Bamboo of India by P N MISHRA ADDL. D.F.O. FOREST DEPT. M.P. INDIA. BAMBOO PLANTING & NURSURY TECHNIQUE

1. BAMBOO : An Introduction BAMBOO YEAR 2010 TARGETTING 10 MILLIONS BAMBOO SAPLINGS TO BE PLANTED IN JULY ---BY FOREST DEPARTMENT M.P.GOVERNMENT, INDIA PRESENTATION BY- P.N.MISHRA ADDL.D.F.O. SAUSAR CHHINDWADA M.P. INDIA

3. BAMBOO IN INDIA India has the world`s highest resource of bamboo. About 136 Bamboo species in 36 genera found in India. North east India holds the largest stock and diversity of Bamboos

4. Distribution Soil and Site Features of some Bamboos in India Evergreen sholas of Southern India, especially Nilgiris. -do- High hills. Fertile loam. Arundinaria wightiana (1 years) 3. Eastern Himalayas; at an elevation of 2200-3050 m. -do- -do- -do- Arundinaria racemosa (30 years) 2. Western Himalayas, at an elevation of 1300-2200 m. Moist situation. Hill slopes and high terraces. Rich sandy loam to clayey loam often mixed with stones. Arundinaria falcata (28-30 year) 1. 6 5 4 3 2 1 Distribution Moisture status Topography Nature of Soil Species (Av. Physiological Cycle) Sl. No.

5. Distribution Soil and Site Features of some Bamboos in India Hill tracts of Assam, Bengal, Central India and Deccan plateau ; in moist mixed deciduous forests. Prefers moist area. Flat land. Alluvial soils along water courses. Bambusa tulda (35-60 yrs) 6. Bengal, Assam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu ; prefers tropical evergreen of semi-evergreen type of climate. Moist localities. Lower hill slopes and along the valleys ; avoids steep precipitious slopes. Flourishes best on deep, fertile and well-drained loam and riverain alluvium. Bambusa polymorpha 5. All over the country except in the dry regions and desert areas; mostly in the Indian peninsula ; cultivated in sub- Himalayan tract and Indo-Gangetic plains ; scarce in Assam and Bengal. Moist localities. Flourishes best along the river banks, in valleys and ravines. Flat alluvial and rich moist soil ; prefers moderately fine clayey soils and tolerates slight water logging ; avoids coarse-grained soils and open ridges. Bambusa arundinacea (KATANG) (32-45 yrs) 4.

6. Distribution Soil and Site Features of some Bamboos in India Central and Eastern Himalayas ; upto an elevation of 1000 m ; in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests. Moist Places. Valleys and along streams. Rich loamy soil. Dendrocalamus hamiltonii (30 yrs) 9. Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu ; in moist west coast climate. Moist localities. Along the rivers. Black loam and loam with lateritic nodules and other good soils. Dendrocalamus brandisii 8. Assam, Central India and Deccan plateau ; in dry and moist deciduous forests. Between dry and moist site. Low hill country. Well-drained fresh loam. Cephalostachyum pergracile 7.

7. Distribution Soil and Site Features of some Bamboos in India Moist and wet hill tracts of Bengal, Assam and other parts of the country. Moist areas. Hill slopes and abondoned clearings by shifting cultivation. Fertile loam. Melocanna bambusoides (45 yrs) 12. Most widely distributed all over the country except northern parts of Bengal, Assam and other very moist areas; occurs in dry, open type deciduous forests; common associate of dry sal and dry teak forests. Also occurs on hills, and ascends to 1000 m. Dry areas. Hill slopes, alluvial plains and ravines. Poor. coarse, grained, well-drained dry soils and stony soils on hill sides; avoids poorly-drained and moist heavy clay soils. Dendrocalamus strictus (30-45 yrs) 11. Bengal. Assam, Kerala and Tamil Nadu ; as an associate of moist mixed forests. Moist. Mostly along streams. Fertile loam. Dendrocalamus longispathus 10.

