2. 30.9.2013 pirkko.hyvonen@oulu.fi 2
EXPERT AND
EXPERTISE
Who is an expert? Why
do you think so? What
is her/his domain?
How experts think and
perform?
How to become an
expert?
What is your
expertise? Where are
you in your expertise?
3. BACKGROUND
Universities are expected to
educate experts, who are
competent to excel in
changing and complex
circumstances in work life,
but education does not
provide competencies for
it. (Hyvönen, Impiö, Järvelä,
2010).
”Normal” learning does not
provide expertise, but can
lead to ”good enough”
or ”satisfying” level
(Bereiter & Scardamalia,
1993).
Formal education produces the users of
experts, but not experts! (Geisler, 1994).
Formal education does not nesessarily
produce experts, rather experienced non-
experts (Bereiter & Scardamalia, 1993).
4. STEREOTYPES related to EXPERTISE
Gender
Age
Education
Objective truth
(Bereiter & Scardamalia, 1993)
Expertise is more than general intelligence: ”Capasity to
perform consistently at a superior level” (Weisberg, 2006)
5. LET AIMS TO EDUCATE EXPERTS IN LEARNING AND EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY.
The students will be competent to work in schools and work places and use their
expertise in adapting to changing situations, solving problems, creating social
innovations and integrating technologies in practices. They know how people learn
and behave in various contexts.
6. DEFINITIONS IN DICTIONARIES 1968-
2011
1968: One who is very skillful and well-
informed in some special field (Webster)
2005: Characteristics , skills and knowledge
that distinguishes experts from novices and
less experienced people (Wikipedia)
2011: person, who in certain domain can
recognise problems and solve them
efficiently. Expertise includes knowledge,
experiences and skills for expressing.
(Wikipedia)
1) How experts think; how do they
perform? Why?
2) How to learn to be an expert?
3) What is expertise in my field/ in my
competence?
7. LEARNING EXPERTISE IS A PATH OR
JOURNEY OF COMPETENCE BUILDING
including also regressions (Alexander, 2003; Bereiter
& Scardamalia, 1986; Lajoie, 2003)
Learning expertise comprices of three overlapping
dimensions:
knowledge construction (Bransford et al,
2000; Sawyer, 2006)
expert-like performance (eg., Bereiter &
Scardamalia, 1993; Tynjälä, 2007)
self-regulation (Boekaerts, Pintrich &
Zeidner, 2000; Lin, Schwarz & Hatano, 2005)
It is a transitional learning process where goals are
set, monitored, reflected and scaffolded (Lajoie,
2003)
8. DOMAIN-SPECIFIC EXPERTISE
- Informal and formal domains
Salomon (1997). Wine expertise
Norman et al. (2006). Medicine and
surgery
Durco & Dattel (2006). Transportation
Sonentag et al. (2006). Software design
Kellogg (2006). Professional writing
Ross et al. (2006). Decision making
Lehman & Gruber (2006). Music
Hodges et al. (2006). Sports
Butterworth (2006). Mathematics
Cobet & Charness (2006). Chess
Voss & Wiley (2006). History
Brennenkmeyer & Spillane (2008).
Problem-solving
9. GENERATING THE BEST
- Find the best solution
DETECTION and
RECOGNITION
- Detect and perceive
features that novices
cannot
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
-Analyse problems,
develope problem
representations
EXPERTS can EXCELL (Chi, 2006)
MONITORING & REFLECTING
- Have good self-monitoring
and predicting skills
STRATEGIES
- Use the best and effective
strategies in a given situation
OPPORTUNISTIC
- Can use whatever sources
of information that are
available
COGNITIVE EFFORT
Can retrieve relevant domain
knowledge
10. DOMAIN-LIMITED
- Have not necessarily
knowledge about other
domains
OVERTLY CONFIDENT
- eg. in music and physics
GLOSSING OVER
- Sometimes they overlook
details
CONTEXT-DEPENDENT WITHIN
A DOMAIN
- Sometimes they rely too much
for contextual cues
EXPERTS may FALL SHORT (Chi, 2006)
INFLEXIBLE
INACCURATE PREDICTION,
JUDGMENT AND ADVICE
- Cannot always take the
perspectives of novices
BIAS AND FUNCTIONAL
FIXEDNESS
- Analyse problems in other
domain through the
priciples of their own
domain
11. HOW TO LEARN TO BE AN EXPERT?
Bransford, 2001; Brophy, Hodge, & Bransford, 2004; Crawford, 2007; Hatano & Inagagi, 1986
1. Help students understand their
own processes of knowing and
problem-solving! (Collaborative
problems-solving method and
expert profiles)
1. Help novices to expand
knowledge and
understanding in the areas
of their interests (Islands of
expertise)
13. ISLANDS OF EXPERTISE
(Crowley & Jacobs, 2002; Palmquist & Crowley, 2007)
• Children and adult novices can develope knowledge
constructions and deep understanding of phenomena, which
they are personally and deeply interested in, and they are
motivated to learn more (Chi & Koeske, 1983,).
Where people find problems that lead to interest; where the
interest comes from; what is the first touch towards area of
interest? How interests starts, developes and grows? How does
it maintain? Do it transform?
