2. INTRODUCTION
• 20% OF ALL PRIMARY BONE TUMOR
• SECOND-MOST COMMON PRIMARY MALIGNANCY
OF BONE
• INCIDENCE: 1 TO 3 PER MILLION PER YEAR
• MALE: FEMALE—1.6:1(EXCEPT PAROSTEAL
VARIETY)
• AGE: CONVENTIONAL—2ND DECADE
3. SITE
AROUD THE KNEE JT.(ARISING MAINLY FROM
METAPHYSIS;INTRAMEDULLARY REGION)
52% --LOWER END OF FEMUR
20%-- UPPER END OF TIBIA
9% -- UPPER END OF HUMERUS
5. CLINICAL FEATURES
• PRESENTING FEATURES:
- PAIN(NIGHT PAIN)
-SOMETIMES ONLY TIREDNESS & LIMP
-PALPABLE MASS
-SKIN CONDITIONS TO BE EXAMINED
CAREFULLY
• H/O TRAUMA SOMETIMES DRAWS ATTENTION
6. ASSOCIATED FEATURES
• EFFUSION & SWELLING OF NEARBY JOINTS
• FEVER
• PALLOR & CACHEXIA
• REGIONAL LN
• FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH PULMONARY
METASTASIS
• PATHOLOGICAL #
15. PATHOLOGY: MACROSCOPY
Typical osteosarcoma presents as a large illdefined lesion in the metaphyseal region of
the involved bone. It typically destroys cortex
and frequently extends inwards marrow
cavity and outwards into the adjacent soft
tissue.
16. PATHOLOGY: MACROSCOPY
Tumour often elevates periosteum to
produce codman’s triangle on radiograph. It
also produces sunray appearance due to
vessels which pass from the periosteum to
the cortex & along which bone is laid down
& some of the new bone may be reactionary
17. PATHOLOGY: MACROSCOPY
• LARGE ILL-DEFINED LESION IN THE
METAPHYSEAL REGION OF LONG BONE
• LEG OF MUTTON’ APPEARANCE
• STONY-HARD TO SOFT AND GRITTY IN
CONSISTENCY
• AREAS OF HAEMORRHAGE & NECROSIS
• COLOUR: WHITE
:
YELLOW
:
BLUISH WHITE:
FIBROBLASTIC
OSTEOBLASTIC
CARTILAGENOUS
18.
19. CONTD…
• CODMAN’S TRIANGLE ---DUE TO
SUBPERIOSTEAL NEW BONE FORMATION
• SUNRAY APPEARANCE ---DUE TO BONE
DEPOSITION IN SUB-PERIOSTEAL SPACE
ALONG THE VESSELS
22. PATHOLOGY:MICROSCOPY
Hallmark of osteosarcoma is the formation
of osteoid by malignant mesenchymal cells .
The neoplastic mesenchymal cells in
between osteoid & cartilage elements may
be spindle shaped and pleomorphic with
bizarre hyperchromatic nuclei and frequent
mitotic figures. Giant cells may be present.
24. RADIOLOGY
• ARISES IN THE METAPHYSIAL REGION OF A
LONG BONE
• OUTGROWS FROM THE MEDULLARY CANAL
TO EXTRASKELETAL REGION
• DISPLAYS REPRESENTATIVE FEATURES OF A
MALIGNANT LESION- PERMEATIVE GROWTH
PATTERN/INDISTINCT MARGINS/CORTICAL EROSION
25. RADIOLOGY..
• PERIOSTEAL REACTION WITH FORMATION OF
CODMAN’S TRIANGLE/SUNBURST APPEARANCE
• WIDE VARIETY OF RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
LIKE BONE CYST
26. RADIOLOGY..
• CT SCAN AND MRI SCAN ARE NOT AS
INSTRUMENTAL AS PLAIN RADIOGRAPH
• BONE SCAN IS USEFUL TO DETECT
METASTASIS
27. RADIOLOGY..MRI SCAN
• EXCELLENT FOR DESCRIBING LESIONS IN THE
MARROW CAVITY
• HELPFUL TO DETERMINE THE LEVEL OF RESECTION
• USEFUL FOR SCREENING SKIP LESIONS
• CAN DETECT MEDULLARY INVASION IN CASE OF
JUXTACORTICAL TUMORS
• CAN DETECT EPIPHYSEAL INVOLVEMENT AND
PENETRATION OF PHYSEAL CARTILAGE
31. CHEMOTHERAPY
• Introduction of systemic chemotherapy has
dramatically improved survival rates.
• Before the routine use of chemotherapy—
treatment was immediate wide or radical
amputation
• 80% patients died of metastasis eventually,
though metastasis was not evident on
presentation.
32. CHEMOTHERAPY
• NEO-ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY:
CT ADMINISTERED BEFORE THE SURGICAL
RESECTION OF PRIMARY TUMOUR
• ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY:
CT ADMINISTERED POSTOPERATIVELY TO TREAT
PRESUMED MICRO-METASTASIS
33. NEO-ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY
• IT SHRINKS THE TUMOUR MASS , MAKING IT EASIER
FOR OPERATION
• IT DECREASES THE SPREAD OF TUMOUR CELLS
DURING SURGERY,
• T/T AGAINST POTENTIAL MICRO-METASTASIS
STARTED IMMEDIATELY,
(IT ALSO GIVES IDEA ABOUT RESPONSIVENESS &
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
AGENT TO THE TUMOUR)
34. NEO-ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY
DISADVANTAGES…
• IT MAY INCREASE PERI-OPERATIVE
COMPLICATIONS(DELAYED WOUND HEALING,
INFECTION)
• NAUSEA, VOMITING AND OTHER TOXICITIES
MAY CAUSE DELAY IN SURGERY.