8. Distribution Soil and Site Features of some Bamboos in India Orissa, Assam, central India and Deccan plateau; gregarious in semideciduous forests of Andaman and Nicobar islands. Moist areas. Along streams and lower slips. Fertile loam. Oxytenanthera nigrociliata 15. Western ghats and hills of Indian peninsula; as undergrowth in mixed deciduous forests. Dry areas. Hill tops and ridges. Shallow rocky soils. Oxytenanthera monostigma 14. Western ghats; as under-growth in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests; ascending upto 1600 m. Moist areas; prefers running water. Banks of perennial or semi perennial streams, lower slopes and flat lands. Rich loamy soil. Ochlandra travancorica (7 yrs) 13.

9. WHY BAMBOO ? Bamboo is a plant of tropical or sub tropical regions. Hollow and woody. With prominent knots. Rapid growth. Can reach up to 40 m in height Multipurpose use, fast growth easy propagation, soil binding properties, short gestation period. Every part of bamboo gets utilized

10. Why Bamboo It has got a fibrous structure and the fibers are longer as compared to woods. The strength properties are better than many timber species. The circular and hollow cross-section of bamboo give it a high strength weight ratio. Bamboo is elastic in comparison to wood. The cross partition wall at each node make the bamboo strong and hard to bend or break at joints.

11. Why Bamboo It has a smooth and clean surface. It can be easily cut into required size and split-up into strips and house hold tools. Bamboo culms can easily be stored and transported. Growth is faster and matures within 3 years.

12. SALIENT FEATURES Fast growing Renewable Resource. Environment Friendly. Source of Livelihood. Source of Green Power.

13. THE WORLD OF BAMBOO A group of tall arborescent grasses. Play vital role in the economy of the world. Intimately linked with the socio-economic development of rural communities. Eco friendly raw material capable of meeting multifarious needs of the people at large.

14. THE WORLD OF BAMBOO “ Poor man`s timber ” is getting status of “the timber of 21 st century. “ Poor man timber” to common man timber”. Environmental protection, nutrient food, high value construction material, paper & pulp industries, furniture, Agarbatti sticks, mats, fencing,

15. Botany of Bamboo Morphology Rhizome Culm sheath Branching Flowering of Bamboo Fruit and seeds Propagation of Bamboo .

16. Morphology Complex, woody stemmed perennial grass belonging to family gramineae. The portion of bamboo below the ground level is called rhizome which forms the vital source of its perennial growth. Roots are produced by rhizome also extend upto lower nodes of the stem that are below the soil. The culms and branches during their initial growth are protected with the sheath.

18. A - Parent rhizome bearing one season old culm (k) B & C - The new rhizome developing from parent rhizomes (A) D & E - Buds on the parent rhizome which have failed to form new rhizome. Bamboo

19. Rhizome The rhizome spreads horizontally beneath the soil and produces both roots and shoots from its nodes. The two broad types of rhizomes sympodial and monopodial

20. Bamboos Sympodial or clumpforming as in Dendrocalamus & Bambusa Monopodial erect as in phyllostachys & melocanna Climbing as in Dinochloa

21. Phyllotachys bamboosoides melocanna sp. Monopodial Bamboo erect as in phyllostachys & melocanna

22. Bambusa arundinacea Dendrocalamus strictus Sympodial Bamboo Clumpforming as in Dendrocalamus & Bambusa

23. dinocloa species Climbing Bamboo as in Dinochloa

24. Sympodial Rhizomes Sympodial rhizomes grow in cluster and form clump by producing buds from their nodes at short intervals in different direction. The bamboo produced from this type of rhizome is thick and strong Most of the Indian bamboos have sympodial rhizome.

25. Monopodial Rhizomes monopodial rhizomes continue to grow horizontally and produce buds at long intervals and hence do not form clumps.

26. Bamboos Sub tropical Climbing species Tropical Zone Erect & Clump forming species Climate Zones Nature

27. Rhizome Buds New buds are produced from the youngest (one year old) rhizomes. Two kinds of buds are produced by rhizome is the SCALY POINTED BUDS & the FLAT BUDS. The Scaly Pointed Bud develops into new rhizome below the ground & the Flat bud grows above the ground to form culm.

