about endocrinal hormones acting in body functions

1. SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
KIRAN SIR PRIYANKA DAS

2. Introduction
ArginineVasopression plasma (AVP)
Calcitonin
Catecholamines
Epinephrines
Metanephrines
Vanillylmandelic acid
Glucagon plasma
Gonadal function test
Gonadal steroids
Androstenedione
Estradiol
Progesterone
Testosterone

3. Arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known
as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is
a hormone found in most mammals , including humans.
Vasopressin is a peptide hormone that controls the reabsorption of
molecules in the tubules of the kidneys by affecting the tissue's
permeability.
It also increases peripheral vascular resistance , which in turn
increases arterial blood pressure.
It plays a key role in homeostasis, and the regulation of water,
glucose, and salts in the blood.
It is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in vesicles at the
posterior pituitary. Most of it is stored in the posterior pituitary to be
released into the bloodstream, however, some AVP is also released
directly into the brain.

4. One of the most important roles of AVP is to
regulate the body's retention of water. it is
released when the body is dehydrated and
causes the kidneys to conserve water, thus
concentrating the urine, and reducing urine
volume. In high concentrations, it also raises
blood pressure by inducing
moderate vasoconstriction.

5. In Kidney
Vasopressin has two effects by which it contributes to
increased urine osmolality (increased concentration)
and decreased water excretion.
Cardiovascular system
Vasopressin increases peripheral vascular resistance
and thus increases arterial blood pressure. This effect
appears small in healthy individuals,however it
becomes an important compensatory mechanism for
restoring blood pressure in hypovolemic shock such as
that which occurs during hemorrhage.

6. Decreased vasopressin release or decreased renal
sensitivity to AVP leads to diabetes insipidus, a condition
featuring hypernatremia(increased blood sodium
concentration), polyuria (excess urine production),
and polydipsia (thirst).
High levels of AVP secretion (syndrome of inappropriate
antidiuretic hormone, SIADH) and
resultant hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels) occurs
in brain diseases and conditions of the lungs(Small cell
lung carcinoma). In the perioperative period, the effects of
surgical stress and some commonly used medications
(e.g., opiates, syntocinon, anti-emetics) lead to a similar
state of excess vasopressin secretion. This may cause mild
hyponatremia for several days.

7. Alcohol Consumption
Upon excessive alcohol consumption, the
vasopressin production is reduced
significantly. The inability to store water in
the kidneys will prove fatal to those who
participate in heavy consumption of alcohol,
due to the dehydration caused by
dilute urine and vomit.
Random intake of AVP: 1.5-5.6pmol/L(1.5-
6ng/ml)

8. Calcitonin is a hypocalcemnic peptide hormone that in many ways acts as the
physiologic antagonist to parathyroid hormone.
Calcitonin is a hormone known to participate in calcium and phosphorus
metabolism. In mammals, the major source of calcitonin is from the parafollicular
or C cells in the thyroid gland, but it is also synthesized in a wide variety of other
tissues, including the lung and intestinal tract.
The thyroid is the major source of the hormone & the cells involved in calcitonin
synthesis arise from neural crest tissue.
The naturally occuring calcitonins consist of a peptide chain of 32 amino acids.
In humans, calcitonin has at best a minor role in regulating blood concentrations
of calcium. One interesting piece of evidence to support this statement is that
humans with chronically increased (medullary thyroid cancer) or decreased
(surgical removal of the thyroid gland) levels of calcitonin in blood usually do not
show alterations from normal in serum calcium concentration.

9. A large and diverse set of effects has been attributed to calcitonin, but in
many cases, these were seen in response to pharmacologic doses of the
hormone, and their physiologic relevance is suspect. It seems clear
however, that calcitonin plays a role in calcium and phosphorus
metabolism. In particular, calcitonin has the ability to decrease blood
calcium levels at least in part by effects on two well-studied target organs:
Bone: Calcitonin suppresses resorption of bone by inhibiting the activity of
osteoclasts, a cell type that "digests" bone matrix, releasing calcium and
phosphorus into blood.
Kidney: Calcium and phosphorus are prevented from being lost in urine by
reabsorption in the kidney tubules. Calcitonin inhibits tubular reabsorption
of these two ions, leading to increased rates of their loss in urine.
It seems clear that there are species differences in the importance of
calcitonin as a factor affecting calcium homeostasis.

10. The secretin of calcitonin is under the direct control of blood calcium:
As increase in calcium causes an increase & decrease in calcium causes a
decrease in calcitonin levels.
Once secreted calcitonin disappears from the circulation with a half life of
2 to 15 mins.
A large number of diseases are associated with abnormally increased or
decreased levels of calcitonin.
There are several therapeutic uses for calcitonin. It is used to treat
hypercalcemia resulting from a number of causes, and has been a valuable
therapy for Paget disease, which is a disorder in bone remodeling.
Calcitonin also appears to be a valuable aid in the management of certain
types of osteoporosis.
Calcitonin, plasma: <50 ng/L (<50 pg/mL).

11. Catecholamines are small molecules made by nerve
tissue (including the brain) and the adrenal gland.
The major catecholamines
are dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
These substances break down into other compounds,
which leave our body through our urine.
A urine test can be done to measure the level of
catecholamines in our body.
Catecholamines can also be measured with a blood
test.

12. A listing of some major effects mediated by epinephrine and norepinephrine are:
Increased rate and force of contraction of the heart muscle: this is predominantly an
effect of epinephrine acting through beta receptors.
Constriction of blood vessels: norepinephrine, in particular, causes widespread
vasoconstriction, resulting in increased resistance and hence arterial blood
pressure.
Dilation of bronchioles: assists in pulmonary ventilation.
Stimulation of lipolysis in fat cells: this provides fatty acids for energy production in
many tissues and aids in conservation of dwindling reserves of blood glucose.
Increased metabolic rate: oxygen consumption and heat production increase
throughout the body in response to epinephrine. Medullary hormones also
promote breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle to provide glucose for energy
production.
Dilation of the pupils: particularly important in situations where you are
surrounded by velociraptors under conditions of low ambient light.
Inhibition of certain "non-essential" processes: an example is inhibition of
gastrointestinal secretion and motor activity.
Common stimuli for secretion of adrenomedullary hormones include exercise,
hypoglycemia, hemorrhage and emotional distress.

13. Elevated levels of urinary catecholamines may
indicate:
Acute anxiety
Ganglioblastoma (very rare)
Ganglioneuroma(very rare)
Neuroblastoma (rare)
Pheochromocytoma (rare)
Severe stress
Additional conditions under which the test may be
performed:
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)

14. Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) is
a hormone and neurotransmitter.
It increases heart rate, contracts blood vessels,
dilates air passages and participates in the fight-or-flight
response of the sympathetic nervous system.
As a hormone, epinephrine acts on nearly all body
tissues. Its actions vary by tissue type and tissue
expression of adrenergic receptors. For example,
epinephrine causes smooth muscle relaxation in the
airways, but causes contraction of the smooth
muscle that lines mostarterioles.

15. Measurement in biological fluids
1. Epinephrine may be quantitated in blood, plasma or
serum as a diagnostic aid, to monitor therapeutic
administration or to identify the causative agent in a
potential poisoning victim.
2. Endogenous plasma epinephrine concentrations in
resting adults are normally less than 10 ng/L, but may
increase by 10-fold during exercise and by 50-fold or
more during times of stress.
3. Pheochromocytoma patients often have plasma
epinephrine levels of 1000-10,000 ng/L.
4. Parenteral administration of epinephrine to acute-care
cardiac patients can produce plasma concentrations of
10,000 to 100,000 ng/L.