3. Learning Outcomes
Describe your actions in an emergency
Demonstrate adult resuscitation including use of the AED
Explain the management of adult choking
Demonstrate the management of the unresponsive
casualty
Describe how to recognise and treat bleeding and shock
Explain the treatment of minor injuries
4. The Role of a First Aider
Protect yourself
Warn bystanders of dangers
Assess the scene
Decide who is in danger and who to help first
Which services to call for and how – use hands-free if
possible enabling any treatment to continue
Give treatment to those who need it
Prevent cross infection
Record all incidents and actions
5. Records
The contents of an incident report form will vary from
organisation to organisation, but the type of
information will include:
Casualty name
Date, place, time of incident
Nature of the incident – what happened
Any pain
Casualty history - allergies, medication
Any other information
Is it ‘RIDDOR’ reportable?
6. Equipment
A leaflet giving general guidance on first aid
20 sterile plasters
2 triangular bandages
6 safety pins
2 large sterile wound dressings
6 medium sterile wound dressings
3 pairs of disposable gloves
This is only a suggested contents list for low hazard areas
BS 8599 and HSE provides further information on the contents
of workplace first-aid
8. Dealing with an Emergency
What would you do?
Infection control Standard
precautions
Equipment First aid kit
What is your role?
Assess
Safety
First aid
Help
10. Chain of Survival
The most common cause of cardiac arrests in adults
is ‘ventricular fibrillation’
Early
Recognition
999 / 112
Early
CPR
Early
Defibrillation
Early
Advanced
Care
12. Getting Help
Find out as much as possible about the incident and
call 999 or 112
Use hands-free if possible
You should know:
The number you are calling from
Type of emergency
Your location
How many casualties, ages and genders
Any existing illnesses like angina
Any other hazards, gas etc.
13. CPR Algorithm
Call 999 / 112 and AED
Start CPR
30 Compressions
2 Breaths
As soon as AED
arrives switch on
and follow
instructions
Continue CPR
30:2
15. Using an AED Safely
You should know:
The purpose of your AED
What your AED will or will not do
How to operate your AED
The dangers involved with your AED
DO NOT leave the casualty in search of an AED – CPR
should continue
16. The Purpose of an AED
The purpose of an AED is to try to re-establish co-
ordinated electrical activity and re-start circulation by
applying a large pulse of current through the ventricles to
restart the heart
17. What an AED will do?
It will:
Give you full instructions
Make a decision to shock or not
Decide the strength of the shock
It will NOT:
Shock a living person
18. How to operate an AED?
Every AED should work the same
It is strongly advised that you read the instruction
manual for your AED
19. Dangers in using an AED
Bystanders
Metal
Jewellery
Water
Problems with the AED pads
Hairy chests
Implants
Medication patches
Batteries
Pacemakers
21. Why use an AED?
No treatment 0%
Delayed defibrillation 2%
Early CPR
Delayed defibrillation 8%
Early access
Early CPR
Delayed defibrillation 20%
Early access
Early CPR
Delayed defibrillation
Early Advanced care 30 – 40%
24. Levels of Unresponsiveness
ALERT
Does the casualty open their eyes and hold a
conversation?
VOICE
Answer simple questions
Obey simple commands
Inappropriate words or sounds
PAIN
Eye opening or response when stimulated by pain
UNRESPONSIVE
The casualty is not responsive
A
V
P
U
29. Shock
Treatment:
Lay the casualty head down
Maintain body temperature
Raise uninjured limb only if appropriate ie. leg
Practical application by candidates
30. Types of Wounds – Treatments
Bruise Grazes
Practical application of dressings and slings by candidates
Incision Laceration Puncture
32. Nose Bleeds
Treatment:
Sit the casualty down and lean
them forward
Ask casualty to pinch soft part of
nose
Release every 10 minutes
If still bleeding after 30 minutes -
send to hospital
34. Cuts and Grazes
Clean under running water – check for grit
Clean around the wound with soap and water
Apply a non-stick or dry dressing for grazes
An adhesive dressing for cuts
Seek medical advice if:
Bleeding will not stop
Particles remain in the wound
The casualty has not had a tetanus in the last 10 years
35. Bruises
Apply a cold compress for at least 5 minutes
A cold compress can be made by wrapping ice in a soft
cloth
Ensure the ice does not come in direct contact with the
skin
Be aware that a bruise may be the sign of internal
bleeding
36. Heart Attack
Coronary thrombosis – A clot in the coronary artery
causing an obstruction to the blood supply
Signs and symptoms:
Central chest pain, radiating down the left arm
Profuse sweating
Breathless
Rapid, weak pulse
Ashen skin
Cyanosis of the lips
Fear of dying
37. Heart Attack
Treatment:
Place in a half-sitting or comfortable position
999 / 112
Monitor
Be prepared:
To place in the recovery position if unresponsive
To resuscitate if necessary
38. Management of Seizures
Clear a space
Monitor
Assist after the seizure
Seek further medical advice
Record incident
39. Burns and Scalds
Superficial Partial-thickness Full-thickness
Determining the percentage of
the body surface affected
1 %
41. Burns and Scalds
Do NOT:
Remove anything sticking to the burn
Burst blisters
Wrap area with clingfilm
Apply creams or ointment
Hospital Treatment:
Superficial burns more than 5 %
Partial burns more than 1%
All full thickness burns
Burns to the hands, face, feet, genital