2. MDD: A Large Patient Population That Is Currently Being
Underserved
14 Million
MOA
US Adults with MDD
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
7.2 Million
Treated
4 Million
Poorly Served
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
•Inadequate response
•Intolerant to side effects
Kessler RC et al. JAMA. 2003;289(23):3095-3105.
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
2
3. This means every 20 MDD sufferers…
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
3
4. …15 are not being adequately
treated.
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
4
5. Current Drug Treatment Paradigm
for Depression
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
SSRI
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
Adapted from: Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Major
Depressive Disorder, 3rd Edition, APA (2010)
5
6. Major Depression
Current Treatment Landscape
With each successive treatment failure, the landscape changes:
MOA
Efficacy, Adverse Events, and Durability
Results With Each Successive Treatment Failure
NeuroStar
High
SYSTEM
Intolerance due to
adverse events
worsens
Likelihood of longterm durability of
benefit declines
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
Likelihood of benefit
from the next option
diminishes
Low
Treatment
Responsive
Disease Staging (# of Tx
Failures)
Trivedi (2006) Am J Psychiatry; Rush (2006) Am J Psychiatry; Fava (2006) Am J Psychiatry;
McGrath (2006) Am J Psychiatry
Treatment
Resistant
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
6
7. STAR*D Study demonstrates that current
treatment has limited effectiveness
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
Trivedi (2006) Am J Psychiatry; Rush (2006) Am J Psychiatry; Fava (2006) Am J Psychiatry;
McGrath (2006) Am J Psychiatry
7
8. Likelihood of discontinuing treatment
increases with each new medication attempt
MOA
Systemic Drug Side Effects
Weight Gain
Fatigue
Constipation
Headache/
SYSTEM
Migraine
Diarrhea
Nausea
Abnormal
CLINICAL
Ejaculation
DATA
Drowsiness
Impotence
Insomnia
Decreased
Libido
Nervous
Anxiety
Increased
Appetite
Decreased
Appetite
NeuroStar
PRACTICE
Sweating
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
Tremor
Treatment
REIMBURSEDiscontinuation
MENT
Side Effects
WeaknessVALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
Dry Mouth
Dizziness
OTHER
Trivedi (2006) Am J Psychiatry; Rush (2006) Am J Psychiatry; Fava (2006) Am J Psychiatry; McGrath (2006)
Am J Psychiatry; Neuronetics, Inc. (data on file)
8
9. The Burden of Major Depression
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
9
9
10. A Major Burden for Society Today:
Top 10 Causes of Disability
1.
2.
Lower Respiratory Infections
Diarrheal Diseases
3. UNIPOLAR MAJOR DEPRESSION
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Ischemic Heart Disease
HIV/AIDS
Cerebrovascular Disease
Premature Birth
Birth Trauma
Road Traffic Accidents
Neonatal Infections
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
The World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2004: Changing History, Annex Table 3:
Burden of disease in DALYs by cause. Geneva: WHO, 2004.
10
11. By 2030…
Top 10 Causes of Disability
1. UNIPOLAR MAJOR DEPRESSION
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ischemic Heart Disease
Road Traffic Accidents
Cerebrovascular Disease
Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease
6. Lower Respiratory Infections
7. War
8. HIV/AIDS
9. Diabetes
10. Neonatal Infections
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
The World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2004: Changing History, Annex Table 3:
Burden of disease in DALYs by cause. Geneva: WHO, 2004.
11
12. Consumers want alternatives in overcoming
Depression…
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
12
13. NeuroStar TMS Therapy:
An EffectiveTreatment for Depression
• A complete clinical system using a highly
focused pulsed magnetic field to stimulate
NeuroStar
nerve cells in the area of the brain that controls
mood.
MOA
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
• The first TMS system cleared by the US Food
and Drug Administration (FDA) for the
treatment of patients with major depression
when initial antidepressant medication fails.
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
13
18. Major Depressive Disorder
Circuits and Neurotransmitters
UNMET
NEEDS
NeuroStar
monoamine
neurotransmitter
projections
Regions implicated in MDD are
connected to the brainstem via
monoaminergic circuits
When there is an
appropriate
amount of
monoamine
neurotransmitter
activity, neuronal
activity
throughout the
brain functions
normally.
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
Monoamine
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin (5-HT)
Dopamine (DA)
Norepinephrine (NE)
OTHER
18
19. Major Depressive Disorder
Circuits and Neurotransmitters
UNMET
NEEDS
concentration
pleasure/
interests
psychomotor fatigue (physical)
pleasure/interests
psychomotor
fatigue (mental)
sleep
appetite
guilt
suicidality
worthlessness
• Monoamine
dysfunction is
linked to MDD
• Malfunctioning
circuits lead to
specific
symptoms
mood
guilt
suicidality
worthlessness
mood
Monoamine
Neurotransmitters
Serotonin (5-HT)
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
Dopamine (DA)
Norepinephrine (NE)
OTHER
20. Chemical Antidepressants
Therapeutic Effects such as :
UNMET
NEEDS
Antidepressant
increased
concentration
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
improved
mood
reduced feelings of
guilt, suicidality,
and worthlessness
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
20
21. Chemical Antidepressants
Antidepressant
UNMET
NEEDS
Side Effects such as:
blurred vision
agitation
insomnia
dry mouth
nausea
GI
distress
sexual
dysfunction
weight
gain
insomnia
fatigue
blood
pressure
changes
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
weight gain
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
21
22. NeuroStar Directly Depolarizes
Cortical Neurons
UNMET
NEEDS
Depolarization leads to action potentials in local
neurons and thereby releases neurotransmitters
Neuron
Neurons are
“electrochemical
cells” and respond
to either electrical or
chemical stimulation
Precise pulsed
magnetic fields
from NeuroStar:
• induce a local electric
current in the cortex
which depolarizes
neurons
• elicit action potentials
• cause the release of
chemical
neurotransmitters
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
22
23. NeuroStar Releases Neurotransmitters
in the Brain
These effects
Depolarization of neurons
in the DLPFC causes local
neurotransmitter release
demonstrate
improvements in
depressive symptoms
UNMET
NEEDS
Dorsolateral
prefrontal
cortex
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
Cingulate
cortex
CLINICAL
DATA
Kito (2008) J Neuropsychiatry
Clin Neurosci
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
Depolarization of pyramidal
neurons in the DLPFC causes
neurotransmitter release in
deeper brain neurons
Activation of deeper brain neurons
then exerts secondary effects on
remaining portions of targeted
mood circuits
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
23
24. Mechanism of Action Summary
UNMET
NEEDS
NeuroStar TMS Therapy…
• Specifically targets the underlying brain circuits involved in
NeuroStar
mood regulation
SYSTEM
• Directly depolarizes cortical neurons and modulates
CLINICAL
neurotransmitter release in the brain
DATA
• Effects involve both the local and deep neural circuits in the
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
brain
PROGRAM
• Accomplishes these effects without unwanted systemic adverse
REIMBURSEeffects
MENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
24
25. TMS Therapy is
not ECT
UNMET
NEEDS
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
25
27. NeuroStar TMS in Clinical Practice
UNMET
NEEDS
• Non-invasive
• No anesthesia or sedation
• Outpatient procedure
easily performed in
psychiatrists‟ offices
• 37-minute daily
procedure (3000 pulses)
• 4-6 week treatment course
• Antidepressant medication
monotherapy may be used for maintenance
MOA
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
27
28. NeuroStar TMS Therapy System
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
User
Interface
Treatment Coil
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
Mobile Console
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
28
29. Accurate, Repeatable Positioning
Patented 3D Coil Positioning System
Accurately uses external cranial
landmarks for precise, targeted
repeatable stimulation
• Integrated laser facilitates accurate
alignment of patient‟s head within
head support
• Maintains proper patient
alignment throughout treatment
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
29
30. Designed for Cortical Neuron
Stimulation
Patented Precision
Pulse TMS™
Technology
•
•
•
Proprietary coil design
increases efficiency and
reduces heating to permit high
patient throughput
Focuses stimulation to the
intended target tissue to
maximize safety and efficacy
Electromagnetic pulse duration
designed to stimulate cortical
neurons (<200 microseconds)
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
<
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
30
31. SenStar®
Key Link to Consistent Treatment
UNMET
NEEDS
SenStar Treatment Link
MOA
MAGNETIC FIELD
DETECTOR
Verifies intensity of the
magnetic field before
every treatment
SENSORY GUARD
Reduces magnetic
field strength at the
scalp
CONTACT SENSOR
Constantly monitors
proper contact to ensure
maximum therapy
SMART CHIP
Signal processor
remembers unique
SenStar ID and
monitors treatment
status
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
HYGIENE BARRIER
OTHER
Layered SenStar Illustration
31
32. SenStar
Real Time Treatment Monitoring
UNMET
NEEDS
SenStar Treatment Link
MOA
Attached to coil, continuously
communicates with the NeuroStar
System, allowing the operator to:
• Verify correct magnetic field strength for
each treatment
• Monitor coil/patient contact to ensure
consistent stimulation of the cortex
• Ensure proper coil to head alignment
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
32
33. Intuitive User Interface
UNMET
NEEDS
NeuroStar TMS
Therapy System
Software
MOA
• Complete software system easily
guides operator step-by-step through
entire treatment workflow
CLINICAL
DATA
• Controls therapeutic settings for safe
and effective treatment
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
• Automatically stores and recalls
individual patient data for subsequent
treatments
REIMBURSEMENT
• Aids compliance with NINDS Safety
Guidelines*
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
*Wassermann. Electroencephalography and clinical Neurophysiology, 1996.
