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lezione 15 del corso teorie della comunicazione – Genova

CP
1. what are they?
LOCUTIONARY ACT
(act of saying)

ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
(act we do in saying...)
[conventions]

phonetics (form)
syntax
semantics (content)
felicity conditions
(illocutionary “force”)

PERLOCUTIONARY ACT
(act we do by saying...)
[consequences]

context dependence
(2 examples Mario and “her”)
2. how to classify them?
1)

“explicit performatives” (Austin)
(illocutionary clause (Searle))

2) different criteria (Searle):
*Illocutionary point* (essential condition)
– illocutionary force
– direction of fit
– sincerity conditions (psychological state)
Ill. force

direction of fit

sincerity condition

Assertion

worldwords

believe in what you assert

Command

wordsworld

will of future action

Commitment wordsworld

intention to fulfill the action

Expression

possibility to express psic.states



Declaration words world

will of future action
1.  Assertive: represents a state of affairs. E.g. stating, claiming, 
hypothesizing, describing, telling, insisting,  suggesting, ...
2. Directive: getting the addressee to do something. E.g. ordering, 
commanding, daring, defying, challenging
                            

3. Commissive: getting the speaker to do something. E.g. promising, 
threatening, intending, advising, warning, betting, vowing to do or 
to refrain from doing something   ...
                          

4. Expressive: expressing the mental state of the speaker about an
event presumed to be true.. E.g. congratulating, thanking, 
deploring, condoling, welcoming, apologizing    
 

5. Declaration: bringing into existence the state of affairs to which it
refers. E.g. blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, ...
3. when and how to use which speech acts?
1) open the window!
2) will you open the window, please?
1) what time is it?
2) do you know the time?
John Searle:
preparatory condition
Robin Lakoff:
following the rules of the “logic of politeness”
1.

Don’t Impose

2.

Give Options

3.

Make your Receiver Feel Good
 is the speaker able to fulfill the sincerity conditions?
 or better: can he realize the illocutionary point?

 (felicity conditions in general include intentions,

sentiments, psychological states, but also
conventions, physical possibilities, practical
possibilities...)
 what does the choice of a particular kind of
illocutionary act reveal of the speaker?

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Speech acts

  • 1. lezione 15 del corso teorie della comunicazione – Genova CP
  • 2. 1. what are they?
  • 3. LOCUTIONARY ACT (act of saying) ILLOCUTIONARY ACT (act we do in saying...) [conventions] phonetics (form) syntax semantics (content) felicity conditions (illocutionary “force”) PERLOCUTIONARY ACT (act we do by saying...) [consequences] context dependence (2 examples Mario and “her”)
  • 4. 2. how to classify them?
  • 5. 1) “explicit performatives” (Austin) (illocutionary clause (Searle)) 2) different criteria (Searle): *Illocutionary point* (essential condition) – illocutionary force – direction of fit – sincerity conditions (psychological state)
  • 6. Ill. force direction of fit sincerity condition Assertion worldwords believe in what you assert Command wordsworld will of future action Commitment wordsworld intention to fulfill the action Expression possibility to express psic.states  Declaration words world will of future action
  • 7. 1.  Assertive: represents a state of affairs. E.g. stating, claiming,  hypothesizing, describing, telling, insisting,  suggesting, ... 2. Directive: getting the addressee to do something. E.g. ordering,  commanding, daring, defying, challenging                              3. Commissive: getting the speaker to do something. E.g. promising,  threatening, intending, advising, warning, betting, vowing to do or  to refrain from doing something   ...                            4. Expressive: expressing the mental state of the speaker about an event presumed to be true.. E.g. congratulating, thanking,  deploring, condoling, welcoming, apologizing       5. Declaration: bringing into existence the state of affairs to which it refers. E.g. blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, ...
  • 10. John Searle: preparatory condition Robin Lakoff: following the rules of the “logic of politeness”
  • 11. 1. Don’t Impose 2. Give Options 3. Make your Receiver Feel Good
  • 12.  is the speaker able to fulfill the sincerity conditions?  or better: can he realize the illocutionary point?  (felicity conditions in general include intentions, sentiments, psychological states, but also conventions, physical possibilities, practical possibilities...)  what does the choice of a particular kind of illocutionary act reveal of the speaker?