8. Estonia/Latvia .......................................... 114ā115 Jordan/Saudi Arabia ............................ 180ā181
Lithuania/Poland ................................... 116ā117 Yemen/Oman ......................................... 182ā183
Germany United Arab Emirates/Qatar ........ 184ā185
National and subnational ļ¬ags ....... 118ā120 Bahrain/Kuwait .................................... 186ā187
The Netherlands Iraq/Iran ..................................................... 188ā189
National and subnational ļ¬ags ....... 121ā123 Turkmenistan/Uzbekistan .............. 190ā191
Belgium/Ireland .................................... 124ā125 Kazakhstan/Mongolia ....................... 192ā193
United Kingdom Kyrgyzstan/Tajikistan ........................ 194ā195
National and subnational ļ¬ags ...... 126ā130 Afghanistan/Pakistan ......................... 196ā197
France ........................................................................ 131 Nepal/Bhutan ......................................... 198ā199
Luxembourg/Monaco ........................ 132ā133 India/Maldives ...................................... 200ā201
Andorra/Portugal ................................. 134ā135 Sri Lanka/Bangladesh ...................... 202ā203
Spain Myanmar/Thailand ............................ 204ā205
National and subnational ļ¬ags ....... 136ā138
Laos/Cambodia .................................... 206ā207
Italy ............................................................................ 139
Vietnam ................................................................. 208
Malta/Vatican City .............................. 140ā141
Malaysia
San Marino ........................................................... 142 National and subnational ļ¬ags ...... 209ā211
Switzerland Indonesia/East Timor ........................ 212ā213
National and subnational ļ¬ags ....... 143ā147
Singapore/Brunei ................................. 214ā215
Liechtenstein ....................................................... 148
Philippines/Taiwan ............................. 216ā217
Austria
China/North Korea ........................... 218ā219
National and subnational ļ¬ags ....... 149ā150
South Korea/Japan .............................. 220ā221
Hungary .................................................................. 151
Czech Republic/Slovakia ................ 152ā153
Slovenia/Croatia ..................................... 154ā155
Bosnia & Herzegovina ................................... 156
Montenegro .......................................................... 157 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA
Serbia/Kosovo ......................................... 158ā159 Australia
Albania/Macedonia ............................. 160ā161 National and subnational ļ¬ags ...... 222ā223
Bulgaria/Greece ..................................... 162ā163 Vanuatu/Fiji ............................................. 224ā225
Romania/Moldova .............................. 164ā165 Papua New Guinea/
Belarus/Ukraine .................................... 166ā167 Solomon Islands ................................ 226ā227
Russian Federation Palau/Micronesia ................................ 228ā229
National and subnational ļ¬ags ....... 168ā171 Marshall Islands/Nauru ................... 230ā231
Kiribati/Tuvalu ..................................... 232ā233
Samoa/Tonga .......................................... 234ā235
New Zealand ....................................................... 236
ASIA
International ļ¬ags ................................ 237ā238
Azerbaijan/Armenia ............................ 172ā173
Turkey/Georgia ...................................... 174ā175
Index ............................................................ 239ā240
Lebanon/Syria ......................................... 176ā177
Cyprus/Israel ........................................... 178ā179
9. Introduction
Flags are part of everyday life. more important in politics. Many
They are used by countries, newly-independent states choose
provinces, cities, international ļ¬ags based on those of the political
bodies, organizations, and parties which secured independence.
companies. Revolutionary movements usually
have their own ļ¬ags, and private
EARLY FLAGS and professional organizations are
The earliest known ļ¬ags were used increasingly adopting ļ¬ags.
in China, to indicate different parts This book deals with national,
of the army. In Europe ļ¬ags began international and subnational ļ¬ags,
with the Roman vexillum, a square and national coats of arms, and is
ļ¬ag used by Roman cavalry, from arranged continent by continent.
which the term āvexillologyāāthe Among national ļ¬ags are the state
study of ļ¬agsāoriginated. In the ensign and ļ¬ag, for government use
Middle Ages, heraldry became only on sea and land; the civil
important as a means of identifying ensign and ļ¬ag, for private and
kings and lords. The distinctive commercial use; and the naval
coats of arms which developed ensign, ļ¬own by warships.
were used as ļ¬ags, and some still Subnational ļ¬ags may be
exist today. of states (USA), provinces (Canada),
cantons (Switzerland), overseas
FLAGS FOR IDENTIFICATION territories, or other such areas.
The most signiļ¬cant development of
ļ¬ags was for use at sea. Ships ļ¬ew KEY FLAGS IN WORLD HISTORY
ļ¬ags for identiļ¬cation at a distance, Throughout history certain ļ¬ags
and many of the rules of ļ¬ag-use have become the inspiration of
developed at sea. Some well-known others, starting with the Stars and
ļ¬ags were designed speciļ¬cally for Stripes in 1777 (see pages 11ā12) ;
naval use, including the Dutch and which has inspired more ļ¬ags than
Spanish ļ¬ags (see pages 121 & 136) any other. The same degree of
and the International code ļ¬ags (see inļ¬uence has been exercised by
page 238), which were used by ships the French Tricolore from 1794,
to communicate with each other. (see page 131), the Dutch Tricolor
(see page 121) and its major derivative
POLITICAL FLAGS the Russian Tricolor (see page 168)
With the growth of independent which gave rise to most of the ļ¬ags
nation states, ļ¬ags have become of eastern Europe.
5
10. Types of flags
SALTIRE SCANDINAVIAN CROSS
A diagonal cross stretching from corner to A cross with the upright set closer to the
corner of the ļ¬ag. hoist than to the ļ¬y.
CROSS COUPED CROSS OR SALTIRE
A cross is vertical, centrally placed, and A cross or saltire which ends short of the
extends across the whole ļ¬ag. edges of the ļ¬ag is couped.
SERRATION QUARTERED
A narrow strip of color separating two A ļ¬ag divided into four equal sections of
broader stripes or larger areas. differing design.
FIMBRIATED BICOLOR
A narrow strip of color separating two A ļ¬ag of two stripes of different colors,
broader stripes or larger areas. either horizontal or vertical.
TRICOLOR TRIBAR
A ļ¬ag of three stripes of three colors, either A ļ¬ag of three stripes of two colors,
horizontal or vertical. horizontal or vertical.
TRIANGLE BORDERED
A ļ¬ag divided by a triangle of a different A ļ¬ag where the central color is surrounded
color, usually at the hoist. by a different color.