33
34. TMS TrakStar™
Simplifies Practice Management
UNMET
NEEDS
TMS TrakStar™ Practice Data Management System
• Centralized patient database for single or multiple NeuroStar
systems
• Tracks NeuroStar treatment history
• Tracks clinical
outcomes
• Produces reports
for patient records,
reimbursement
claims and
communication to
referring physicians
MOA
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
Sample Outcomes Tracking Report
OTHER
34
35. TMS TrakStar™
Stores Data for Single or Multiple Systems
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
35
36. Who Is Neuronetics?
UNMET
NEEDS
• Founded in 2003
• Highly experienced management and
clinical team
• 21 TMS patents
• Significant support from top tier medical
technology investors
MOA
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
36
37. Who Is Neuronetics?
UNMET
NEEDS
• Leader in TMS Therapy innovation, quality,
clinical research, product development and
support
• Pioneered TMS Therapy and made it a clinical
reality in multiple practice settings
• Solely focused on the long term success of
physicians and the health of their patients
MOA
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
37
39. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
Confirms Evidence Base for Efficacy of TMS
UNMET
NEEDS
• Independent, Peer-reviewed
• 15 TMS clinical trials involving nearly 500 patients
• Average HAM-D decrease in depressive symptoms >5
points vs. sham control
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
• Meets clinical significance threshold of 3 points on the
HAM-D scale
• Response rate with active TMS was >3x higher than
sham treatment
• Remission rate with active TMS was >6x higher than
sham treatment
“High strength of evidence” for efficacy from well-controlled
RCTs
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: Comparative Effectiveness Report
on Non-Pharmacologic Treatments for Depression , October 2011
39
40. A Rigorous Clinical Program
to Prove Safety and Efficacy
UNMET
NEEDS
NeuroStar Clinical Development Program
MOA
Acute Efficacy
& Safety Study
(Double Blind,
Sham
Controlled)
Improved
Durability of
Effect Study
Not
Improved
Open-Label
Extension
Study
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
Improved
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
These studies form the basis for FDA-clearance of the
NeuroStar TMS Therapy System
O‟Reardon, et al. (2007), Biological Psychiatry; Avery, et al. (2007), J Clin Psychiatry; Janicak, et al.
(2010), Brain Stimulation
OTHER
40
41. A Randomized Controlled Trial Conducted
In a “Difficult to Treat” Population
UNMET
NEEDS
TMS monotherapy trial with wash-out period
• Primary diagnosis:
DSM-IV Major Depressive Disorder
• Unipolar type, non-psychotic
• Moderate to severe symptoms at baseline
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
Indicated patient population (164)
had extensive prior antidepressant drug exposure
• Average number of antidepressant medication trials in current
episode = 4 (range: 1 to 23 attempts)
• Majority of treatment attempts were unable to achieve adequate
dose and duration of treatment due to intolerance
• Indicated patients had failed to achieve satisfactory benefit from
one antidepressant medication at an adequate dose and duration
in the current episode
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
O‟Reardon JP, et al. (2007). Biol Psychiatry 62(11):1208-1216.; Demitrack MA, Thase ME
(2009). Psychopharmacol Bull 42(2):5-38.
41
42. There is evidence between Clear Separation
Active and Sham TreatmentOutcome Measure –
Randomized Controlled Trial Key
UNMET
NEEDS
MADRS Change Score
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
Greater Than 3
Times Reduction
in Depressive
Symptoms at
Week 4
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
LOCF Analysis of intent-to-treat population
Demitrack and Thase (2009), Psychopharm Bulletin
42
43. Response and Remission Rates
2 to 3 Times Better – Active vs. Sham
UNMET
NEEDS
Randomized Controlled Trial –
Secondary Efficacy Outcomes Response and Remission
Rates for NeuroStar TMS Therapy vs. Sham at 6 Weeks
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
Response = ≥50% improvement at end point compared to baseline score
Remission = HAMD24 total score of <11
= P <0.05
OTHER
*
43
Demitrack MA, Thase ME (2009). Psychopharmacol Bull 42(2):5-38.
44. Significant Response and Remission
Rates
UNMET
NEEDS
HAMD-24 Response and Remission Rates
in the Group Transitioning from Sham to Active Treatment
MOA
NeuroStar
60
SYSTEM
53.3
50
40
37.2
32.6
30
23.3
18.6
20
10
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
7.0
0
Week 2
Week 4
Remission Rate
Week 6
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
Response Rate
OTHER
44
Demitrack MA, Thase ME (2009). Psychopharmacol Bull 42(2):5-38.
45. A Proven Safety and Patient Tolerability
Profile
UNMET
NEEDS
Less than 5% discontinuation rate due to adverse events
MOA
Most common adverse event related to TMS is localized pain
or discomfort at or near the treatment area during active TMS
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
• No systemic side effects
• No adverse effect on cognition
Post marketing experience confirms a rare risk of seizure
with TMS treatment
• No seizures reported during NeuroStar clinical studies
(10,000 treatments)
• 0.003% per treatment, <0.1% per patient
• Almost 250,000 treatments to date in post-marketing experience
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
Long-term safety demonstrated in 6 months follow-up
OTHER
Janicak, et al. J Clin Psychiatry, 2008; Janicak, et al. Brain Stimulation, 2010.
46
46. Independent Study Reinforces Efficacy
Optimization of TMS („OPT-TMS‟) Study
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
Mark S. George, MD; Sarah H. Lisanby, MD; David Avery, MD; William M. McDonald, MD; Valerie
Durkalski, PhD; Martina Pavlicova, Phd; Berry Anderson, Phd, RN; Ziad Nahas, MD; Peter Bulow, MD;
Paul Zarkowski, MD; Paul E. Holtzheimer III, MD; Theresa Schwartz, MS; Harold A. Sackeim, PHD
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
• National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) sponsored
– Independent of industry
• Rigorous Randomized Controlled Trial
– 190 patients treated at 4 premier academic sites
• Primary outcome measure:
Percent Remission at 3 weeks
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
‒ Active 15% vs. Sham 4% (P = 0.015)
George, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2010
OTHER
47
47. UNMET
NEEDS
NeuroStar TMS Therapy:
Real World Outcomes
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
Treatment Utilization and Outcomes Study
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
48. Naturalistic Study Demonstrates Acute Efficacy
Outcomes in Real-World Clinical Practice
UNMET
NEEDS
• Study goal was to define real world outcomes associated with
NeuroStar TMS Therapy across a broad spectrum of patients and
practitioners
MOA
• Examine acute phase response and one year patient outcomes
• Patient Population & Trial Sites
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
• 307 evaluable unipolar, non-psychotic MDD patients in acute phase
• 42 sites comprised of institutions and private practice
• Study Design Phases
• Acute phase (treatment course driven by patient clinical response)
• Long-term outcomes at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
Carpenter, Depression and Anxiety, 2012
49
49. Patients in this study diagnosed with Major
Depression
UNMET
NEEDS
Patient and Treatment Characteristics
N (%) Female
205 (66.8)
MOA
Age in years, mean (SD)
48.6 (14.2)
Disease and Treatment History N(%)
- Recurrent Major Depression
285 (92.8)
46 (15.0)
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
- Comorbid Anxiety Disorder
Psychiatric Treatment History N(%)
- History of Inpatient Hospitalization
- History of ECT Treatment
Prior Antidepressant Medication Treatment mean (SD)
133 (43.3)
15 (4.9)
2.5 (2.3)
- Average Number of Adequate Treatments in Current Episode
Mean (SD) Number of TMS Sessions During Acute Treatment
28 (10.1)
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
Carpenter, Depression and Anxiety, 2012
50
50. Comparison of End of Acute Treatment Clinical
Status:
Clinician Assessed Outcomes
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
LOCF Analysis of intent-to-treat population
Carpenter (2012), Depression and Anxiety
OTHER
51
51. Comparison of End of Acute Treatment
Clinical Status: Patient-Assessed
Outcomes
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
LOCF Analysis of intent-to-treat population
Carpenter (2012), Depression and Anxiety
OTHER
52
52. Consistent Response & Remission Rates
in a Difficult to Treat Population at end of Acute Phase
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
LOCF Analysis of intent-to-treat population
OTHER
53
Carpenter (2012), Depression and Anxiety
53. Patient Disposition in Outcomes Study
Through 1 Year Follow Up
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
54
54. Long Term Phase Results at 12
Months
UNMET
NEEDS
Outcomes measured for
one year following end of
acute treatment
• Physician directed standard
of care
• 36.2% of patients received
TMS reintroduction
• Average number of TMS
treatment days equals
16
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
Long term durability of effect has not been established in a controlled trial
LOCF Analysis; Neuronetics, Data on file, NCT 00104611
OTHER
55
55. Largest Clinical Data Set of Any TMS Therapy in
Depression
Six studies completed with 800 patients
UNMET
NEEDS
• Two multisite, randomized controlled trials demonstrate clinically
significant antidepressant effect of TMS
• Two open-label extension studies demonstrate consistent results
MOA
• One prospective, naturalistic study confirms results in real-world practice
• One open-label long term follow-up demonstrates safety
NeuroStar TMS Therapy
consistently demonstrates
significant response and
remission rates in a difficult to
treat population:
1 in 2 patients respond
1 in 3 patients achieved complete
remission of symptoms
Avoids many
of the systemic
side effects
typically
associated
with
antidepressant
medications
Excellent safety
profile and
treatment
adherence with
less than 5%
discontinuation
rate due to
adverse events
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
O‟Reardon, et al. (2007) Biological Psychiatry; Demitrack & Thase. (2009) Psychopharm Bull; George, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2010; McDonald WM, et al. (2011)
Depression and Anxiety; Carpenter (2012), Depression and Anxiety; Janicak, et al. (2010) Brain Stimulation; Janicak, et al. (2008) J Clin Psychiatry.
