICE OF CYCLOPLEGICS
NAME AGE CONCENTRATI
ON
START OF EFFECT DURATION TONUS
ALLOWANCE/
RESIDUAL
ACCOMMODATION
ATROPINE 0-7
years
1%
1 drop- twice a
day-3 days
Cycloplegic=30mi
ns to 3 days
10-14days
PMT-
14Days
TA= +1.5 D
RA= 0
CYCLOPENTOLATE 7-15
years
7-12yrs=1%
12-15yr=0.5%
1 drop
15-20mins -
2nd drop
Cycloplegics= few
mins
Maximizes in 30-
60mins
24-48hrs
PMT-
2days
TA=+0.75D/0.5D
RA= +1 D
HOMATROPINE 1-15
years
1% 2% 5%
2%- Common
1 drop
repeated twice
after 10 mins )
starts in 15 mins
Maximizes in
45-90 mins
24-48 hrs
PMT- 2
days
TA= +0.75D
RA=+0.75D
TROPICAMIDE
ALL 0.5%, 1%
2 drops after
10 mins
4 drops total
Few mins
Maximizes in 30
mins
6-8 hrs TA=0/<0.5 D
RA=+1.5D
12
13. CHOICE OF CYCLOPLEGICS
SCHOOL AGED CHILD
1% CYCLOPENTOLATE
0.5% PROPARACAINE (Aid ocular absorption)
Let child rub eyes to facilitate absorption
Children with dark iris pigmentation and
excessive body weight may require additional
drop within 5 minutes to allow cycloplegia.
13
14. According to the patients age we select the type of drug
Cyclopentolate is usual drug of choice although it is not as
effective as atropine in inhibiting astigmatism because
a) Reasonabely powerful
b)fast acting –produce cycloplegia within 45-90 mins and
lose effectiveness within 3-4 hrs
c)relatively safe
Tropicamide is fast acting mydriatic but does not inhibit
accomodation sufficiently to satisfy requirement of
cycloplegic examination
Instill the selected cycloplegic according to the dosage
After refraction we get certain number of Refractive value
We deduct the tonus allowance
14
15. EG#1
For eg
If 1% attropine is instilled in a child of 1 and half
years
Retinoscopy is done at the distance of 1m
(example)
You get +5.00D = Gross Retinoscopiy value
+5.00 D – 1.00 D = +4.00 D = Net Retinoscopy
value
Tonus allowance of atropine = +1.50D
Resulting total Power = +4.00D - +1.5D =
2.50D 15
16. 16
SIDE EFFECTS
ATROPINE
•Inhibits action of sweat and salivary
gland leading to dryness
•Tachycardia
•Hallucination/Dizziness
•Ataxia
•Photophobia
•Blurring of vision
•Asthenopic symptoms
CYCLOPENTOLATE
•Less side effect
•Photophobia
•Blurring of vision
•Burning sensation
•Ataxia
•Dizziness/Confusion
•Tachycardia
HOMATROPINE
•Less severity than Atropine
but same side effects
•Its is just a derivative so
doesn't paralyze ciliary
muscles completely
TROPICAMIDE
•Only ocular side effects like
•Blurring of vision
•Photophobia
•Burning sensation
18. ADVANTAGES OF CYCLOPLEGICS
Used In cases of hyperopia, esotropia ,
convergence excess, accomodative spasm and
when relative findings cannot be obtained in
dry state
Helps in accurate refraction and post operative
inflammation
Reliving pain in uveities
Better view of fundus
DISADVANTAGES
Poor vision and monochromatic abberation
Accuracy is required 18
20. NEAR RETINOSCOPY
Not a variation of dynamic Retinoscopy
Basically a substitute for static Retinoscopy mainly used
in infants
Done with/without cycloplegics
Studies showed the relative +5D underestimation of
hyperopia in the procedure done without cycloplegics
Mohindra introduced a technique of non-cycloplegic
retinoscopy that correlates somehow with cycloplegic
findings 20
21. NEAR RETINOSCOPY DIFFERS FROM OTHER
FORM OF DYANAMIC RETINOSCOPY IN 3
WAYS
1) It is performed in complete darkness, the
only illumination in the room is supplied by
retinoscope with child fixating at retinoscope
light
2) It is monocular procedure i.e eye not being
examined is occluded
3) The adjustment factor of -1.25D is
algebrically combined with the spherical
component of the gross sphero-cylindrical
lens powers
21
22. PROCEDURE
The examing room is darkened
Intensity of retinoscopy light is kept as minimum
Examiner encourages the child to fixate the light by making animal sounds
Examiner maintains the retinoscope at the distance of 50 cm from the infant
For young infants, the best way to scope are with the infants over parents
shoulder or while the infant being fed
Lens racks are used to neutralize the retinoscopic motion
An adjustment value of -1.25D is algebrically added to the neutrality value
to determine the distant refractive state
Eg- If the motion is neutral with +1.25D lens in place the infant is
emmetropic
22
23. EG#2
Suppose we perform retinoscopy at 50cm
Compensatory factor= +2D
Average Lag of accommodation in infants
0.75D
Total compensation= +2.00 – 0.75 D = +1.25
D
Gross Retinoscopy value = +3.00 D
Net Retinoscopy Value = +3.00- 1.25 D =
+1.75D
23
24. Wesson and colleagues (1990) suggested caution
in substituting Mohindra retinoscopy for
cycloplegic refraction using and adjustment value
They found significant difference between the two
techniques in both sphere and cylinder power
Mohindra Retinoscopy is adequate for infants who
do not have esophoria or esotropia
When either of these two exists , uncovering the
full amount of latent hyperopia is imperative. 24
25. In 1977 extremely highly correlation between near and
cycloplegic refraction was suggested
In study reported by Maino et al. (1984) results of
Mohindra retinoscopy were not correlating with
cycloplegic refraction
He stated that predictive value of near refraction was
very low and concluded that it was not a good predictor
of refractive error
It was not capable of identifying hyperopia of +3D or
more or astigmatism of >1.00 D
Thus concluded that noncycloplegic refraction is not the
alternative of cycloplegic standard refraction 25
27. 27
Lead of accommodation- At distance closer than
resting point amount of accommodation is less
than that required by stimulus
Lag of accommodation- At distance beyond
resting point amount of accommodation exceeds
than that of required
28. DYNAMIC RETINOSCOPY
- Objective test to measure the refractive status of the eye
- Done at nearpoint (40cm) in order to determine how
much plus power is required to achieve neutrality
- Basically used to measure lead and lag of
accommodation
- Especially useful with young children, whom static
retinoscopy is often not feasible.