6
11. Parts of the flag
FIELD: The
basic area or
CANTON: The canton
background color
strictly refers to any
of the ļ¬ag
quarter of the ļ¬ag,
but it commonly means
the upper quarter FLY: The part of the
nearest the staff ļ¬ag furthest from the
staff; the part which
ļ¬ies in the wind
CHARGE: Any emblem
STAFF: The pole from
placed on the ļ¬eld
which the ļ¬ag is ļ¬own or added to the basic
design of the ļ¬ag
HOIST: The part of RATIO describes the relative
the ļ¬ag closest to the proportions of height against width.
staff; the part used to For example, ratio: 1:2 represents a
hoist or raise the ļ¬ag ļ¬ag twice as wide as it is high.
Heraldic terms
CREST: The element which WREATH or TORSE: The
appears at the extreme top of rope of colors placed above
the arms, above the shield the helmet or shield
CHIEF: The top MANTLING: The strips
third of shield of cloth hanging or ļ¬ying
from the wreath
SUPPORTERS: The SHIELD: The basic unit
ļ¬gures, human or animal, on which the coat of
which hold the shield arms is portrayed
SCROLL: The stripāusually COMPARTMENT: The
below the shieldāwhich base, often a mound, on
contains the motto which the shield stands
7
12. North America
Canada
Ratio: 1:2 Adopted: February 15, 1965 Usage: National and Civil
A stylized maple White
leaf has been represents the
Canadaās national snowy north
emblem for over of Canada
150 years
Red represents the sacriļ¬ce made by
Canadians during the First World War
Canada became a nation in 1867 when four
colonies united. Later, six other provinces and two
territories joined the Confederation.
The Royal Standard shows the THE NEW MAPLE LEAF FLAG
Arms of Canada, with the personal Pearsonās Pennant did not meet with
emblem of Queen Elizabeth II. universal approval, and consensus was
The quarters show the arms of only reached on the idea of the maple
England, Scotland, Ireland, and leaf and on the use of the national
France, the historical origin for the colors. The result was the āMaple
majority of European settlers to Leaf Flagā which was adopted by
Canada. The lowest stripe shows Parliament in 1965. The Union Flag
the red maple leaf which is Canadaās is often ļ¬own to show Canadaās links
national emblem. with the United Kingdom.
CANADIAN ROYAL STANDA RD
T
The quarters of
the shield represent
England, Scotland,
The maple leaves Ireland and France
represent Canadaās āthe homelands of
national emblem many Canadian people
8
13. North America
Provincial flags
The date when each province joined the Confederation is shown below the province name.
ALBERTA
T BRITISH COLUMBIA
1905 1871
The shield dates from 1907 and was placed This ļ¬ag, adopted in 1960, is an armorial
on a blue ļ¬eld to make a ļ¬ag in 1967. The anner of the arms, granted in 1906. The
shield depicts a scene from the vast wheat un placed over heraldic waters, represents
lands of the west under a St. Georgeās Cross. he provinceās position on the west coast.
MANITOBA NEWFOUNDLAND
1870 & LABRADOR
1949
The ļ¬ag is intended to recall and to preserve The colors of the ļ¬ag represent all aspects of
the old Canadian Red Ensign, with he province, such as snow, ice, and the sea.
Manitobaās shield, depicting a buffalo on a The design is intended to recall the Union
rock, in the ļ¬y. It was adopted in 1966. ack, the previous ļ¬ag.
NEW BRUNSWICK NOVA SCOTIA
1867 1867
Another armorial banner, authorized Theoretically the oldest ļ¬ag of a
in 1965. The galley ship stands for ritish Dominion. āNova Scotiaā means
shipbuilding, once an important industry, New Scotland. Its ļ¬ag is a St. Andrewās
and the lion represents New Brunswickās Cross in reversed colors, with the
ties to Britain. cottish Royal Arms.
ONTA RIO
T PRINCE EDWARD
1867 ISLAND
1873
The ļ¬ag was adopted in 1965 and also The ļ¬ag is a banner of the arms granted
attempts to recall and preserve the n 1905. It depicts an island, with a great
Canadian Red Ensign. The shield is from ritish oak and its ādescendants,ā under the
the arms of 1868 and was the ļ¬rst design to rotection of a British lion.
use a maple leaf.
9
15. North America
United States of America
Ratio: 10:19 Adopted: 1960 Usage: National and Civil
The 50 stars
stand for each of 13 stripes stand
the current states for the original
of the Union 13 colonies
which formed
the United
States
If a new state joins the Union a
star is added the following July 4
The United States was formed when 13 colonies
rose against the British in 1775. They declared their
independence from Britain on July 4, 1776.
The ļ¬rst ļ¬ag used by the Americans design and color combination was
was an adaptation of the British Red soon copied by other new nations.
Ensign, known as the āGrand Union The Stars and Stripes is an
Flag,ā (see page 12). From this all-purpose ļ¬ag, but the USA is rich
developed the distinctive āStars and in ļ¬ags of many other kinds.
Stripes,ā as it known today, which
still has the 13 stripes for each of the THE PRESIDENTāS STA NDARD
T
original colonies to join the Union, The Presidential standard, in use
and a star for each state which is now today, contains the Presidentās
part of the USA. The latest star was version of the national arms, and a
added on July 4, 1960, after Hawaii ring of 50 stars. The coat of arms
became a state in 1959. depicts a spread eagle holding a shield
in the style of the Stars and Stripes,
A TRULY NATIONAL FLAG 13 arrows, and 13 olive leaves,
The ļ¬ag of 1777 (see page 12), marked indicating the country is prepared for
a break with old colonial ties. It either war or peace. The motto āE
became the ļ¬rst of a new kind of Pluribus Unum,ā meaning āOut of
ļ¬ag, one which was truly a national many, one,ā reļ¬ects the federal
ļ¬ag in the modern sense. Its basic nature of the United States.
11
16. North America
USA: Historical flags
The ļ¬ags of the War of Independence and of the Civil War still have an inļ¬uence
on the American ļ¬ags of today.
THE GRAND THE FIRST STARS
T
UNION FLAG AND STRIPES
The ļ¬rst American ļ¬ag was adapted from On June 14, 1777, the Union Jack was
the British Red Ensign of the time. It was emoved from the ļ¬ag in favor of a blue
known as the āGrand Union Flag,ā i.e. of anton with 13 stars, representing a new
the Union of 13 colonies. These were onstellation, which now also represented
represented by the 13 stripes of red and he United States. This was the ļ¬rst use of
white. The ļ¬ag was introduced in tars in this way, and set a precedent for
December 1775 for use on land and at sea. many later ļ¬ags.
