This document discusses DC-DC converters known as choppers. It describes two types - step-down choppers and step-up choppers. A step-down chopper uses a thyristor switch to reduce input voltage to a lower output voltage for a load. Waveforms of the output voltage and current are shown. Different classes of choppers - Classes A through E - are defined based on the triggering schemes of the thyristors used. An example calculation is given to determine thyristor conduction period based on input voltage, output voltage, and operating frequency.

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DC – DC CONVERTER
(DC – CHOPPER)
ASNIL
ELEKTRO FT UNP

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BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DC‐DC CONVERTERS

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A chopper is a static device which is used to obtain a
variable dc voltage from a constant dc voltage source Avariable dc voltage from a constant dc voltage source. A
chopper is also known as dc‐to‐dc converter. The
thyristor converter offers greater efficiency, faster
response, lower maintenance, smaller size and smooth
control Choppers are widely used in trolley carscontrol. Choppers are widely used in trolley cars,
battery operated vehicles, traction motor control,
control of large number of dc motors, etc….. They are
also used in regenerative braking of dc motors to return
energy back to supply and also as dc voltage regulatorsenergy back to supply and also as dc voltage regulators.

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Choppers are of two types:
Step‐down choppers
Step‐up choppers
In step‐down choppers, the output voltage will be less than the
input voltage whereas in step‐up choppers output voltage will be
more than the input voltage.
PRINCIPLE OF STEP‐DOWN CHOPPERPRINCIPLE OF STEP DOWN CHOPPER
V
i0
V
Chopper
+
V V0R
−
Fig. 2.1: Step‐down Chopper with Resistive Load

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Figure 2.1 shows a step‐down chopper with resistive load.
The thyristor in the circuit acts as a switch. When thyristor is ON,
supply voltage appears across the load and when thyristor is OFF,
the voltage across the load will be zero. The output voltage and
current waveforms are as shown in figure 2.2.
Vdc
v0
V
V/R
i0
Id
t
tON tOFF
Idc
t
T
Fig. 2.2: Step-down choppers — output voltage and current waveforms

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STEP‐DOWN CHOPPER WITH R‐L LOAD

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CLASSIFICATION OF CHOPPERS
Choppers are classified as follows
‐ Class A Chopper
‐ Class B Chopperpp
‐ Class C Chopper
‐ Class D Chopper
‐ Class E Chopper
CLASS A CHOPPERCLASS A CHOPPER

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CLASS B CHOPPER
Fig. 2.16: Class B Chopper

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CLASS C CHOPPER

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CLASS D CHOPPER

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CLASS E CHOPPER

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Exercise
A Chopper circuit is operating on TRC at a
frequency of 2 kHz on a 460 V supply. If the load
voltage is 350 volts, calculate the conduction
period of the thyristor in each cycleperiod of the thyristor in each cycle.

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