(Anke Grotlüschen, University of Hamburg)
14. – Child & parent/adult; novice
& expert
• Domain approach to cognition
applied to social interactions. It
recognizes and requires that
environmental inputs are
matched to child/novices
capacities and expectations.
(Gelman, 2010)
• Affective and cognitive support
is needed (ChanLi & Chan,
2007).
17. ISLANDS WILL FORM AN
ARCHIPELAGO! (Conceptual
construction)
Through various activities individuals
can develop larger epistemic frames,
which will support the connections
between earlier knowledge and new
domains (Shaffer, 2006)
18. 18
COOKING
COUNTRIES, CONTINENTSVEHICLES
TRAINS
AN EXAMPLE OF ISLANDS5-year child:
vocabulary,
declarative
knowledge,
schemas, memories
are numerous, well-
organised, and
flexible.
Their shared
knowledge,
conversational
space, allow their
talk to move on
deeper levels than
is typically
possible if the boy
were a novice.
30.9.2013 pirkko.hyvonen@oulu.fi
Understanding can be
transfered to other
situations and
domains.
20. 30.9.2013 pirkko.hyvonen@oulu.fi 20
TASK
Where people find problems that lead to interest; where the
interest comes from; what is the first touch towards area of
interest? How interests starts, developes and grows? How does
it maintain? Do it transform?
Discuss in small groups about your islands and how have they
evolved. During the discussion draw your islands (archipelago)
and write down your thoughts. Complete the texts / pictures in
your blog, dl is 4.10.
1) What is the origin of the interest/s?
2) How did the interest maintain? How did it transfom?
21. REFERENCES
Chi, M.T.H. & Koeske, R. (1983). Network representation of a child’s
dinosaur knowledge. Developmental Psychology, 19, 29–39.
Crowley, K., & Jacobs, M. (2002). Building islands of expertise in
everyday family activities. In G. Leinhardt, K. Crowley, & K Knutson
(Eds.), Learning conversations in museums (pp. 401–423). Mahwah,
NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Gelman, S.A. (2010). Modules, theories, or islands of expertise?
Domain specifity in socialization. Child Development, 81(3), 715–
719.
Palmquist, S. D. & Crowley, K. (2007). Studying dinosaur learning on
an island of expertise. In R. Goldman, R. Pea, B. Barron, & S. Derry
(Eds.), Video research in the learning sciences (pp. 271–286).
Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Shaffer, D.W. (2006). Epistemic frames for epistemic games.
Computers & Education, 46, 223–234.30.9.2013 pirkko.hyvonen@oulu.fi 21
22. References
Alexander, P. A. (2003). The development of expertise: The journey from acclimation to proficiency.
Educational Researcher, 32(8): 10–14.
Bereiter, C. & Scardamalia, M. (1993). Surpassing ourselves. An inquiry into the nature and
implications of expertise. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Company.
Bransford, J. (2001). Thought on adaptive expertise. Retrieved June 15, 2008, from
http://www.vanth.org/docs/AdaptiveExpertise.pdf.
Bransford, J. D., Brown, A. L. & Cocking, R. R. (Eds.) (2000). How people learn: Brain, mind, and
school. Washington: National Academy Press.
http://books.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9853
Brenninkmeyer, L. D. & Spillane, J. P. (2008). Problem-solving processes of experts and typical school
principals: A quantitative look. School Leadership & Management, 28(5), 435–468.
Brophy, S., Hodge, L., & Bransford, J. (2004). Work in progress – Adaptive expertise: Beyond apply
academic knowledge. Frontiers in Education 3 (FIE): S1B/28-
S1B/30, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=1408679.
Chi, M. T. H. (2006). Two approaches to the study of experts’ characteristics. In K. A. Ericsson, N.
Charness, P. J. Feltovich & R. R. Hoffman (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert
Performance (pp. 21–30). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chi, M.T.H., Glaser, R., & Rees, E. (1982). Expertise in problem-solving. In R.J. Sternberg (Ed.),
Advances in the psychology of human intelligence (pp. 7–75).
Chi, M. T. H. & Koeske, R. D. (1983). Network representation of a child’s dinosaur knowledge.
Developmental Psychology, 19(1): 29–39.
Crawford, V, M, (2007), Adaptive expertise as knowledge building in science teacher’s problem solving.
Paper accepted for the proceedings of the European Cognitive Science Conference. Delphi, Greece.
Ericsson, K. A. (2006). An introduction to Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance: Its
development, organization, and content. In K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. J. Feltovich & R. R.
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23. Hatano, G. & Inagagi, K. (1986). Two courses of expertise. In H. Stevenson, H. Azuma & K. Hakuta
(Eds.), Child development and education in Japan (pp. 262–272). New York (N.Y.): Freeman.
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insight from expertise research. Educational Researcher, 32(8): 26–29.
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Holoyoak, 1991
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solve complex scientific problems (pp. 3–23).
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Editor's Notes
Normallearningcanreachsatisfyingbasiclevel. Thenit is possible to freementalresources in order to usethem for higherlevelactivities (in knowledgeconstruction, skills and self-regulation)
Informal and formalenvironments
Children / adultNovice / expert
Nature of social interactionfromnovices and expert’sperspective
Epistemicframescanbeseen as a transfer (moreSchaffer, 2006) Transfer