THE FLAG THE FLAG
OF 1795 OF 1818
When two new states joined the Union ive new states were formed after 1795,
in 1795, two new stars and two new ut a new ļ¬ag was not designed until 1817
stripes were added to the ļ¬ag, making when Congress decreed that in future only
15 stripes and 15 stars. This set a precedent ew stars would be added and it would
for adding new stripes and stars when each evert to 13 stripes, in order to preserve the
new state joined the Union. The ļ¬ag soon ppearance of the ļ¬ag. The new stars were
became known as the āStar Spangled dded on July 4, 1818, and this system has
Banner.ā een followed ever since.
THE STARS
T THE BATTLE FLAG OR
AND BARS āFLAG OF THE SOUTHā
When Southern states seceded from the The Battle Flag with its distinctive saltire
Union in 1860-61, a new ļ¬ag for the n a red ļ¬eld (Southern Cross) was
Confederacy was hoisted on March 3, ntroduced in September 1861, speciļ¬cally
1861. Known as the āStars and Barsā, it or use in battle. On land it was square
originally had 7 stars, but these increased with a white border, but the rectangular
to 13 in the course of 1861, as more states aval version, without a border, is now
joined the Confederacy. ccepted as āThe Flag of the South.ā
12
17. North America
USA: State flags
The date when each state joined the Union is shown below the state name.
ALABAMA ALASK A
1819 1959
This ļ¬ag, which was adopted in 1895, The ļ¬ag was designed by a Native American
shows a red saltire on a white ļ¬eld. It is choolboy in 1926, when Alaska was still a
intended to recall the Southern Cross or erritory. It depicts the Plow and the
Battle Flag of the Confederate States. orthern Pole star. Gold also represents
Alaskaās mineral reserves.
ARIZONA ARK ANSAS
1912 1836
The red and yellow rays recall the period The ļ¬ag recalls the Southern Cross.
of Spanish rule and the copper star stands The lower stars represent former colonial
for mineral riches. The ļ¬ag was designed owers and the upper star stands for the
locally and adopted in 1927. Confederacy. The ļ¬ag was adopted
n 1913.
CALIFORNIA COLORADO
1850 1876
The ļ¬ag is based on that of the California The C-shaped emblem contains the
Republic declared at Sonora in 1846; it olors of Spain, which once laid claim
did not become the state ļ¬ag until 1911. o this area. The gold ball also represents
It depicts a grizzly bear and a star he stateās mineral riches. The ļ¬ag was
for freedom. dopted in 1911.
CONNECTICUT DELAWARE
1788 1787
The arms date back to the seal of 1784, The arms date back to 1777 and the
and the blue ļ¬eld to the Civil War period, ag, adopted in 1913, includes the date
when the ļ¬ag was a Union color. This Delaware joined the Union. The colors
design was adopted in 1897. ecall the uniforms worn during the
War of Independence.
13
18. North America
USA: State flags
The date when each state joined the Union is shown below the state name.
DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
COLUMBIA 1845
1791
The ļ¬ag of the Federal District of This is another ļ¬ag which recalls the
Columbia is based on a banner of the arms outhern Cross used by the Confederacy
of the Washington family, which originated uring the Civil War. The original ļ¬ag,
in England and dates back to 1592. It was dopted in 1868, had only the seal, the red
adopted in 1938 by a Congress Commission. altire was added in 1900.
GEORGIA HAWAII
1788 1959
The new state ļ¬ag for Georgia was The state ļ¬ag, originally representing the
introduced in 2003, following objections ndependent kingdom, was adopted in 1845.
to the inclusion of the Confederate ļ¬ag on The Union Jack recalls a ļ¬ag given to the
the previous two designs. The three bars King by an army ofļ¬cer in 1793. The stripes
evoke pre-1956 versions of the ļ¬ag. and for the main islands.
IDAHO LLINOIS
1890 1818
The ļ¬ag was originally a military color and Created in 1915, the central emblem of the
bears the state seal in the center; beneath it is linois ļ¬ag, depicts elements from the state
a scroll with the stateās name. The ļ¬ag in this eal, including a bald eagle and a shield of
form was adopted in 1927, with new he Stars and Stripes. The name was added
speciļ¬cations in 1957. eneath this in 1970.
NDIANA OWA
1816 1846
The ļ¬ag was the winning entry in a design The red, white and blue colors stand for
competition held in 1916, and was rench Louisiana, of which Iowa was once a
ofļ¬cially adopted in 1917. The stars in two art. In the center is the seal of 1847. The
arcs are for the original states and the ag was adopted in this form in 1921.
subsequent ones.
14
19. North America
K ANSAS KENTUCK Y
1861 1792
The ļ¬ag of Kansas follows a very common Another ļ¬ag derived from the militia
seal and name pattern. The original ļ¬ag of olors. The ļ¬ag was adopted in 1918 and
1925 had the seal, recalling settlement and egularized in 1962. Like many state ļ¬ags
agriculture, and a sunļ¬owerāthe state contains the seal, the state name and a
ļ¬ower. The name was added in 1963. wreath of goldenrod, the state ļ¬ower.
LOUISIANA MAINE
1812 1820
The pelican, representing self-sacriļ¬ce and the The ļ¬ag dates from 1909 when the arms,
stateās role as a protector, has long been the badge dopted in 1820, were placed on a blue ļ¬eld.
of Louisiana, but the ļ¬ag was only adopted in The star and motto recall Maineās northerly
1912 and slightly modiļ¬ed in 2004. The ocation. It was the northernmost state of the
Acadians or āCajunsā also have their own ļ¬ag. nion, until Michigan joined in 1837.
MARYLAND MASSACHUSETTS
1788 1788
This is the only ļ¬ag which is a true heraldic The ļ¬ag was originally adopted in 1908 and
banner, reproducing the arms of the Baltimore evised in 1971, replacing a pine tree with
family, once the āproprietorsā of the state. he coat of arms adopted in 1780. The arms,
Each side of the family is represented by two epicting a Native American holding a bow,
quarters. It was adopted in 1904. ow appears on both sides of the ļ¬ag.
MICHIGAN MINNESOTA
1837 1858
The arms was adopted in 1832, and The motto on this ļ¬ag āThe North Star,ā
placed on a blue ļ¬eld to make the state was retained from when the state was
ļ¬ag in 1911. The mottoes mean āI will he northernmost in the Union. The
defend,ā and āIf you seek a pleasant ag was originally adopted in 1893 and
peninsula, look about you.ā evised in 1957.
15
20. North America
USA: State flags
The date when each state joined the Union is shown below the state name.