- Number of ways have been proposed for carrying out
dynamic retinoscopy.
29. The patient is asked to fixate at nearpoint stimulus/ plane of
retinoscope
No working distance lens power is added or substracted
Examiner neutralizes the motion of the retinal reflex.
the retinal reflex is neutralized by using plus lenses
0.50D is deducted from the finding and the amount of plus
lens power that must be added is patients lag of
accomodation
And the remaining power will be the patient refractive error.
30. MONOCULAR ESTIMATION METHOD
MEM is differ from standard dynamic retinoscopy in two
ways:
- testing distance is not same for all patients
- is the monocular procedure.
testing distance is determined by the
- physical size
- preferred reading distance
YOUNG CHILDREN= 8-10 INCHES
Though many clinicians choose “Harmon
distance” (elbow to knuckle )as testing
distance
-The retinoscopy mirror is set at plano
- The retinoscopy light or lens should not place infront of
eye more than 2 sec
31. The specific steps of procedure are:
1.Ask the patient to sit comfortably
2.Fixation target is a white card
containing 1 and half inch hole
having letters words or pictures
according to child’s age.
3.It is printed within one and a half inch of the hole
4. The card is attached to the retinoscope with a clip
5. Retinoscope beam passes through the hole in the card
6. Examiner is seated on the stool slightly below patients eye
level so the patients eye is at moderate downgaze while
looking at the target
32. 4. The patient Should wear his habitual prescription
5. The examiner takes a position of 10-16 inches from patient
6. The retinoscopy beam is directed toward the
bridge of patient’s nose
Child is instructed to read the words aloud and examiner quickly
moves his vertical streak across the pupil
7. with movement = lag of accommodation beyond the plane
convergence
8. Examiner estimates the direction and approximate power of
the reflex
9. Lens is placed in one eye to reassess the approximate power
10. If it validates the estimate lens power is recorded and if this
does not then procedure is repeated with more appropritae
lens
33. EG #3
With motion of moderate degree
+0.50D lens in front of one eye
If it neutralizes with motion +0.50D is
recorded
If not +1.00D sphere is selected
If neutral motion +1.00 is recorded
If against motion 0.75D is recorded
Normal +0.50D to +0.75D
When lag more than +1.00 D prescribe plus
lens for near work
33
34. BOOK RETINOSCOPY
Is the variation of dynamic retinoscopy
Patients fixates on a near-situated,
accommodation-stimulating target
Differ from standard dynamic retinoscopy
procedure in following way:
- where the fixation target is positioned.
- what the examiner observes &
- how these observations are interpreted
35. The procedure consists of 3 retinoscopic
observation made at a distance of
- 15 feets
- 7 feets
- 20 inches with fixation target in each distance
Target is placed at 20 inches for the children
who could read
The target is book with picture so called as book
retinoscopy
36. The goal of the procedure were to look for & record
relative brightness of reflex, ranging from dull to
bright
color of the reflex , ranging from dull red to white
Speed, range, promptness, pick up & release
motion
Meridional difference.
Basically observes accomodative state of eye
37. INTERPRETATION
REFLEX BRIGHTNESS/
MOVEMENT
ATTENTION
INCREASED
BRIGHTNESS/ Bright
reflex
Moment when child identifies the
target
With movement Child’s eye located the target
Against Movement Settled Attention and held to target
Occilation of against to
with to against
Relaxed attention
Dull reflex Withdrew attention
37
THE REFLEX ON THE BASIS OF COLOUR ARE
Dull Red, Dull Pink , Bright Pink, White Pink and Pink
38. BELL RETINOSCOPY
The distance between patients &the examiner is 50 cm
Target is moving & the examiner is constant
The ball is used for the patient attraction
target should be interesting enough
and suspended on its handle at eye level.
No lenses are used
If the initial reflex shows “neutral” or “with”
motion, move the target (nt the retinoscope) towards the
patients, until against motion is seen and come back until
neutral motion is observed in each principal meridian
39. Neutrality usually occurs when the ball is located
about 15-16 inches from the patients face (37cm to
40 cm) resulting in lag of accomodation from 0.50
to 0.75D
If the initial reflex shows “against” motion the
patients may judge to be over accommodation
record the distance between the target and the
patient when against motion is seen as the target is
pushing toward the patients
40. Interpretation
If against motion seen between 15-18 inches, patient is
normal
If “with” motion seen between 15-18 inches, patients is
normal
If delayed shift to against motion indicates latent , need
for addition plus
Always with indicates, needs plus for near
Always against motion – myopia
If astigmatic reflex – indicates astigmatism
42. OPHTHAMOSCOPY
Is also effective way to obtaining an objective
refractive finding
The procedure itself is self-evident
Simply determine the lens power to focus the
fundus.
This will be refractive status of the patients.