56
56. NeuroStar TMS Therapy is an
Established Therapy Beyond Clinical Trials
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
• Independent, Peer Review analysis (AHRQ) confirms
efficacy in TMS class
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
• Included in the revised 2010 American Psychiatric
Association (APA) Practice Guideline for the Treatment of
Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
• Several government and commercial payers have developedPRACTICE
SUCCESS
coverage policies for TMS
PROGRAM
• Three CPT 1 codes established for TMS
REIMBURSEMENT
• Approximately 470+ NeuroStar Systems Installed
• Over 11,000 patients safely treated with NeuroStar TMS
VALUE
OF A
Therapy
NeuroStar
OTHER
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: Comparative Effectiveness Report on Non-Pharmacologic Treatments for Depression, October 2011;
Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Major Depressive Disorder, 3 rd Edition (2010) American Psychiatric Association;
57
57. NeuroStar TMS Therapy: Indication for
Use
The NeuroStar TMS System is
indicated for the treatment of adult
patients with Major Depressive
Disorder (MDD) who have failed to
receive satisfactory improvement from
one prior antidepressant medication at
or above the minimal effective dose
and duration in the current episode…
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
”
Nearly all patients received multiple inadequate
treatment attempts in current episode
(range: 1 to 23 attempts, avg: 4)
Demitrack & Thase. (2009) Psychopharm Bull
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
58
58. TMS is Included in Practice
Guidelines
Following Failure of Initial Treatment
UNMET
NEEDS
Guideline Sources
MOA
“…Acute phase treatment may include pharmacotherapy, depressionfocused psychotherapy, the combination of medications and
psychotherapy, or other somatic therapies such as electroconvulsive
therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), or light
therapy…”
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
Schlaepfer, et al. World J Biol Psychiatry (2009); Kennedy, et al J Aff Disorders (2009);
American Psychiatric Association (2010)
59
59. Top Psychiatry Facilities Provide
NeuroStar TMS Therapy
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
• Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
• McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
• Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
• Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
• UCLA, Los Angeles, California
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
Other notable hospitals and institutions include: Stanford Hospital, Alegent Health,
Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation (Beth Israel DMC), Florida
Hospital, University of Michigan, Butler Hospital/Brown University, Medical University of
South Carolina, Rush University, Walter Reed, University of Florida, Loma Linda
University, Boston University, University of South Florida and Southern Illinois University,
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
60
60. Patient Experiences with NeuroStar
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
61
61. Best Practices Treatment Guideline for Depression
Based on 2010 APA guidelines and NeuroStar TMS Therapy
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
SSRI
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
Adapted from: Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with
Major Depressive Disorder, 3rd Edition, APA (2010)
62
62. Who is the NeuroStar TMS Therapy
Patient?
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
• In a recurrent episode of depression
• Has had many medication attempts, yet remains
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
symptomatic
• Due to intolerance, patient has only been able to take one
medication at adequate dose and duration
• Considering a complex multi-drug regimen but concerned PRACTICE
SUCCESS
about side effects:
PROGRAM
• Adding another antidepressant medication
REIMBURSEMENT
• Stepping up to an atypical antipsychotic or patient has
already failed to benefit from one
VALUE
OF A
• Demonstrates motivation for change
NeuroStar
OTHER
63
63. Who is a NeuroStar TMS Therapy
Patient
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
64
64. Sarah G. Age 37
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
Sarah G was first diagnosed with depression at age 20. This
recurrent episode was precipitated by dealing with infertility. She
tried an SSRI for eight weeks which worked in the past but not in
this episode. She has added duloxetine and bupropion, but could
not tolerate the side effects and remains symptomatic with
difficulty sleeping. She is a school administrator, enjoys her job
and loves the benefits of the school calendar. She really wants to
get better so she and her husband can begin the adoption
process and start a family.
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
65
65. George T. Age 52
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
George T is a computer programmer for a fast paced, high tech
company. He loves his job and it makes him feel young at age 52.
He has had depression for many years and good success with
medications in the past. In this episode however, the drugs are
just not working, even after many medication attempts, one of
which was even for 8 weeks. He even tried an augmentation
therapy with an atypical antipsychotic in this episode but had to
stop due to weight gain and rising blood glucose levels. He has a
family history of diabetes. He is highly motivated to pursue new
treatment options because he wants to be in the game at the
office.
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
66
66. Julie A. Age 49
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
Julie A is a classic middle aged mom, chasing her teenagers and
worrying about her elderly parents. She is teaching her 17 yearold son to drive a car and wonders how she ever got to be age 49!
She was first diagnosed with MDD in her early thirties along with
generalized anxiety. In this recurrent episode, she has tried many
medications but was only able to stay on one for 6 weeks at the
right dose. And after all that work to stay on the medication,
it just did not make her feel better. The other medications left her
in a fog. Julie is motivated to get well because she wants to
remain engaged with her busy family and to be there when her
son passes his driver’s test.
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
67
67. NeuroStar TMS Therapy Summary
NeuroStar TMS Therapy is:
• An effective, proven treatment for
major depression when initial drug
treatment fails
• Included in APA Practice Guidelines
•A valuable treatment for patients with
depression who want to reduce
medications and their side effect
burden
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
68
69. NeuroStar Practice Success Program
Purpose: Accelerate
integration of Neurostar TMS
Therapy into a psychiatric
practice utilizing a structured
six stage process.
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
REIMBURSEMENT
Through a focused six stage process, each with clear
milestones, the practice is given a roadmap toward
creating a successful NeuroStar TMS clinic.
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
70
70. Practice Success Program
Resources
UNMET
NEEDS
•Neuronetics TMS Specialist: Assigned
to the practice to drive the process
•Practice resources: Physician, TMS
Coordinator and practice staff align on
roles and practice goals
•PSP tool set: From clinical training
through NeuroStar TMS consultations to
tips on marketing the practice
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
71
71. Stage 1 – Planning and
Installation
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
• Your TMS Specialist will partner with you from
the very beginning
• You‟ll benefit from our experience as you plan
the integration of your NeuroStar System into
your practice
CLINICAL
DATA
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
72
72. ®
StarGuard
Field Service
UNMET
NEEDS
• “Turn-key” installation
process
• 24/7 hotline to our fast,
responsive local service
• Service representatives
located throughout the
U.S.
• Always have access to the
latest NeuroStar TMS
technology for your
patients
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
73
73. Stage 2 – Online and Staff Training
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
• Build a strong foundation for your NeuroStar practice through
comprehensive staff training, including training on patient
finance resources
• Understand best practices for identifying NeuroStar patients
and developing a TMS intake process
• Begin online clinical training through NeuroStar University
CLINICAL
DATA
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
74
74. Stage 3 – Consult Training
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
• Understand the dynamics of a NeuroStar TMS consultation
• Complete review of NeuroStar patient education materials
CLINICAL
DATA
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
75
75. Patient Education
UNMET
NEEDS
• Wide range of patientfriendly educational
materials
• Provide your patients the
knowledge they need to
understand NeuroStar
TMS Therapy
• Help facilitate patient decision-making about choosing
NeuroStar TMS Therapy with your guidance
• Assist family members in understanding NeuroStar TMS
Therapy
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
76
76. Patient Financing Options
• Financing is available for
NeuroStar TMS Therapy which
meets the individual needs
• Creates greater access to your
practice, reduces the barriers to
treatment
• Allows consumers to bring the
benefits of NeuroStar to more
patients
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
77
77. Stage 4 – Clinical Training
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
• Master the use of the NeuroStar System through our on-site
Clinical Training
• Performed right in your office with actual NeuroStar patients
CLINICAL
DATA
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
78
78. NeuroStar University
Clinical Training & Support
UNMET
NEEDS
• Deliver NeuroStar TMS Therapy to your
patients knowing you have received top quality NeuroStar
training
• Provide the highest
quality clinical care to
your patients
• Position yourself as a
leader in the emerging
new field of “interventional
psychiatry”
MOA
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
79
79. Stage 5 – Outcome Analysis
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
• Utilize TMS TrakStar™ Practice Data
Management Software to track your outcomes
as you prepare to educate your community
about NeuroStar TMS Therapy
• Track your outcomes for patient, referring
physician and reimbursement purposes
CLINICAL
DATA
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
80
80. Stage 6 – Increasing Awareness
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
• Grow your NeuroStar practice by increasing
TMS awareness in your community
• Utilize tools and resources to educate
referring physicians and reach new patients
CLINICAL
DATA
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
81
81. Public Relations & Local Outreach
UNMET
NEEDS
• Neuronetics works in many geographic areas to obtain local TV MOA
and newspaper articles about NeuroStar TMS Therapy
NeuroStar
• Your NeuroStar practice can benefit from our media outreach SYSTEM
and community awareness
CLINICAL
• Enhance your reputation in the community as a mental health
DATA
treatment expert
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
82
82. NeuroStar in the News
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
http://neurostar.com/hcp/news-events-exhibits/recent-press-coverage/
OTHER
83
83. NeuroStar In The News
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
84
84. NeuroStar Practice Success Program
• Neuronetics team is available to you
24/7 for service and support whenever
you need it
• We are your partner in helping you to
build a successful NeuroStar TMS
Therapy practice
• We support you every step
of the way with a variety of
programs, services and tools
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
85
85. Reimbursement Support Services
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
• Insurance Reimbursement is a complex process
• The Neuronetics Reimbursement Team is committed to NeuroStar
SYSTEM
NeuroStar
providing support in all areas:
Reimbursement
Managers
PROVIDER
FOCUSED SUPPORT
Provides
education and
individual office
support
Provides general
coding, billing,
prior authorization
and appeals
assistance
Health Policy
Team
Reimbursement
Support (NRS)
PAYER
FACING SUPPORT
Works with
Payers to obtain
coverage
policies
Works with the
Provider to
develop Payer
Advocates
SUPPORT SERVICES
HOTLINE
Team who
provides general
reimbursement
support services
Conducts
insurance
Benefits
Investigation in
your office
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
O‟Reardon JP, et al. (2007). Biol Psychiatry 62(11):1208-1216.; Demitrack MA, Thase ME
(2009). Psychopharmacol Bull 42(2):5-38.