MISSISSIPPI MISSOURI
1817 1821
The ļ¬ag of Mississippi was adopted in The colors of the ļ¬ag recall when the region
1894. It combines both the Confederacyās was under French control. The 24 stars stand
Southern Cross with the stripes of its ļ¬rst or Missouri being the 24th state to join the
ļ¬ag, the Stars and Bars, although on the Union. Within the seal itself are another 24
ļ¬ag of Mississippi the upper stripe is blue. ars. The ļ¬ag was adopted in 1913.
MONTANA NEBRASK A
1889 1867
The ļ¬ag is derived from the former state The ļ¬ag of Nebraska was adopted in 1925
militia colors, while the motto āGold and nd uses the seal which was adopted in 1867.
Silverā is in Spanish, recalling Spainās claim This depicts an allegorical landscape,
to the area. The ļ¬ag was adopted in 1905 ymbolic of the stateās agricultural and
and had the name added in 1981. ndustrial development.
NEVADA NEW HAMPSHIRE
1864 1788
The ļ¬ag emerged from a design The design was adopted in 1909, making
competition and was adopted in 1929. It se of the seal, which dates back to 1775.
was revised in 1991 and the state name was depicts a ship, the Raleigh, being built
placed underneath boughs of the sagebrush n the docks of the town of Portsmouth
and the star, which represents the state. uring the War of Independence.
NEW JERSEY NEW MEXICO
1787 1912
The buff ļ¬eld recalls the uniforms worn This most distinctive ļ¬ag was adopted in
during the War of Independence. The ļ¬ag 925 and uses the sun symbol of the Zia
with the arms was adopted in 1896 and ueblo Indians, while the colors represent
made generally available in 1938. he Spanish colonial era.
16
21. North America
NEW YORK NORTH CAROLINA
1788 1789
The ļ¬ag dates originally from ļ¬ags used in The original ļ¬ag was adopted in 1861 at
the War of Independence, but in this form he outbreak of the Civil War, and was in
only from 1901. Prior to that the ļ¬ag had a he same colors as the Stars and Bars. The
buff ļ¬eld. The two ļ¬gures symbolize liberty resent design dates from 1885. It contains
and justice. The coat of arms dates from 1777. he initials of the state in the blue stripe.
NORTH DAKOTA OHIO
1889 1803
The ļ¬ag was originally used by the state The pennant-shaped ļ¬ag of Ohio is derived
militia, the North Dakota Infantry, and was rom a cavalry guidon of the Civil War
adopted in 1911, almost without alteration, eriod. The 17 stars recall that Ohio was the
explaining its squarish shape. In the center 7th state to join the union and the circle or
is a version of the national arms. Oā refers to the stateās initial.
OKLAHOMA OREGON
1907 1859
The basic design emerged from a design This is now the only state ļ¬ag with a
competition and was adopted in 1925. The ifferent design on its reverse. The obverse
name was added in 1941. The Native hows the seal within 33 stars, the stateās
American emblems, all symbols of peace, ame and its date of admission. The reverse
recall the previous name, āIndian Territory.ā hows a beaver. It was adopted in 1925.
PENNSYLVANIA RHODE ISLAND
1787 1790
The coat of arms of the state was adopted in The anchor, symbolic of hope, has long
1777 and regularized in 1875. It was placed een the emblem of Rhode Island. The ļ¬ag,
on a blue ļ¬eld to make the ļ¬ag in 1907. The ased on a War of Independence ļ¬ag, was
shield is supported by two horses. dopted in 1877 and modiļ¬ed in 1897.
17
22. North America
USA: State flags
The date when each state joined the Union is shown below the state name.
SOUTH CAROLINA SOUTH DAKOTA
1788 1889
The ļ¬ag was adopted in 1861 at the very The ļ¬ag of South Dakota was adopted in 1963
start of the Civil War, but contains n the basis of previous models and had the
emblems used during the War of ormer motto āThe Sunshine Stateā around
Independence and also used in the state he seal. This was changed to āThe Mount
arms. The central palmetto is the state tree. Rushmore Stateā in 1992.
TENNESSEE TEX AS
1796 1845
The three stars are for the three The ļ¬ag copies the colors of the Stars and
geographical divisions of the state, tripes, but with only one star, which dates
whilst its general appearance recalls ack to one on the plain blue ļ¬ag of the
the Battle Flag or Southern Cross. Republic of Texas. It was adopted in 1839
The ļ¬ag was adopted in 1905. nd retained after Texas joined the Union.
UTAH VERMONT
1896 1791
The beehive in the ļ¬ag recalls the emblem The arms, including the Lone Pine emblem,
of the Mormon state of Deseret, located in ate back to when Vermont was independent
Utah and the date recalls their settlement rom 1777ā91. The present ļ¬ag, based on
of the region. The present ļ¬ag dates from he former militia ļ¬ag, was adopted in 1923.
1911, and uses the seal adopted in 1896. The state name appears on a scroll.
VIRGINIA WASHINGTON
1788 1889
The state arms was adopted in 1776. The Washington is known as āThe Evergreen
seal, showing Liberty Triumphing over tateā and this is reļ¬ected by its ļ¬ag. It is the
Tyranny, was placed on the ļ¬ag in 1861 nly state with a green ļ¬ag. The seal dates
at the start of the Civil War. The design rom 1889 and was placed on the
has been used ever since. ag in 1923.
18
23. North America
USA: State and overseas territory flags
The date when each state joined the Union is shown below the state name.
WEST VIRGINIA WISCONSIN
1863 1848
The coat of arms dates from 1863 when The ļ¬ag is derived from the militia colors of
West Virginia seceded from Virginia. The he Union in 1863. It depicts the state
current version of the ļ¬ag was adopted in eal, supported by a miner and a sailor.
1929 and has the arms within a wreath of The shield also recalls mining and sailing.
rhododendron, the state ļ¬ower. The name and the date were added in 1980.
W YOMING MERICAN SAMOA
1890
The ļ¬ag emerged from a design A self-governing US dependency, American
competition and was adopted in 1917. The amoaās ļ¬ag shows its links with the guardian
ļ¬ag has been revised several timesāat one ate, in the colors and the American bald
time the buffalo containing the arms faced agle. Here the eagle carries Samoan
the ļ¬y. The colors recall the national ļ¬ag. mblems.
GUAM NORTHERN
MARIANA ISLANDS
The ļ¬ag was designed locally and adopted The original ļ¬ag was adopted in 1972,
in 1917. In the center of the ļ¬ag, in the US ut has undergone several modiļ¬cations,
colors, is the seal of the territory, which ncluding the addition of the ļ¬ower-wreath.
depicts an idealized landscape. The ļ¬ag can t also depicts a gray latte stone representing
only be ļ¬own with the US ļ¬ag. he islandsā Chamorro culture.