35. MANAGEMENT…
LOW GRADE OSTEOSARCOMA-- TREATED BY
SURGERY ALONE.
HIGH GRADE OSTEOSARCOMA-- TREATED BY
NEO-ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY
SURGERY
ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY,
36. MANAGEMENT…
AFTER INDUCTION OF CHEMOTHERAPY(LASTING
ABOUT 2 MONTHS) SURGICAL RESECTION IS TO BE
CARRIED OUT.
SURGERY IS CONTEMPLATED 3-4 WEEKS AFTER LAST
DOSE OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT
ADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY AGAIN STARTED 2
WEEKS AFTER OPERATION
37. COMMON AGENTS USED
DOXORUBICIN – 60-75 MG/M²
CARDIOTOXICITY,
CISPLATIN -- 50-100 MG /M²
NEPHROTOXICITY
VINCRISTINE -- 1.5 MG /M²,WEEKLY
PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
METHOTREXATE – 500-1000 MG/M² IV
MEGALOBLASTIC ANAEMIA,
PANCYTOPENIA
38. CONTD…
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE &
IFOSFAMIDE -- 1-1.5 G/M² B S A
HAEMORRHAGIC CYSTITIS
DACARBAZINE –250MG/M²BSA
FLU LIKE SYNDROME
DACTINOMYCIN – ERYTHEMA
MYELOSUPPRESION
42. RADIATION THERAPY
• ROLE OF RADIOTHERAPY IS LIMITED IN THE
TREATMENT OF OSTEO-SARCOMA --A RELATIVELY
RADIO-RESISTANT TUMOR.
• RADIATION THERAPY CAN PALLIATE PAIN FROM
LOCAL RECURRENCE AND PREVENT NEED FOR
AMPUTATION IN PATIENTS WHO ARE PRESENTED
WITH DISTANT METASTASIS
43. RADIATION THERAPY INDICATIONS
• POST-OPERATIVE -- WHERE SURGICAL MARGIN IS
INVOLVED
• PALLIATION OF PAIN FROM PRIMARY TUMOUR IN
THE PRESENCE OF METASTATIC DISEASE
• RADICAL TREATMENT OF INOPERABLE SITES
(SKULL, VERTEBRA, ILIUM, SACRUM)
• BILATERAL LUNG IRRADIATION IN PULMONARY
METASTASIS
44. RADIATION THERAPY
• EXTERNAL BEAM RADIATION — BY LINEAR
ACCELERETER.
• BRACHYTHERAPY —LIMITED ROLE
• IORT – SINGLE DOSE,IN SPECIALLY PREPARED OT
46. SURGERY
SURGERY IS THE MAINSTAY OF THERAPY
• LIMB SACRIFICING SURGERY OR
• LIMB SALVAGING SURGERY
?
47. PRINCIPLES OF SURGERY
CHOICE BETWEEN LIMB SALVAGE SURGERY AND
AMPUTATION MUST BE MADE ON THE BASIS OF
THE EXPECTATIONS AND DESIRES OF THE
INDIVIDUAL PATIENT AND THE FAMILY.
48. PRINCIPLES OF SURGERY
POINTS TO BE STRESSED
• SURVIVAL AFTER THE PROCEDURES
• SHORT AND LONG TERM MORBIDITY
• FUNCTION OF SALVAGED LIMB COMPARED TO
PROSTHETICS
• PSYCHOSOCIAL CONSEQUENCES
49. PRINCIPLES OF SURGERY
ADVANCES IN
DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING
CHEMOTHERAPY (NEO-ADJUVANT
CHEMOTHERAPY)
SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
…….HAVE MADE
LIMB SALVAGE SURGERY……
A REASONABLE OPTION
50. LIMB SALVAGE SURGERY
“SURGICAL PROCEDURES DESIGNED TO
ACCOMPLISH REMOVAL OF MALIGNANT
TUMOURS & RECONSTRUCTION OF THE LIMB
WITH AN ACCEPTABLE ONCOLOGIC, FUNCTIONAL
& COSMETIC RESULTS.”
52. LIMB SALVAGE SURGERY
THREE IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS
1. Improvement in chemotherapy — In early
70s methotrexate and adriamycin was
introduced.
2. Improvement in imaging techniques—
development of CT & MRI in late 70s.
3. Advances in micro- surgical techniques
53. GUIDELINES
• NO INVOLVEMENT OF MAJOR NEUROVASCULAR
STRUCTURES
• WIDE RESECTION OF AFFECTED BONE WITH A NORMAL
MUSCLE CUFF ALL AROUND
• EN-BLOCK REMOVAL OF ALL BIOPSY SITES &
CONTAMINATED TISSUE
54. GUIDELINES (contd.)
• RESECTION OF BONE 3-4 CM BEYOND ABNORMAL
UPTAKE
• RESECTION OF ADJOINING JOINT & CAPSULE.
• ADEQUATE MOTOR RECONSTRUCTION
• ADEQUATE SOFT TISSUE COVERAGE.
58. LIMB SALVAGE SURGERY…
• LIMB SALVAGE SURGERY HAS BECOME AN
ACCEPTED STANDARD OF CARE FOR PATIENTS WITH
SKELETAL MALIGNANCIES INCLUDING
OSTEOSARCOMA
• MANY PATIENTS WHO ONCE WOULD HAVE HAD AN
AMPUTATION ARE NOW HAVING THEIR LIMB SAVED
60. PRONOSTIC FACTORS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
EXTENT OF DISEASE AT THE TIME OF DIAGNOSIS
GRADE OF THE LESION
SIZE OF THE TUMOUR
LOCATION OF THE TUMOUR
PAGET’S SARCOMA
RADIATION INDUCED SARCOMA
RADIATION INDUCED NECROSIS