86
86. CPT Category I Codes
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
87
87. Progress Toward Broader Coverage
UNMET
NEEDS
• Tremendous momentum with both commercial and government MOA
payers issuing coverage policies for NeuroStar TMS Therapy
NeuroStar
• Neuronetics works closely with interested NeuroStar providers SYSTEM
to educate insurers in their region
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
Neuronetics provides no guarantee of insurance coverage. Coverage
guidelines vary with each payer according to the patient’s individual
benefits plan, medical necessity and local reimbursement policies. It is the
responsibility of the physician or facility to contact each carrier regarding
the plan’s specific guidelines and policies.
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
88
88. What does NRS do?
UNMET
NEEDS
NeuroStar Reimbursement Services
Provides These Basic Services
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
OTHER
89
89. The Value of NeuroStar
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
OTHER
90
90. Financial Overview
Specific Treatment Volumes, Revenues and Expenses Are Hypothetical Examples Only and Neuronetics
Makes No Representation or Warranty That These Examples Will Apply In Your Circumstances
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
*Maximum System Capacity = 8 patients/day = 8 patients/month.
**Neuronetics, Inc. does not determine the reimbursement or revenue per treatment for TMS Therapy. These ranges of revenue
per treatment session are not definitive, are based on limited information, and may not apply to a particular provider or patient.
Neuronetics does not endorse or advocate for any particular pricing or reimbursement structure with our customers and we are
not able to advise on the reimbursement rates providers will receive in particular cases.
OTHER
91
91. Flexible Financing
UNMET
NEEDS
• Flexible equipment
leasing options are
NeuroStar
available from financial
groups who work with
psychiatrists
• Easy monthly payments improve cash flow
• Offer the benefits of NeuroStar TMS Therapy to
your patients without the financial burden of a
capital equipment purchase
MOA
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
OTHER
92
92. NeuroStar System Investment
NeuroStar TMS Therapy
System
• Mobile console w/touch screen
graphical user interface
• Precision Pulse™ TMS
Technology
• Adjustable, ergonomic patient
chair
• 3D Coil positioning system
• NeuroStar TMS Therapy
System Software
• TMS TrakStar™ Patient Data
Management System
• Installation and two-year limited
warranty
• Neuronetics Service & Support
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
OTHER
93
93. Summary
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
• The NeuroStar TMS Therapy System is the first FDA-cleared
non-systemic and non-invasive TMS device for the treatment ofNeuroStar
SYSTEM
Major Depression
• NeuroStar is demonstrated to be effective and safe in the
treatment of patients with MDD who had failed to benefit from
initial antidepressant medication
• Neuronetics partners with you and provides our complete
wraparound services to successfully integrate NeuroStar TMS
Therapy into your practice
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
OTHER
94
94. Prescribing and Safety Information
UNMET
NEEDS
• Refer to www.NeuroStar.com for complete prescribing and product safety
information
• NeuroStar TMS Therapy is contraindicated in patients that have non-removable
conductive metal in or near the head.
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
• Patients treated with TMS Therapy should be monitored for symptoms of worsening
depression
CLINICAL
DATA
• There is a rare risk of seizure with TMS Therapy (0.1% of acute treatment course)
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
• NeuroStar TMS Therapy has not been studied in patients who have not received
initial antidepressant treatment and has not been shown to be effective in patients
outside the indicated population for use
REIMBURSEMENT
• NeuroStar TMS Therapy is not appropriate for all patients with depression; patients
VALUE
should be evaluated by their physician to determine if TMS Therapy is an appropriate OF A
NeuroStar
treatment option
• NeuroStar TMS Therapy is available by prescription only
OTHER
95
97. Brainsway Offers Minimal Increase
in Magnetic Field Depth
• Brainsway device uses a variation of research air-cooled coil
technology, known as a Hesed coil (H-Coil)
• Vastly different than the first to market patented solid
ferromagnetic coil technology used by the NeuroStar System.
• Coil uses multiple magnets to produce a diffuse magnetic field
• Brainsway coil stimulates
greater volume of brain
tissue and reaches
approximately
0.5 cm deeper
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
Neuronetics, Data on File.
98
98. Brainsway Offers Minimal Increase
in Magnetic Field Depth
UNMET
NEEDS
• Brainsway‟s claim to reach deeper brain
structures is misleading
NeuroStar Depth
Brainsway Depth
• Majority of tissue
stimulated is not
associated with relevant
deep-brain structures
thought to be involved
in mood regulation
(i.e. the limbic system)
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
99
99. NeuroStar TMS Therapy:
A Targeted Mechanism of Action
Patented solid ferromagnetic
coil technology used by the
NeuroStar System allows
targeted stimulation of cortical
neurons in brain structures
associated with mood.
• Precise pulsed magnetic fields induce small electric currents in
the prefrontal cortex of the brain
• Local neurons depolarize which leads to activation of deep brain
structures via trans-synaptic pathways
• Activation of these pathways in the limbic system leads to the
release of neurotransmitters
• Blood flow and glucose metabolism rise in the activated
regions, which is thought to result in improved mood
Kito (2008), Journal of Neuopsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience.
UNMET
NEEDS
MOA
NeuroStar
SYSTEM
CLINICAL
DATA
PRACTICE
SUCCESS
PROGRAM
REIMBURSEMENT
VALUE
OF A
NeuroStar
100
Editor's Notes
This video describes patient experiences with depression.
Looking at the entire world, we see that major depression is an enormous burden on society. In fact, in 2004 the World Health Organization rated unipolar major depression as the third most significant cause of disability worldwide…
…and they project that unipolar major depression will rise to the number one cause of disability by 2030. So clearly this is a very large problem that we need to wrap our arms around.
Given that so many patients experience intolerable side effects from current therapies without receiving adequate benefit, these patients are looking for effective alternatives. Now that we’ve discussed some of the issues confronting major depression sufferers and their doctors, I’d like to show you a proven approach to addressing these issues.
I’m here today to talk with you about the NeuroStar TMS Therapy – a non-drug approach to treating depression. The NeuroStar TMS Therapy system is a complete clinical system which uses a highly-focused pulsed magnetic field to stimulate nerve cells in the area of the brain that are thought to control mood. The NeuroStar system is cleared by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of major depression in patients who have not benefitted from initial antidepressant medication. Since FDA clearance in 2008, over 11,000 patients have been treated with NeuroStar TMS Therapy. Let’s watch a quick video to view a typical NeuroStar TMS Therapy treatment session.
NeuroStar TMS Therapy is an outpatient procedure that is delivered right in the physician’s office. During TMS treatment, the patient is seated comfortably in the treatment chair. At the first TMS session, the treating physician uses the NeuroStar treatment coil to perform a test to identify the proper treatment location on the patient’s head and to determine the correct magnetic field strength to be used during treatment. During this test, the physician is looking for the amount of magnetic field strength that results in a visible movement of the patient’s right thumb. This field strength, called the Motor Threshold, is customized for each patient to allow delivery of exactly the right dose for that patient. Once the patient’s Motor Threshold is determined and the patient’s corresponding dose parameters are set, the physician moves the treatment coil to the TMS treatment location over the left prefrontal cortex to begin the TMS Therapy treatment session. The NeuroStar system delivers the focused pulses of the magnetic field in a rapid 4 second burst, followed by a 26 second pause. A series of these 30 second intervals are delivered over a 37 minute period, delivering a total of 3000 pulses for a TMS treatment session. During TMS Therapy, the patient is awake and alert, and able to speak with the system operator whenever necessary. When TMS Therapy is completed, the patient is able to resume normal activities.
There are several brain regions known to play a role in the regulation of mood (Stahl 2008, pp. 492-499). This slide shows a general “neuroanatomy” of major depression. Neuroimaging studies of patients during an episode of major depression, and following recovery from depression, have shown specific patterns of change in the metabolic activity of these different regions. A reduction in activity is seen in many areas, including the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and deeper areas including the amygdala and hippocampus (Epstein 2006, pp. 1786A, 1787A; Fu 2007, pp. 601A, 602A; Lee 2007, pp. 1489A, 1490A, B, 1491A; Lee 2008, pp. 781A, 782A, 783A). The rostral anterior cingulate cortex is unique among these brain regions in that its activity, as compared to the other major regions of the brain involved in depression, tends to be increased during executive tasks at a time when its activity should be decreased (Pizzagalli 2011, p. 196A). References:Stahl SM. Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2008.Epstein J, Pan H, Kocsis JH, et al. Lack of ventral striatal response to positive stimuli in depressed versus normal subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1784-1790.Fu CHY, Williams SCR, Brammer MJ, et al. Neural responses to happy facial expressions in major depression following antidepressant treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:599-607.Lee B, Cho SW, Khang HS, et al. The neural substrates of affective processing toward positive and negative affective pictures in patients with major depressive disorder. ProgNeuropsychopharmacolBiol Psych. 2007; 31:1487-1492.Lee B, Seok J, Lee B, et al. Neural correlates of affective processing in response to sad and angry facial stimuli in patients with major depressive disorder. ProgNeuropsychopharmacolBiol Psych. 2008; 32:778-785. Pizzagalli DA. Frontocingulate Dysfunction in Depression: Toward Biomarkers of Treatment Response. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36: 183-206.