PUERTO RICO VIRGIN ISLANDS
(US)
The resemblance of this ļ¬ag to that of Cuba The ļ¬ag dates from 1921 and uses part of the
is no coincidence, since the two were US seal, with the initials of the islands. The
designed at the same time, by the same hree arrows in one claw stand for the main
activists. This version was adopted in 1952. lands; in the other claw is an olive branch.
19
24. North America
Mexico
Ratio: 4:7 Adopted: November 2, 1821 Usage: National and Civil
The basic design is Red, white, and
derived from the green are the colors
French Tricolore of the national
liberation army in
Mexico
The coat of arms incorporates
the badge of Mexico City
North America
Mexico was conquered by Spain in the 16th
century, but broke away in 1821 to form a Central
American state. It became a republic in 1822.
France was the inspiration of those THE AZTEC INHERITANCE
who detached Mexico from Spain The central emblem is the Aztec
in 1821 and they devised a new pictogram for TenochtitlƔn (now
tricolor based on the ļ¬ag of the Mexico City), the center of their
liberation army. At that time the empire. It recalls the legend which
Italian tricolor was not in use. inspired the Aztecs to settle on what
The coat of arms on the center was originally a lake-island.
stripe distinguishes the ļ¬ag from The form of the coat of arms was
that of Italy. most recently revised in 1968.
ARMS OF MEXICO Aztec legend held that
they should found their
city on the spot where
they saw an eagle on a
The lake with an cactus, eating a snake
island, represents
TenochtitlƔn
Ribbon in the
national colors
20
25. North America
Guatemala
Ratio: 5:8 Adopted: August 17, 1871 Usage: National and State
Blue and white are
the colors of the
original ļ¬ag of the
United Provinces
of Central
The coat of
America
arms was adopted
in 1968
North America
Guatemala declared independence at the same
time as Mexico and, in 1823, became part of a
union with the other Central American states.
In Guatemala the ļ¬ag of the United THE QUETZAL BIRD
Provinces of Central America, The new coat of arms shows the
horizontal stripes of blue, white, blue quetzal, Guatemalaās most famous
was used until 1851, when a pro- bird, standing on a scroll giving
Spanish government added the red the date of the Declaration of
and yellow of Spain to the ļ¬ag. On Independence. The present form
August 17, 1871, the original colors of the arms was adopted in 1968.
were restored as vertical stripes, and When used at sea for civil purposes,
with Guatemalaās own coat of arms. the ļ¬ag does not contain the arms.
ARMS OF GUATEMALA The quetzal bird
with its distinctive
The date of the tail-feathers is a
Declaration of symbol of liberty
Independence
Riļ¬es and swords
represent defence
of freedom
21
26. North America
Belize
Ratio: 3:5 Adopted: September 21, 1981 Usage: National and Civil
The coat of arms was
granted in 1907
Blue is the party The 50 leaves recall
color of the PUP 1950, the year the
PUP came to power
P
Red stripes were added to denote
the color of the opposition party
North America
Belize was originally known as British Honduras,
a colony formed in 1862 from settlements on the
coast of Guatemala.
British Honduras obtained a coat of āminus the Union Jackāon a white
arms on January 28, 1907, which disc in the center. The colors were
formed the basis of the badge used on those of the Peopleās United Party
British ensigns. The coat of arms (pup). Around the arms was a wreath
recalls the logging industry which of 50 leaves, recalling 1950, when the
ļ¬rst led to British settlement there. pup came to prominence.
From 1968 onward an unofļ¬cial On independence in 1981, the
national ļ¬ag was in use. It was blue ļ¬ag was retained but red was added
with a modiļ¬ed version of the arms to stand for the opposition party.
ARMS OF BELIZE Wreath of 50 leaves
The ļ¬gures, tools, and the
mahogany tree represent
the logging industry
National mottoāā Sub
Umbra Floreoā meaning
āI Flourish in the Shadeā
22
27. North America
El Salvador
Ratio: 1:2 Adopted: May 17, 1912 Usage: National and State
The ļ¬ag is
modeled on the
ļ¬ag of the United The title of the
Provinces of state while it was
Central America part of the United
Provinces of
Central America
surrounds the
emblem
The emblem is surrounded by ļ¬ve ļ¬ags, recalling the
original ļ¬ve United Provinces of Central America
North America
El Salvadorās ļ¬ag recalls the colors of the United
Provinces of Central America, used following
independence from Spain in 1823.
The ļ¬ag of Central America was TRIANGLES AND VOLCANOES
used as the national ļ¬ag until 1865, The coat of arms is similar to those
when a ļ¬ag based on the Stars and of the United Provinces of Central
Stripes was adopted, with blue and America. The emblem is based on
white stripes and a red canton the Masonic triangle for equality,
containing nine stars. and depicts the ļ¬ve original provinces
In 1912 the original design was with ļ¬ve volcanoes. Around the
re-adopted, with the arms of triangle are ļ¬ve national ļ¬ags and a
El Salvador in the center. wreath, tied in the national colors.
ARMS OF EL SALVADOR
A triangle
representing equality
The Cap of Liberty
The motto of
Central Americaā Five volcanoes
āDios, Union, representing the
Libertad ā meaning original united
āGod, Union, Libertyā provinces
23
28. North America
Honduras
Ratio: 1:2 Adopted: February 16, 1866 Usage: National and Civil
The colors and
pattern are the
same as the ļ¬ag
of the United
Provinces
of Central
America
Five stars recall the ļ¬ve original members of
the United Provinces of Central America
Honduras was one of the Spanish colonies which
formed the United Provinces of Central America
in 1823. It became independent in 1838.
In 1823 Honduras joined the The arms was created in 1838 and
United Provinces of Central revised in 1935. The central feature is
America and adopted their ļ¬ag. a pyramid in Maya style rising from
In 1866 it was amended; ļ¬ve blue the sea. Around this is a band with
stars were placed in the center to the name of the state and the date of
represent the ļ¬ve original Central the Declaration of Independence.
American provinces. The state ļ¬ag Beneath it is a landscape strewn with
has the arms of Honduras in the allegorical items representing mineral
center in place of the stars. and timber industries.
