2. CONTENTS
What is fault
Fault terminology
Types of Movements
Relative movements
Causes of faults
Classification of faults
Conclusions
Reference
Introduction
3. INTRODUCTION
Deformation is the change in the shape, size or position
of the bed due to the applied forces.
Fault is brittle type of deformation in which fracture or
rupture when will be developed before the displacement
of block.
Due to the effect of differential stresses we can observe
verity of deformation structures.
4. What is fault:-
Faults are rupture along the opposite walls have move past
each other. The essential feature is differential movement
parallel to the surface fracture. Caused by the brittle
deformation.
Depending upon the nature and magnitude of stresses
and the types of the rocks, the rock bodies may get
fractured into different parts , and relative displacement
of blocks may occur for different distances.
These are varying from a few centi meters to many meters
and this displacement may occur in any direction.
11. Causes of faults:-
Faults are essentially the shear or sliding failures, resulting
from tensional, compressional, rotational stress acting the
crustal rock masses.
They may be due to the shrinking Earth; or due to the
convection currents produced in the Earth.
Normal faults are assumed to have been formed under
the horizontal tension.
Thrust faults may be assumed to be originating from
compressive stress, which may throw the rocks into folds,
and these intensely folded getting fractured and faulted
under shear.
The faults occure in volcanic areas and mountain zones,
They are found in plains and plateaus.
13. Geometrical classification:-
The bases of five different geometrical classification
1. The rake of the net slip.
2. The attitude of fault related to attitude of the
adjacent rocs.
3. The pattern of fault.
4. The angle at which the fault dip.
5. The apparent movement on the fault.
14. Based on the rake of the net slip.
Strike net slip fault Dip net slip fault
Oblique slip fault
Strike slip fault Dip slip fault
15. Based on attitude of fault related to
attitude of the adjacent rocks:-
Strike fault Dip fault
20. Based on the apparent movement:-
Normal fault Reverse fault
21.
22. Classification basis of dip value:-
Tow important faults have been recognised on this basis.
They are,
A)High angle fault: where dip amount is more than 45ᵒ.
B)Low angle fault: These fault dip less than 45ᵒ.
24. CONCLUSONS
Fault is a brittle deformation which can result due to
the different deformational activity.
Study of the faults are very important because ore
deposits of hydrothermal origin can be associated with
regional fault places.
There are two types of approches to classify the
faults ,
1)Based on geometry of the fault, and another one is,
2)Based on differential forces acting on the fault.
25. REFERENCE
Marland P. Billings(1984), structural geology, 3rd edition
Prentice-hall of India private Ltd, Pp(175-198).
Santosh Kumar Garg(1983), Phisical And Enginering
Geology, Seventh Revised Edition(2012), Published by
Romesh Chander Khanna, Pp(385-403).
D Venkata Reddy(2010), Engineering Geology, Vikas
Publishing House PVT Ltd, Pp(109-112).