There are several brain regions known to play a role in the regulation of mood (Stahl 2008, pp. 492-499). This slide shows a general “neuroanatomy” of major depression. Neuroimaging studies of patients during an episode of major depression, and following recovery from depression, have shown specific patterns of change in the metabolic activity of these different regions. A reduction in activity is seen in many areas, including the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and deeper areas including the amygdala and hippocampus (Epstein 2006, pp. 1786A, 1787A; Fu 2007, pp. 601A, 602A; Lee 2007, pp. 1489A, 1490A, B, 1491A; Lee 2008, pp. 781A, 782A, 783A). The rostral anterior cingulate cortex is unique among these brain regions in that its activity, as compared to the other major regions of the brain involved in depression, tends to be increased during executive tasks at a time when its activity should be decreased (Pizzagalli 2011, p. 196A). References:Stahl SM. Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2008.Epstein J, Pan H, Kocsis JH, et al. Lack of ventral striatal response to positive stimuli in depressed versus normal subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1784-1790.Fu CHY, Williams SCR, Brammer MJ, et al. Neural responses to happy facial expressions in major depression following antidepressant treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:599-607.Lee B, Cho SW, Khang HS, et al. The neural substrates of affective processing toward positive and negative affective pictures in patients with major depressive disorder. ProgNeuropsychopharmacolBiol Psych. 2007; 31:1487-1492.Lee B, Seok J, Lee B, et al. Neural correlates of affective processing in response to sad and angry facial stimuli in patients with major depressive disorder. ProgNeuropsychopharmacolBiol Psych. 2008; 32:778-785. Pizzagalli DA. Frontocingulate Dysfunction in Depression: Toward Biomarkers of Treatment Response. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011;36: 183-206.
The brain regions involved in MDD are connected to the brainstem through neuronal circuits. These regions are shown in purple on the figure (Stahl 2008, pp. 204A, 205A, 206A). The neuronal circuits connecting these areas release several monoamine neurotransmitters including dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin (shown here as purple circles, squares, and triangles). When there is an appropriate physiological amount of neurotransmitters being released within these neuronal pathways, communication among these brain regions is optimal, and the brain circuits function normally. However, it has been hypothesized that if the normal amount of neurotransmitters becomes reduced, depleted, or dysfunctional for some reason, depression may ensue (Stahl 2008, pp. 480A, 487A). In addition, there is a hypothetical link between reduction of neurotransmitters in these regions and several symptoms key to a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (Stahl 2008, p. 491A). References:Stahl SM. Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2008.
The brain regions involved in MDD are connected to the brainstem through neuronal circuits. These regions are shown in purple on the figure (Stahl 2008, pp. 204A, 205A, 206A). The neuronal circuits connecting these areas release several monoamine neurotransmitters including dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin (shown here as purple circles, squares, and triangles). When there is an appropriate physiological amount of neurotransmitters being released within these neuronal pathways, communication among these brain regions is optimal, and the brain circuits function normally. However, it has been hypothesized that if the normal amount of neurotransmitters becomes reduced, depleted, or dysfunctional for some reason, depression may ensue (Stahl 2008, pp. 480A, 487A). In addition, there is a hypothetical link between reduction of neurotransmitters in these regions and several symptoms key to a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (Stahl 2008, p. 491A). References:Stahl SM. Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2008.
Antidepressant medications are thought to treat MDD by chemically boosting the synaptic actions of one or more of the three monoamine neurotransmitters in these brain regions: dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine (Stahl 2008, p. 520A, B).However, because antidepressant medications are ingested and metabolized systemically (meaning they are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, distributed by the blood stream, and then metabolized, usually by the liver or kidneys), antidepressants may exert actions anywhere throughout the body. This means that they can elicit undesirable effects on sites both in the brain and throughout the body (Stahl 2008, pp. 531A, 547A).As shown on this slide, the result of these undesirable actions may be the development of a wide variety of medication side effects.References:Stahl SM. Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2008.
Antidepressant medications are thought to treat MDD by chemically boosting the synaptic actions of one or more of the three monoamine neurotransmitters in these brain regions: dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine (Stahl 2008, p. 520A, B).However, because antidepressant medications are ingested and metabolized systemically (meaning they are absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, distributed by the blood stream, and then metabolized, usually by the liver or kidneys), antidepressants may exert actions anywhere throughout the body. This means that they can elicit undesirable effects on sites both in the brain and throughout the body (Stahl 2008, pp. 531A, 547A).As shown on this slide, the result of these undesirable actions may be the development of a wide variety of medication side effects.References:Stahl SM. Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2008.
The underlying rationale for the use of TMS exploits the fact that neurons are electrochemical cells. This means that neuronal activity can be affected either chemically, via the use of drugs, or electrically, via interventions like TMS. Unlike drug action, whose effects tend to be anatomically diffuse, the effects of TMS are anatomically focused, and by design are non-invasive and non-systemic in action. Under normal conditions of use, TMS therefore incurs far fewer adverse events, and is devoid of undesired systemic adverse events commonly observed with antidepressant medications.The TMS device is a powerful electromagnet, which is turned on and off in a rapid fashion, producing a pattern of “pulsed” magnetic fields. When pulsed magnetic fields are positioned close to an electrical conductor, like neurons, a local electrical current is produced in that conductor. This electric current is powerful enough right under the magnetic coil to elicit action potentials, which then travel down the neuron, ultimately causing the release of neurotransmitters at the synapse (Post 2001, p. 193A).References:Post A, Keck ME. Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a therapeutic tool in psychiatry: what do we know about the neurobiological mechanisms? J Psychiatric Research. 2001;35: 193-215.
When the precisely pulsed magnetic fields from the NeuroStar TMS coil are applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, there are a series of events that are thought to underlie the therapeutic effects of TMS in the treatment of major depression.First, direct neuronal depolarization under the coil leads to local action potentials in neurons and the local release of neurotransmitters in the cortex.In addition to these local effects, depolarization of cortical pyramidal neurons is thought to occur (as represented by the blue neural pathway), reaching to deeper brain regions that lie outside the direct action of the pulsed magnetic fields.Activation of these deeper brain regions is presumed to cause secondary activation of brainstem neurotransmitter centers, which results in upward influences on the remaining brain regions involved in mood regulation (represented by the purple neural pathway).As a result, dopamine (Kanno 2004, pp. 75A, 76A, 77A) and serotonin (Juckel 1999, pp. 393A, 394A) activity are increased in areas of the brain whose low neurotransmitter activity have been linked to depression. The net action of NeuroStar TMS is therefore targeted on the specific brain areas known to be involved in the regulation of mood, and is comprehensive in that its action has both direct effects on local neurons in the cerebral cortex, and then results in deeper actions on brain regions that are distant from the site of stimulation, but neurally connected to these cortical areas.These effects can be demonstrated in human neuroimaging studies of patients who have undergone treatment with TMS for their depression, as shown in the SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) scan on the right (Kito, et al, 2008). In this image, the NeuroStar TMS coil has been positioned over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on the left side of the head. The area just underneath the coil is showing increased metabolic activity as a direct result of the magnetic stimulation. You can also see that the increase in metabolism reaches secondarily the deeper brain regions, in this case the regions of the cingulate cortex also show increased activation.The activity may be increased both in the short term by increasing release of neurotransmitters and in the long term by modulating expression of proteins involved in neurotransmitters signaling (Post 2001, p. 200A,B). Presumably, as a result of these changes, depression lifts (Slotema 2010, p. 876A). References:Kanno M, Matsumoto M, et al. Effects of acute repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on dopamine release in rat dorsolateral striatum. J Neurological Sciences. 2004;217:73-81.Juckel G, Mendlin MA, et al. Electrical Stimulation of Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex Enhances Forebrain Serotonin Output: Implications for Electroconvulsive Therapy and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999;21(3):391-398.Slotema CW, Blom JD, et al. Should we expand the toolbox of psychiatric treatment methods to include repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)? A meta-analysis of the efficacy of rTMS in psychiatric disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(7):873-884.Kito, S, Fujita, K, Koga, Y. Changes in Regional Cerebral Blood Flow After Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Treatment-Resistant Depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008; 20(1):74-80.
To summarize, NeuroStar TMS Therapy offers a unique mechanism of action unlike conventional antidepressant medication treatment.NeuroStar TMS Therapy specifically targets the underlying brain regions known to be involved in the regulation of mood. It works by direct depolarization of cortical neurons, and then by modulating the deeper brain regions which have a neuronal connection to these areas of the cortex.This allows NeuroStar TMS Therapy to affect both local and deep neural circuits – all without causing unwanted systemic side effects.Reference:NeuroStar TMS Therapy User Manual (Neuronetics, Inc., 2011).
Before we speak further about the NeuroStar TMS Therapy system, there are important distinctions to make about TMS Therapy as compared to Electroconvulsive Therapy or ECT. TMS Therapy is NOT ECT. TMS is very different from ECT, both in terms of the technology itself and when it is appropriate for use. TMS Therapy uses a focused electromagnetic field to stimulate a specific, targeted region of the brain. It does not require any sedation or anesthesia and has a mild adverse event profile. TMS Therapy is an office based procedure and is utilized after initial antidepressant medications have failed. In contrast, ECT uses direct electrical stimulation of the whole brain, requires anesthesia for delivery and is associated with cognitive side effects, some of which may be long term. Because of the invasive nature of ECT and its side effects, ECT is usually reserved for patients who have exhausted most treatment options. Therefore, TMS, due to its targeted efficacy and mild adverse event profile is used much earlier in the treatment spectrum than ECT.