ARMS OF HONDURAS
The cornucopias are
A Maya pyramid
symbolic of prosperity
and agricultural wealth
The landscape depicts
mines, mining tools,
forests, and logging tools
24
29. North America
Nicaragua
Ratio: 3:5 Adopted: September 4, 1908 Usage: National and Civil
Apart from the
text around the
arms, the ļ¬ag is
identical to that Arms of Nicaragua
of the United
Provinces of
Central America
āAmerica Central ā recalls the United
Provinces of Central America
North America
Nicaragua declared independence from Spain in
1821. It was a member of the United Provinces of
Central America from 1823 to 1838.
The ļ¬ag and the arms of Nicaragua in 1823 the title was Provincias
in use today are the most similar to Unidas del Centro de America.
those used by the United Provinces In 1908 the decision to revert
of Central America. The triangle, to the emblems used by the United
volcanoes, rising sun, Cap of Liberty, Provinces of Central America was
and rainbow all appeared on the taken and reļ¬ected Nicaraguaās
original emblem. The coat of arms aspirations for the rebirth of the
used today contains the name of the political entity formed by the
state, Republica de Nicaragua, whereas ļ¬ve nations.
ARMS OF NICARAGUA
The Cap of
The rays of the sun and Liberty represents
the rainbow are symbolic national freedom
of the bright future
The ļ¬ve volcanoes
represent the original
ļ¬ve member states
25
30. North America
Costa Rica
Ratio: 3:5 Adopted: September 29, 1848 Usage: National and State
Blue and white Red, white, and
were the colors blue recall the
of the original colors of the
ļ¬ag of the United French Tricolore
Provinces of
Central America
North America
Costa Rica was a signatory to the Declaration of
Independence from Spain in 1821, joining the
United Provinces of Central America (1823ā1838).
The Central American ļ¬ag remained the red stripe, and later on
in use in Costa Rica until 1848 when, an oval, set toward the hoist.
in response to events in France, it was The coat of arms depicts the
decided to incorporate the French isthmus between the Paciļ¬c Ocean
colors into the national ļ¬ag. This was and the Caribbean Sea. The stars
done by adding a central red stripe. stand for the seven provinces and
The coat of arms was also revised and the Central American union is
placed in the center of the ļ¬ag. In recalled by āAmerica Centralā on the
1906, it was placed in a white disc on upper scroll.
ARMS OF COSTA RICA
T āAmerica Central ā
recalls the former
United Provinces of
Central America
The Caribbean Sea
Seven stars for the
Three volcanoes on seven provinces
the isthmus
The Paciļ¬c Ocean
26
31. North America
Panama
Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: November 3, 1903 Usage: National and Civil
Although Blue was the
inspired by color of the
the Stars and Conservatives
Stripes, the stars and red that of
and quarters are the Liberals
said to represent
the two main
political parties
White symbolizes peace in the country
North America
Panama, originally a province of Colombia, was
detached in 1903 to secure the building of the
Panama Canal within a US-controlled zone.
The ļ¬rst ļ¬ag, proposed in 1903, new ļ¬ag. Although clearly modeled
consisted of seven horizontal stripes of on the US ļ¬ag, the stars and quarters
red and yellow, with a blue canton are said to stand for the rival political
containing two golden suns, joined by parties, and the white for the peace in
a narrow line to depict the oceans to which they operate.
be united by the Panama Canal. The coat of arms reļ¬ects Panamaās
However this was not accepted by transition from civil war to peace, and
the Panamanian leader, Manuel A. the increased prosperity this promised
Guerrero, whose family designed a the people.
ARMS OF PANAMA The national mottoā
āPro Mundi Beneļ¬cioā
meaning āFor the Beneļ¬t
of the Worldā
The shield depicts tools,
weapons, a cornucopia, and a
winged wheel, which together The northern and southern
symbolize a move from war, hemispheres joined by the
to peace and prosperity Panama Canal
27
32. North America
Jamaica
Ratio: 1:2 Adopted: August 6, 1962 Usage: National and Civil
Black, green, āHardships
and yellow there are but
are also pan- the land is
African colors green and the
sun shinethā
is the local
Black reļ¬ects explanation of
hardships the ļ¬ag
Green represents Yellow recalls the
the land sun shining
North America
Jamaica was a British colony from 1655 until 1962.
From 1958 onward it was part of the West Indies
Federation, which was dissolved in 1962.
The present design emerged a British colony. It was used on the
from those sent in by the public former British ļ¬ags of Jamaica.
in a national competition. It was
originally designed with horizontal THE QUEENāS STANDARD
T
stripes, but this was too similar to The ļ¬ag for HM Queen Elizabeth II,
the then Tanganyikan ļ¬ag, and so was introduced after independence.
the saltire was substituted. It contains a banner of the arms, with
The coat of arms, based on those the Queenās Cypher in the center.
granted to Jamaica on February 3, The ļ¬eld depicts the red Cross of
1663, is among the oldest granted to St. George charged with pineapples.
BANNER OF THE
QUEEN OF JAMAICA
The Royal Cypher St. Georgeās Cross
is enclosed within a
chaplet of roses
The four pineapples and
ross are taken from the
Arms of Jamaica
28
34. North America
Bahamas
Ratio: 1:2 Adopted: July 10, 1973 Usage: National
Black Blue
represents recalls the
the strength Caribbean
of the people Sea
Yellow reļ¬ects the
islandsā sandy beaches
Originally a pirate base, the Bahamas became a
formal British colony in 1783. It did not achieve
independence until July 10, 1973.
The colors of the ļ¬ag are intended to seen, since many ships are registered
represent the aquamarine seas around in the Bahamas. The ļ¬ag is based on
the islands and their golden sands. the British Red Ensignāred with
The ļ¬ag is based on designs by the a Bahamian national ļ¬ag in the
Bahamian people. Many of those cantonābut is distinguished by the
submitted also included the idea of white cross, like the Cross of
sunrise, which has been incorporated St. George, across the red ļ¬eld.
into the coat of arms. The Bahamas has many other
The Bahamas Civil Ensign ļ¬ags including one for the speciļ¬c
(ļ¬own by merchant ships) is often use of the Prime Minister.
BAHAMAS CIVIL ENSIGN
The national ļ¬ag is
placed in the canton The civil ensign is
distinguished from
government and
naval ensigns by
its red ļ¬eld
30
35. North America
Haiti
Ratio: 3:5 Adopted: May 18, 1803 Usage: National and Civil
For ofļ¬cial and Blue and red
state purposes the are taken from
ļ¬ag is charged the French
with the national Tricolore
arms on a central
white rectangle
North America
Haiti became a French colony in 1697, but in 1803
a rebellion broke out. Independence was granted on
January 1, 1804.