28. Growth of Rhizome Adequate soil cover over the base of the clump. Exposure to Sunlight stops the growth of rhizome.

29. Culms The buds from the rhizomes, which grow above ground are called culm or stem. These are hollow (Some times solid) cylindrical, jointed and tapering upwards

30. Nodes The joints of culms are called nodes from where the branches and leaves spread.

31. Sheath During young stage the culm are covered with sheath at each internode which falls off as the bamboo grows.

32. Culm sheath Culm sheaths are modified leaves. Arranged alternatively on opposite sides of the growing culm. Providing protective cover for the young shoots. Sheath is attached to the nodes

33. Branching Branches emerge from the nodes and arranged on alternate side of the culm .

34. Flowering of Bamboo Like other plants, bamboo does not flower annually. Flowering and fruiting occurs only once during the lifetime at certain age of the clum after which it dies. Flowering cycle – 7 yrs to 60 yrs. 2 different types of flowring * Sporadic * Gregarious

35. Fruit and Seeds Bambusa_arundinacea seeds Dendrocalamus_strictus seeds flowering bamboo

36. Bamboo Propagation Reproductive methods Rhizomes Vegetative methods Through seeds Through Vegetative parts Culms Branches

37. Seed Propagation If the seeds are available, this is the best method of bamboo propagation since clump age would be known at the initial stage of its life.

38. Seed Propagation Collection of Seed – from sporadic or gregarious flowered area. Sowing of Seed – in mother beds. Seed Sowing time – Sept. – Oct. Light straw cover to be provided for 2-3 days to enhance the germination.

39. Seed Propagation Germination – Starts between 4-10 days after sowing. After a month (in Nov-Dec. ) Seedlings can be transplanted to poly pots filled with soil mixture. Maintenance for one year before planting.

40. Vegetative Propagation OFFSET METHOD Two node cutting method CULM CUTTINGS Rhizomes (from healthy mother clump) One node cutting method Lower part (basal portion of single culm (1-2 yrs old)

41. Vegetative Propagation Use of rhizome offsets and culm offsets. Lower part (basal portion) of a single culm (preferable one to two year old) cut to contain 3 to 5 nodes. Culm is cut an a slanting direction. The rhizome with well developed buds cut at the rhizome neck from the parent clump. Offset Method

42. Vegetative Propagation The offsets should be extracted from a healthy mother clump. Once the offset has been extracted the rhizome portion should be wrapped in wet sack to prevent dying up. The slant cut of the culm should be sealed with earth or mud. Offset Method

43. Vegetative Propagation The Propagation material consits of culm cutting with two nodes, one full inter node and open inter node The material is prepared as follow’s :- The cutting should be obtained from a culm of about 1½ to 2 years old. The open internode (the next upper internode should be kept long as possible by cutting the next upper internode close to the third node portion of the culm. Culm Cutting

44. Vegetative Propagation As much as possible, the basal portion of branches should remain at the nodes pruned to about 10 to 30 cm. The existing buds should be healthy and not injured. Once the cutting has been prepared wrap the segments with moist saw dust or coconut husk to minimize water lods from cut ends. Culm Cutting

45. Vegetative Propagation The cutting or Propagules should be potted immediatly after having them prepared though culm/branch cutting/root propagules . Poly bags to be filled with loamy soil with high organic matter and sand content. Common sizes of poly bags. For rhizome seedling – 25 cm X 15 cm For culm cutting – 30 cm X 25 cm For branch cutting – 25 cm X 20 cm Culm Cutting – Potting Procedure

46. Maintenance Watering – at regular intervals Fertilization – Every three months after planting (NPK) Protection – against animats, insects, fire, rodents & termites

47. USAGES Structural House resort Rural housing Composites Bamboo particle board Bamboo mat

48. USAGES Utility Products Bamboo furniture Bamboo toothpicks Bamboo incence (Agarbatti) stick Handicrafts Food – Bamboo shoots

49. THANKS ANY QUARRY OR SUGGESTION WELCOME AT [email_address] , [email_address]