The NeuroStar system consists of: A Mobile Console – which houses the power electronics A Graphical Touch Screen User Interface – which allows users to easily operate the system An Integrated Treatment Coil – this is the high-powered magnetic treatment coil which, when placed on the patient’s head, delivers TMS Therapy to a specific brain region. A SenStar Treatment Link –an essential component which monitors and provides quality control for each treatment
The SenStar Treatment Link is another essential component of the system. The SenStar ensures that the treatment coil is functioning properly and is positioned correctly, confirming to you that your patients are receiving optimal treatment. As shown here, this single use device has multiple layers, each with a specific function designed for quality assurance. The first layer constitutes the “Sensory Guard”. This protective layer functions to reduce the intensity of the magnetic field at the scalp to improve tolerability of high-frequency stimulation, without affecting the deeper, therapeutic magnetic field in the brain. The second layer is the “Magnetic Field Detector” which contains a sensor that verifies the intensity of the magnetic field pulses being delivered before each treatment. This verification ensures that for every treatment, the patient receives exactly the pulses that you have programmed to be delivered, so to ensure delivery of safe and effective treatment. This layer also contains a built-in “Smart Chip” that records each unique SenStar ID code for tracking. The Smart Chip also allows constant monitoring of the treatment status by providing a communication link between the SenStar and the NeuroStar system. The “Contact Sensing” layer uses micro sensors to constantly measure proper contact between the patient’s scalp and the treatment coil. Even a small displacement of the TMS treatment coil from the patient’s head (e.g. 2 mm) can reduce the magnetic field in the brain to sub-therapeutic levels. Sensors monitor every pulse for correct contact between the patient’s head and the coil and give you a visual feedback on the graphic user interface. This allows you the ability to make coil adjustments and re-administer missed pulses; ensuring patients receive the maximum stimulation of the target tissue.The last layer is a Hygiene Barrier which touches the patient’s head. It is latex-free and acts as a protective barrier between the patient’s head and the coil to maintain cleanliness and comfort.
First, let me introduce you to the maker of the NeuroStar TMS Therapy system – Neuronetics.Neuronetics was founded in 2003. We have a highly experienced management team that has successfully progressed the company from initial clinical trials to FDA clearance and now into seeing NeuroStar TMS Therapy come into place as a clinical standard of care for the treatment of major depression. We also have an expert clinical team spread across the country that’s here to educate and support TMS providers and their staff. When the company was founded, we licensed a family of patents from Emory University and have since added numerous others to that portfolio. There are currently a total of 21 TMS patents that protect the NeuroStar technology that we’ve just discussed. We’ve been very fortunate as a company to have the support of a large group of top-tier life-science investors. Their investment in Neuronetics and their belief in this opportunity for physicians and patients have made the NeuroStar technology, clinical development and now market development possible.
Neuronetics is a leader in TMS Therapy innovation. We are a privately held medical device company who pioneered TMS Therapy and made it a clinical reality. Our goal moving forward is to partner with healthcare professionals by providing them the best products and services possible. We are committed to continuous product improvement and to developing new and innovative solutions to meet our customers' needs. By providing these tools, we can help healthcare professionals achieve their ultimate goal of effectively treating the patients they serve.
So before we move onto rigorous randomized controlled trials that have been conducted in TMS, lets set the stage by first discussing the recent Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) report which confirms the evidence base for efficacy of TMS. AHRQ is an independent government agency which conducted a peer-reviewed look at current antidepressant treatments. As a pre-review for this webinar, I’ve asked you all to read the execute summary of this report. Some of the key points are shown on this slide. The report included 15 clinical trials involving nearly five hundred patients The average HAMD decrease in depressive symptoms was greater than 5 points vs. sham treatmentdemonstrating that the treatment was not only statistically significant, but clinically significant as well. Response rates with active TMS were greater then 3 times as likely than sham treatment Remission rate with active TMS were greater than 6 times as likely than sham treatmentThe reports overall consensus was there was a high strength of evidence for the efficacy of TMS demonstrated from well-controlled randomized controlled trials.
One of the first major milestones that Neuronetics embarked on was the completion of a successful randomized controlled clinical trial. A rigorous monotherapy study design, The NeuroStar Clinical Development Program, was established to demonstrate that TMS Therapy was both safe and effective in the treatment of depression in patients who had not benefited from prior antidepressant treatment.The program consisted of three studies. The first was the Acute Efficacy & Safety Study. This randomized controlled, double blind trial started with 301 patients and was intended to compare active TMS to sham. Patients received either active or sham treatment for 4-6 weeks. If patients improved during this trial, they were able to move into the Durability of Effect Study where they were monitored for 6 months.If patients did not improve after 4 weeks in the Acute Efficacy and Safety Study, they had the option to move into the Open-Label Extension Study. All patients in this trial received active TMS Therapy and again, moved into the Durability of Effect Study if they improved. These three key studies form the basis for FDA-clearance of the NeuroStar TMS Therapy System.
We will start by discussing the NeuroStar TMS Therapy Randomized Controlled Trial – The Acute Efficacy & Safety Study conducted in a difficult to treat depression population (often referred to as study 101 or the O’Reardon study). This slide describes some of the trial designs – which was again a randomized controlled trial. All patients in this study had failed to benefit from prior drug therapy. So these were NOT naïve patients. Patients entering the study were washed of all prior antidepressant medication and then received TMS monotherapy. Patients enrolled had a primary diagnosis of DSM-IV unipolar, non-psychotic Major Depressive Disorder with moderate to severe symptoms at baseline.Overall, there were 301 patients enrolled in this controlled study. Initially, all patient data was submitted to the FDA for clearance of the NeuroStar system. However, after review by an FDA panel, it was decided that NeuroStar TMS Therapy was overall a safe therapy but was most effective for a subset of the resistant population – those that had failed one prior antidepressant medication of adequate dose and duration. So an analysis of that population, which totaled 164 patients, was completed. All patients enrolled within this indicated patient population group had extensive prior antidepressant drug exposure. These patients had tried and failed one initial drug treatment, administered at an adequate daily dose and duration without benefit. The average number of overall treatment attempts (which includes all medications given in the current episode, regardless of whether they reached an adequate dose and duration) was 4, with a range between 1 to 23. So as we can see, the majority of treatment attempts were unable to achieve adequate dose and duration which is representative of what happens in the real world clinical practice. References:O'Reardon, J. P., H. B. Solvason, et al. (2007). "Efficacy and Safety of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Acute Treatment of Major Depression: A Multisite Randomized Controlled Trial." Biol Psychiatry62(11): 1208-1216.
So lets take a look at the key outcome measure of these 164 indicated patients in the Neuronetics-sponsored Randomized Controlled trial. We used the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale change score from baseline as the primary outcome measure. You can see that in this difficult to treat population, after six weeks of treatment there was a clear separation between the sham-treated group, represented here in gray and the active TMS group, represented here in blue, with statistically-significant separation occurring as early as Week 2. In a controlled trial, patients treated with active NeuroStar TMS Therapy received greater than 3 times the improvement in depressive symptoms compared to placebo at four weeks (-7.1 vs -2.1, P=0.0006). So this shows us that there is clear evidence that active NeuroStar TMS Therapy is an effective antidepressant when compared to sham treatment. References:Demitrack, MA , Thase, ME,. (2009) Clinical significance of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of pharmacoresistant depression: synthesis of recent data. Psychopharm Bulletin42(2):5-38
Let’s examine the data from the randomized controlled trial in a format that clinicians more typically utilize in daily practice and patients more commonly understand – response and remission rates. When we review the secondary efficacy outcomes, which were response and remission rates for NeuroStar TMS Therapy vs Sham at week 4 and 6, we see rates that are 2 to 3 times better in the active group!Again, lets remember we are studying the effectiveness of TMS Therapy as a monotherapy in a group that has already failed multiple medications. Reviewing these scores (utilizing the MADRS and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 17 and 24 question scale), we see a clear separation between the active and sham group – between 2 and 3 times better!
As I mentioned earlier, patients that did not improve in the Randomized Controlled Trial, had the option (after 4 weeks) to enter into the Open-Label extension study. Utilizing the Hamilton 24 Question Depression Rating Scale, we see significant response and remission rates demonstrated in the group transitioning from Sham treatment to Active NeuroStar TMS Therapy. Of the group receiving Sham treatment in the previous Randomized Controlled Study, 53.3% achieved response and 32.6% achieved remission at the end of 6 weeks of active NeuroStar TMS Therapy. Remember that response is 50% or greater improvement in depression symptoms and remission is a complete resolution of symptoms.This is important for several reasons. First, it shows that NeuroStar TMS consistently demonstrates significant response and remission rates in a difficult to treat population. And two, an open-label study like this more closely mirrors what can occur in clinical practice – 1 in 2 patients will respond and 1 in 3 patients will remit after receiving NeuroStar TMS Therapy for 6 weeks.
This slide shows an analysis of effect size for NeuroStar TMS Therapy compared to antidepressant medication. Effect size is one way to compare treatment effects when direct comparative trials are not available. An effect size of zero would mean the two ranges (the sham and active group) overlap completely,with their averages being the same. The larger the effect size the greater the improvement for active treatment group compared to the control group.This graph on the right shows the overall standardized effect size from trials of 12 marketed antidepressant medications. The reported effect size is shown to be 0.31 for the HAM-D17 rating scale.The left graph shows the randomized controlled trial for the NeuroStar System. The value of effect size on the HAM-D17 is shown at 0.52. As demonstrated, the effect size of NeuroStar TMS Therapy compares well to that of antidepressant medication.