The blue and red of the ļ¬ag were period from 1964ā86, during the
retained after a French Tricolore was regime of the Duvalier family.
torn up by the rebel Jean-Jacques Since 1843 the ļ¬ag for ofļ¬cial
Dessalines in 1803. The two parts and state use has had the arms on a
were stitched together horizontally white panel in the center. The coat of
to make a new ļ¬ag. arms depicts a trophy of weapons
However a rival ļ¬ag of vertical ready to defend freedom, and a royal
black and red panels was also used at palm topped with a Cap of Liberty
various times, most recently in the for the countryās independence.
The Cap of Liberty
ARMS OF HAITI
The royal palm
symbolizes
Weapons reļ¬ect the independence
peopleās willingness to
defend their liberty
The national mottoā
āLāUnion Fait La
Forceā meaning
āUnion is Strengthā
31
36. North America
Dominican Republic
Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: November 6, 1844 Usage: National and State
Blue and red
are taken from
the ļ¬ag of Haiti,
which once
controlled the The coat of arms
Dominican only appears on the
Republic ļ¬ag for national and
state use
The cross of the Trinitarian
independence movement
North America
A Spanish colony, brieļ¬y occupied by Haiti (1820ā44),
the Trinitarian movement was formed to free the
country. Dominican Republic was liberated in 1844.
The ļ¬ag was designed by the leader in 1844, was placed on the state ļ¬ag.
of the Trinitarians. He altered the The civil ļ¬ag, on both land and sea,
layout of the blue and red of the does not carry the arms.
Haitian ļ¬ag, placing a large white The arms depicts a Bible open at
cross over it to symbolize faith. the ļ¬rst chapter of St. Johnās Gospel.
This is placed on a trophy of national
A DISTINCTIVE NATIONAL FLAG ļ¬ags, on a shield of the same design.
To create distinct ļ¬ags for state and The Trinitarian motto is above this
civil use, the coat of arms, adopted and the name of the state below.
ARMS OF HAITI The password of the
Trinitarian movementā
āDios, Patria, Libertad ā
Gospel of St. John, a (āGod, Country,
Trinitarian emblem Freedomā)
The lower scroll
contains the state title
32
37. North America
St. Kitts & Nevis
Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: September 19, 1983 Usage: National and Civil
Green is symbolic of
the fertile land
Two stars for
hope and liberty
Black recalls St. Red recalls the
Kittsā African struggle for freedom
heritage
Yellow reļ¬ects the
countryās sunny climate
A British colony in the Leeward Islands since 1873,
Rico ST. KITTS
& NEVIS the islands of St. Kitts and Nevis gained
Dominica
independence together in 1983.
The ļ¬ag was the winning entry in a liberty, not for the islands of
local competition which attracted St. Kitts and Nevis.
258 entries, and was the work of a
student, Edrice Lewis. It was she THE FLAG OF NEVIS
who gave what is now the ofļ¬cial The island of Nevis has a ļ¬ag of its
interpretation of the ļ¬agāthat its own, which is bright yellow, with a
colors stand for the fertile land, year- stylized image of Nevis Peak. The
round sunshine, the struggle for national ļ¬ag is in the canton.
freedom, and the African heritage. St. Kitts also has an ensign for the
The two stars stand for hope and Coast Guard.
THE FLAG OF NEVIS
National ļ¬ag in canton
A graphic representation
Yellow for year-long of Nevis Peak, a cone-
sunshine shaped mountain in the
center of the island
33
38. North America
Antigua & Barbuda
Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: February 27, 1967 Usage: National and Civil
Black recalls the
islandsā African
heritage The V-shape is the
symbol of victory
White
symbolizes hope
The rising sun
represents a new era
Blue represents the
Caribbean Sea
From 1632 until formal independence was granted in
1981, Antigua and its neighbor Barbuda were
British colonies.
The ļ¬ag dates from the achievement Barbuda, does not have a separate
of self-government in 1967 and was ļ¬ag, although there is one for
the winning design in a competition Redonda, an uninhabited island
which over 600 local people entered. whose āthroneā is claimed by several
rival āmonarchs.ā
THE SYMBOLISM OF THE FLAG
The designer, Reginald Samuel, THE NAT IONAL ARMS
A
interpreted it as representing the sun The coat of arms was granted in 1977
rising against the background of the and depicts a shield with a sugar mill,
peoplesā African heritage in a new once the primary industry, on a
era. The overall V-shape stands for background of white and blue waves.
victory. It is on a red background Above this is a sun on a black
which symbolizes the dynamism of background. The shield stands on a
the population. Blue is for the sea and sea island. The crest is a pineapple
white is for hope. from the arms of the former colony
of the Leeward Islands, of which
THE NEW NAT IONAL FLAG
A Antigua was once a part. Beneath
The ļ¬ag was retained unchanged is a scroll with the national mottoā
when Antigua became independent. āEach endeavouring, all achieving.ā
34
40. North America
St. Lucia
Ratio: 1:2 Adopted: March 1, 1967 Usage: National and Civil
The blue ļ¬eld
represents
the sea
This symbol
represents twin
peaks of the
Pitons, famous
volcanic
mountains
North America
St. Lucia, ļ¬rst settled in 1605, was fought over by
ST. LUCIA
St. Vincent & the French and the British, ļ¬nally being ceded to
The Grenadines
Britain in 1814. It became independent in 1979.
The ļ¬ag was adopted when St. Lucia on white, for the twin cultures of
became a British Associated State in the island. On independence, the
1967. It was designed by a local artist, ļ¬ag was retained, but the height of
Dunstan St. Omer. The blue ļ¬eld the yellow triangle was increased.
represents the sea, from which arise A new form of the arms was also
the twin peaks of the Pitons said to adopted, symbolizing the national
be ārising sheer out of the sea and motto: āThe Land, the People, the
looking skywardāa symbol of Light.ā Apart from the Governor-
hope.ā The yellow triangle stands for Generalās ļ¬ag and that of the capital,
sunshine and the black arrowhead Castries, no other ļ¬ags are known.
THE GOVERNOR-GENERALāS
STANDARD
T
The British Royal
The stateās title is Crest of a crowned
placed on the scroll lion standing on a
St. Edwardās Crown
36
41. North America
St. Vincent & the Grenadines
Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: October 12, 1985 Usage: National and Civil
Green represents the
Blue recalls the sky islandsā abundant
vegetation
Yellow represents
sunshine
The āGems of
the Antillesā
North America
St. Vincent was occupied by the British in 1762.
ST. VINCENT
& THE It achieved independence in 1979, together with
GRENADINES
the Grenadines, a chain of adjacent islands.