So now that we’ve reviewed efficacy and safety data from the NeuroStar Clinical Development Program, let’s discuss a subsequent trial - the second-largest, randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial examining the safety and efficacy of NeuroStar TMS in major depression. the Optimization of TMS or ‘OPT-TMS’ Study. This independent study reinforces the efficacy and safety of TMS and is very important study for several reasons: 1) It was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health and is independent of industry. The trial did use the NeuroStar System2) It employed a similar rigorous randomized controlled trial design involving the treatment of 190 patients at 4 premier academic sites 3) It achieved a primary outcome measure (remission at 3 weeks) of 15% active TMS vs. 4% sham treatment – this is a remission rate almost 4 times greater in the active group then those receiving sham treatment, again studying a difficult to treat patient population Over, the trial design and patient population for this independent randomized controlled trial was similar to the Neuronetics study. And The main results of this study confirmed the observations of our trial, showing a statistically and clinically significant primary outcome measure. References:George, MS, Lisanby, SH, Avery, D, McDonald, WM, Durkalski, V, Pavlicova, M, Anderson, B, Nahas, Z, Bulow, P, Zarkowski, P, Holtzheimer, P, Schwartz, T, Sackeim, HA. (2010) Daily left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for major depressive disorder: A sham-controlled randomized trial. Archives of General Psychiatry67(5):507-516
This was a naturalistic study to demonstrate acute efficacy Outcomes in Real-World Clinical Practice.The goal of this study was to define real-world outcomes associated with NeuroStar TMS Therapy across a broad spectrum of patients and practitioners. This was not a monotherapy trial so patients could be on medication.This study involved 307 unipolar non-psychotic major depressive disorder patients enrolled within the acute phase. These patients were treated across 42 sites, comprised of both institutions and private practices with the vast majority being private practices. The acute phase of the study has concluded with the long-term phase wrapping up in October. Patients enrolled received a full course of acute treatment of NeuroStar TMS Therapy as determined by their treating psychiatrist. Following acute treatment, patient outcomes were measured and followed for twelve months. The patient treatments during the follow-up period consisted of clinical care as usual.References:Neuronetics, Inc., data on file.
Patients within the studied population had significant depression. Lets look at some of the characteristics of the 307 patients studied: About two thirds were women The average age was about 49 years old For most patients (over 90%), this was a recurrent course of depressionTwo important characteristics which stand out is that one, almost half of all patients had been hospitalized at some point for their depression. Two, on average, patients had received 2.5 antidepressant treatments of adequate dose and duration in the current episode without receiving clinical benefit from these treatments. Finally, on average, the course of TMS treatment spanned about 5 to 6 weeks, with the average number of TMS sessions totaling 28. References:Carpenter, Depression and Anxiety, 2012
This slide shows the outcome from baseline to end of acute treatment on the clinician rating scale - CGI-Severity of Illness scale, a global illness outcome scale of disease severity rated by the psychiatrist. The distribution of scores on this scale are shown at baseline, prior to NeuroStar TMS treatment, and then at the conclusion of the acute treatment course. The distribution of scores in terms of illness severity are shown in a three-tiered grouping for each scale.For the CGI-Severity of Illness scale, the category of Markedly Ill or worse reflects either a score of 5 (markedly ill), 6 (severely ill) or 7 (among the most extremely ill patients). The category of Moderately ill reflects those patients rated as 4 (moderately ill), and the Mildly ill or better category reflects those patients rated as either a score of 3 (mildly ill), 2 (borderline mentally ill), or 1 (normal, not at all ill).With these illness severity groupings, it can be seen that from the clinician’s perspective, the majority of patients at baseline were seen as markedly ill or worse (nearly three quarters of the patients were rated at this severity level), while by the end of about 5-6 weeks of acute treatment with the NeuroStar device, more than half of patients had reached a substantial improvement at a level rated as only mildly ill or no symptoms. On this scale, 58% of patients were rated by the clinicians in this category. References:1. Carpenter LL, et al. (2012). Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) for Major Depression: A Multisite, Naturalistic, Observational Study of Acute Treatment Outcomes in Clinical Practice. Depress Anxiety 29(7):587–596.
The previous slide demonstrated outcomes on the clinical rated scale – The CGI-Severity of Illness scale. This slide shows the outcome from baseline to end of acute treatment on a nine-item depression scale rated by the patient, the PHQ-9.The distribution of scores on these scales are shown at baseline, prior to NeuroStar TMS treatment, and then at the conclusion of the acute treatment course. The distribution of scores in terms of illness severity is shown in a three-tiered grouping for each scale.For the PHQ-9, the category of Markedly Ill or worse reflects a total score of 15 or more (moderately severe or severe depression). The category of Moderately ill reflects those patients rated as a total score between 10 and 15 (moderate depression), and the Mildly ill or better category reflects those patients rated as a score of less than 10 (mild depression or no depression).With these illness severity groupings, it can also be seen from the patient’s perspective, the majority of patients at baseline were seen as markedly ill or worse (nearly three quarters of the patients were rated at this severity level), while by the end of about 5-6 weeks of acute treatment with the NeuroStar device, more than half of patients had reached a substantial improvement at a level rated as only mildly ill or no symptoms. On the PHQ-9 scale, 56.4% of patient rated themselves at this level of improvement. References:1. Carpenter LL, et al. (2012). Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) for Major Depression: A Multisite, Naturalistic, Observational Study of Acute Treatment Outcomes in Clinical Practice. Depress Anxiety 29(7):587–596.
The Outcomes studied used the CGI-Severity of Illness and the PHQ-9 rating scales. Patient response and remission levels were tracked and as you can see many patients achieved this level of wellness at the end of acute treatment with the NeuroStar TMS system.On the left, we see that 37.1% of patients are rated by the clinician as having remitted using the CGI-S (an endpoint score of 1 or 2 on this scale). And more than half, 58% are shown to respond. Similarly, on the PHQ-9 scale, 28.7% of patient self-report a score of less than 5 which defines remission. This number represents about half o the total group of responding patients – 56.4% overall. So again we see there is a consistent response and remission rate demonstrated across all open-label trials. As we previously reviewed, the remission rate, which is the overall goal of depression treatment, in the Neuronetics open-label trial was 32.6%.References:1. Carpenter LL, et al. (2012). Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) for Major Depression: A Multisite, Naturalistic, Observational Study of Acute Treatment Outcomes in Clinical Practice. Depress Anxiety 29(7):587–596.
The Outcomes studied used the CGI-Severity of Illness and the PHQ-9 rating scales. Patient response and remission levels were tracked and as you can see many patients achieved this level of wellness at the end of acute treatment with the NeuroStar TMS system.On the left, we see that 37.1% of patients are rated by the clinician as having remitted using the CGI-S (an endpoint score of 1 or 2 on this scale). And more than half, 58% are shown to respond. Similarly, on the PHQ-9 scale, 28.7% of patient self-report a score of less than 5 which defines remission. This number represents about half o the total group of responding patients – 56.4% overall. So again we see there is a consistent response and remission rate demonstrated across all open-label trials. As we previously reviewed, the remission rate, which is the overall goal of depression treatment, in the Neuronetics open-label trial was 32.6%.References:1. Carpenter LL, et al. (2012). Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) for Major Depression: A Multisite, Naturalistic, Observational Study of Acute Treatment Outcomes in Clinical Practice. Depress Anxiety 29(7):587–596.
The Outcomes studied used the CGI-Severity of Illness and the PHQ-9 rating scales. Patient response and remission levels were tracked and as you can see many patients achieved this level of wellness at the end of acute treatment with the NeuroStar TMS system.On the left, we see that 37.1% of patients are rated by the clinician as having remitted using the CGI-S (an endpoint score of 1 or 2 on this scale). And more than half, 58% are shown to respond. Similarly, on the PHQ-9 scale, 28.7% of patient self-report a score of less than 5 which defines remission. This number represents about half o the total group of responding patients – 56.4% overall. So again we see there is a consistent response and remission rate demonstrated across all open-label trials. As we previously reviewed, the remission rate, which is the overall goal of depression treatment, in the Neuronetics open-label trial was 32.6%.References:1. Carpenter LL, et al. (2012). Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) for Major Depression: A Multisite, Naturalistic, Observational Study of Acute Treatment Outcomes in Clinical Practice. Depress Anxiety 29(7):587–596.
In summary, the data demonstrating the efficacy of NeuroStar TMS Therapy has been established in 6 studies with over 800 patients. This includes: Two, large, rigourous multisite randomized, sham-controlled clinical trials, both of which have shown clinically significant antidepressant effects of TMS. One of which was NIMH sponsored, independent of industry Two open-label extension studies demonstrating consistent response and remission rates One open-label long term follow-up study demonstrating durability One multisite, real world observational study which replicated results seen in previous studies. Overall, NeuroStar TMS Therapy shows consistent outcomes that over 1 in 2 patients achieve clinical response to treatment, and 1 in 3 reach full remission. Beyond its efficacy profiles, NeuroStar TMS Therapy has an excellent safety profile with a high level of treatment adherence and a less than 5% discontinuation rate due to adverse events. References:Neuronetics, Inc. data on file.
Finally, this is a treatment that is now well established far beyond clinical trials. Beyond the AHRQ report which we’ve already discussed, this treatment option was included in the revised 2010 American Psychiatric Association Best Practices Treatment Guideline for Depression. There are 3 CPT 1 codes established for TMS as well as several coverage policies in place. There are over 460 NeuroStar Systems installed through this US, which have been used to perform over 270,000 treatments for over 11,000 patients.
This is the Indication for Use of the NeuroStar TMS Therapy System as provided in the product labeling and based on the randomized, controlled studies just presented.The NeuroStar System is indicated for use in the treatment of adult patients with MDD who have failed to receive satisfactory improvement from one prior antidepressant medication at or above the minimal effective dose and duration in the current episode. The average number of overall treatment attempts (adequate and inadequate dose and duration) was 4, with a range across the study population from 1 to as many as 23 treatment attempts. As stated earlier, the “one prior medication” stated within the indication refers to a treatment attempt where the medication was used at adequate dose and duration, which is generally defined as the minimum labeled dose for at least a period of 4 weeks. We know that, on average, for every one treatment attempt that meets these criteria, about four treatments have been attempted in the current episode, and that 3 of them were inadequate in dose or duration. References:Demitrack, MA , Thase, ME,. (2009) Clinical significance of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of pharmacoresistant depression: synthesis of recent data. Psychopharm Bulletin42(2): 5-38NeuroStar TMS Therapy System User Manual. Neuronetics, Inc: Malvern, PA; 2008.
As I noted previously, TMS is now incorporated as an accepted treatment option for patients who have failed to benefit from initial antidepressant medication treatment for their illness. This is reflected in a growing body of published consensus. I mentioned earlier the recent publication of the APA Practice Guidelines, and you can read the quote from the Executive Summary of that document on this slide. Several other organizations have also acknowledged the scientific evidence for the safety and efficacy of TMS, including the World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry (2009), and the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT, 2009). References:American Psychiatric Association (2010) (eds: Gelenberg, AJ, Freeman, MP, Markowitz, JC, Rosenbaum, JF, Thase, ME, Trivedi, MH, Van Rhoads, RS). Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Patients with Major Depressive Disorder, 3rd Edition.Kennedy, SH, Milev, R, Giacobbe, P, Ramasubbu, R, Lam, RW, Parikh, SV, Patten, SB, Ravindran, AV. (2009) Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Clinical guidelines for the management of major depressive disorder in adults. IV. Neurostimulation therapies. J Aff Disorders 117:S44-S53.Schlaepfer, TE, George, MS, Mayberg, H. (2009) WFSBP Guidelines on Brain Stimulation Treatments in Psychiatry. World J Biol Psychiatry Aug 26:1-7.
NeuroStar TMS Therapy is also represented in some of the top Psychiatric Hospitals as recognized by the 2012 US News and World Report.
Earlier, we watched two patients recount their struggles with depression. Let’s revisit these same patients as they describe how NeuroStar TMS Therapy improved their lives.
In summary, I’ve shown you that NeuroStar TMS Therapy is an effective, proven treatment for major depression when initial drug treatment fails. It is now included the APA Practice Guidelines for the treatment of depression. And it is a valuable treatment for patients who want to reduce their medications and their side effect burden.
Of course many patients ultimately decide to pay cash for TMS therapy. In order to make this available to as many patients as possible, we offer a variety of patient financing options through third-party lenders. You can offer these options to your patients, giving them flexible TMS Therapy financing options to meet their individual needs.
Neuronetics works diligently to get the story out about the availability and the importance of NeuroStar TMS Therapy, and here you see just a handful of clips ranging from Time Magazine to US News and World Report that represents the kind of stories that we’ve been able to produce.You can also log on to the Recent Press Coverage section of our Website (the address is shown here) where you can see a whole host of local TV news stories that have occurred as a result of a productive joint effort between Neuronetics and local providers.
NeuroStar has been reported throughout TV news outlets, magazines and other media. It’s getting tremendous press coverage throughout the country given its safety and effectiveness in treating a very widespread condition such as major depression.
We understand that reimbursement is a complex process so Neuronetics offers dedicated professionals to assist with the reimbursement process at all levels. We offer you and your office a Reimbursement Manager who will be your personal liaison to educate on fee planning, coding, billing, and the prior approval and appeals processes. In addition, it you would like to speak with this person to discuss Neuronetics Reimbursement Support Services for TMS in general, I can arrange that for you.The Health Care Policy Team is solely dedicated to obtaining coverage policy and case consideration agreements with the payers. Payers prefer to work with physicians so we encourage partnership with TMS physicians and work directly with you to obtain insurance coverage in your area.NeuroStar Reimbursement Support is our Reimbursement Support Hotline available to you and your patient s to assist with general insurance question. Your office will be introduced to a dedicated reimbursement specialist that can assist you with benefits , and to provide information regarding prior authorization and the appeals process.
*This slide is for informational purposes only. Final Coding and Billing decisions should be determined by the physician and/or facility. Coverage guidelines may vary according to the insurance carrier and to the patient’s specific plan. 90867: GUIDELINES (as stated in the CPT Coding Book): (Report only once per course of treatment) (Do not report 90867 in conjunction with 95928, 95929, 90868, 90869) *95928: Central motor evoked potential study (transcranial motor stimulation); upper limbs *95929: Central motor evoked potential study (transcranial motor stimulation); lower limbs - The note for these diagnostic codes was added by the AMA to make it clear that these codes cannot be billed with 90867. For the initial visit (day one of TMS Therapy) when a treatment planning session and a treatment delivery session are completed, 90867 would include both services performed on the same day. Now 90867 includes “delivery and management” whereas before it only stated planning.90867 and 90869 cannot be billed together according to the guidelines.90868:This is the code that is billed for the each session that the patient has daily.90869: GUIDELINES (as stated in the CPT Coding Book): (Do not report 90869 in conjunction with 90867, 90868) This is the 3rd code for TMS Therapy was created for those individual patient cases when re-determining the motor threshold (MT) is clinically appropriate. 90869 cannot be billed together with 90867 and 90868 according to the guidelines. Proper and thorough documentation should be done in case a payer requests notes during the claims review.
Neuronetics is also leading the effort to ensure widespread health insurance coverage for TMS Therapy. There is tremendous momentum with both government and commercial payers issuing coverage policies for NeuroStar TMSThroughout the country, we work very closely with interested NeuroStar providers to educate health insurers within their region about the safety and effectiveness of NeuroStar TMS Therapy.Now let’s talk about what this means for the NeuroStar provider who offers NeuroStar TMS Therapy for their patients..
Let’s discuss NeuroStar Reimbursement Support in further depth. The NRS provides three basic services:Benefits Investigation- Once your office submits patient information via a patient enrollment form to NRS, they will contact the payer to obtain benefit information for TMS. NRS will contact to inform you that they have received the information and that they will begin the BI Process. NRS will then provide you with that information within 4 business days. The patient can also initiate this process by working with NRS directly.Prior Authorization Assistance- NRS will inform you on patient eligibility and guidelines for prior authorization.Appeal Processes Assistance- If a patient is denied by the payer, NRS will provide general assistance on the necessary steps for appeal.
Lets hear from some NeuroStar providers as they discuss the value they received for the investment made in NeuroStar TMS Therapy.
When it comes to financing the NeuroStar system, Neuronetics offers a range of flexible options. As a provider, leasing options are available from finance groups who know and work with psychiatrists. Flexible payment structures offered by financial groups knowledgeable about the NeuroStar system means you’ll have easy monthly payments which improve your practice cash flow. So you can offer the benefits of NeuroStar TMS Therapy to your patients without the financial burden of purchasing cutting edge capital equipment.
For full prescribing and safety information, please visit www.neurostar.com. NeuroStar TMS Therapy is contraindicated in patients with implanted metallic devices or non-removable metallic objects in or around the head Patients treated with TMS Therapy should be monitored for symptoms of worsening depression There is a rare risk of seizure with TMS Therapy (incidence of <0.1% per acute treatment course) NeuroStar TMS Therapy has not been studied in patients who have not received benefit from initial antidepressant treatment and has not been shown to be effective in patients outside the indicated population for use NeuroStar TMS Therapy is not appropriate for all patients with depression; patients should be evaluated by their physician to determine if TMS Therapy is an appropriate treatment option NeuroStar TMS Therapy is available by prescription only
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There has been a lot of discussion lately surrounding Deep TMS and its ability to reach deeper brain structures. The Brainsway’s device uses a variation of research air-cooled coil technology, known as a Hesed coil, which is vastly different than the first to market patented solid ferromagnetic coil technology used by the NeuroStar TMS Therapy System. The Hesed Coil (also referred to as the H-Coil) uses multiple magnets to produce a diffuse magnetic field which Brainsway claims can reach deeper brain structures. Based on published literature comparing TMS coil technologies, we understand their coil does stimulate a greater volume of brain tissue and can reach depths approximately .5 cm deeper then NeuroStar TMS (Neuronetics, Data on file).
However, we consider their claims to be misleading, since the majority of tissue stimulated by their technology is not associated with relevant deep-brain structures (i.e. the limbic system) thought to be involved in mood regulation.
The patented solid ferromagnetic coil technology used by the NeuroStar TMS Therapy System allows targeted stimulation of cortical neurons in brain structures associated with mood.- Precise pulsed magnetic fields induce small electric currents in the prefrontal cortex of the brain- Local neurons depolarize which leads to activation of deep brain structures via trans-synaptic pathways- Activation of these pathways in the limbic system leads to the release of neurotransmitters - Blood flow and glucose metabolism rise in the activated regions, which is thought to result in improved moodIn reviewing the NeuroStar TMS Therapy mechanism of action, we see that targeted stimulation of local cortical neurons leads to indirect stimulation of distal networks known to be involved in mood regulation.