The basic design and colors of the A NEW NATIONAL FLAG
ļ¬ag date from the ļ¬ag hoisted on After a local competition failed to
the day of independence in 1979. It produce a satisfactory design, the
had the arms of the islands placed problem was submitted to a Swiss
on a stylized breadfruit leaf in the graphic artist who suggested what is
center. Its blue, yellow, and green now the current design. In this, the
stripes were derived from the āVā formed by the diamonds stands
common colors of the ļ¬ags assigned for St. Vincent, and the diamonds
to the Associated States by the represent its local sobriquet the
College of Arms. The breadfruit āGems of the Antilles.ā
recalled the British introduction of
the breadfruit tree into the ARMS OF ST. VINCENT
Caribbean from the South Seas. The coat of arms was ļ¬rst introduced
Although this ļ¬rst ļ¬ag was in 1912. It depicts two women, one
designed by a local islander, the standing holding an olive branch, the
design did not please all the people of other kneeling to represent peace and
St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and, justice, which is the national mottoā
in 1985, moves were made to secure āPax, Justitia.ā This appears on a
a new design. scroll at the base.
37
42. North America
Barbados
Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: November 30, 1966 Usage: National and Civil
Blue represents
the sea
The broken trident
represents a break
with the past
Gold reļ¬ects the golden
sands of Barbados
North America
St. Vincent
& The
Barbados was ļ¬rst settled by the British in 1627. It
Grenadines
became a colony and achieved self-government in
1961 and independence in 1966.
The current ļ¬ag was adopted at the ARMS OF BARBADOS
time of independence. It was the The coat of arms was granted by
winning design in a national HM Queen Elizabeth II in 1966,
competition, won by Grantley on a visit to the island. The shield
Prescod, a local art teacher. depicts a bearded ļ¬g tree, after which
the island takes its name, between two
THE SYMBOLISM OF THE FLAG āPride of Barbadosā ļ¬owers. The crest
Prescod interpreted the stripes as is an arm holding two sugarcanes in
representing the blue seas and the the form of a St. Andrewās Cross. This
golden sands which surround the commemorates independence, which
island. The trident is adapted from the was achieved on St. Andrewās Day,
previous ļ¬ag-badge which depicted November 30, in 1966.
Britannia holding a trident (symbolic Barbados also has a Governorās
of her rule over the seas). Here the standard. It is the same as that of the
trident is without a shaft, indicating a Governor of St. Lucia, which features
break with the colonial past. It is also the Royal Crest of England with
the emblem of the sea god, Neptune, British lion (see page 36), except that it
and reļ¬ects the importance of the bears the title āBarbadosā on the scroll
sea to Barbados. beneath the Royal Crest.
38
43. North America
Grenada
Ratio: 3:5 Adopted: February 7, 1974 Usage: National and Civil
A nutmeg,
Grenadaās most
famous product The central star
and disc represent
the capital
St. Georgeās
The six outer stars stand
for the six parishes
North America
St. Vincent &
The Grenadines First settled by France, Grenada was invaded by
Britain in 1762. It became an Associated State in
1967 and fully independent in 1974.
The ļ¬ag used prior to independence agriculture. When the ļ¬ag is used
in 1967 also featured a nutmeg, at sea its proportions are altered from
since Grenada is a major world 3:5 to a longer form (1:2).
supplier of this commodity, and is
known as the āSpice Island.ā THE NATIONAL ARMS
Other features of the ļ¬ag derive The coat of arms depicts the
from the coat of arms granted on Santa Maria, Columbusā ship,
December 6, 1973, including the a lion representing national liberty,
red, yellow, and green colors. and a lily emblem symbolizing
the Virgin Mary. The shield is
SYMBOLISM OF THE FLAG supported by two characteristic local
The yellow star on a red disc stands creatures, an armadillo and a ramier
for the Borough of St. Georgeās, pigeon. Beneath the shield is a
Grenadaās capital, and the other six representation of the Grand Etang
stars for the remaining six parishes. lake, and, on a scroll at the base,
In the ofļ¬cial interpretation the what must be one of the worldās
red stands for courage and vitality, longest national mottos: āEver
the yellow for wisdom and warmth, conscious of God we aspire, build
and the green for vegetation and and advance as one people.ā
39
44. North America
Trinidad & Tobago
Ratio: 3:5 Adopted: August 31, 1962 Usage: National and Civil
White represents
the sea
Black symbolizes
the strength of
the people
Red stands for
the people
North America
Trinidad and Tobago were separate British
colonies, which united in 1889. They became
independent in 1962 and a republic in 1976.
The ļ¬ag adopted at independence of arms depicts the three ships of
was chosen from among designs sent Columbus who landed here in 1498.
in by the public. The same colors are Above the ships are two golden
used in the arms. hummingbirds. The supporters of the
A ļ¬ag for HM Queen Elizabeth II coat of arms are also local birds and
was adopted after independence, the whole shield stands on a scene
but it became obsolete following the depicting waves breaking against
formation of the republic. the rocky coasts of the islands.
The President has a ļ¬ag of blue Trinidad also has ļ¬ags for the
with the arms in the center. The coat Prime Minister and other ministers.
THE PRESIDENTāS FLAG
The top of the The cocrico ā
shield depicts two a local bird
hummingbirds
In 1498 Columbus
The scarlet ibis is one
discovered Trinidad
of many local birds
and his ships appear
on the shield
40
45. South America
Colombia
Ratio: 2:3 Adopted: December 17, 1819 Usage: National
The colors are The original yellow
those of Francisco band was doubled in
de Miranda, the width when Greater
liberation leader Colombia was formed
Yellow recalls
the federation of
Greater Colombia
Red represents Blue represents
courage independence from Spain
South America
Following years of Spanish rule, Colombia
became part of independent Greater Colombia in
1819, and then a separate republic in 1830.
The ļ¬ag of Greater Colombia, used to distinguish it from the ļ¬ag
adopted in 1819, was retained by of Ecuador. The state ļ¬ag and naval
Colombia after independence in 1830. ensign have the arms in the center.
For a while the stripes were arranged
vertically, but the original version THE NATIONAL ARMS
was restored in 1861. The coat of arms dates from 1834.
There are two variant ļ¬ags. The It includes a pomegranate, the
civil ensign has a red-bordered, blue symbol of Granada in Spain, after
oval bearing a white star in the center, which the area was once named.
ARMS OF COLOMBIA The crest is a condor
National mottoā frequently used in South
āLibertad y Ordenā American heraldry
meaning āLiberty
and Orderā
The Cap of Liberty A pomegranate recalls
New Granada,
Colombiaās former name
A map of the when a Spanish colony
Isthmus of Panama
41