This document provides information about Alzheimer's disease from the anatomy department of Menoufia Faculty of Medicine. It discusses the anatomy of brain memory areas, physiology of memory, history of Alzheimer's, epidemiology, causes, pathogenesis, stages, diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis. Key points include that Alzheimer's is an incurable neurological disease that leads to brain cell death and dementia. While there are some treatments to stabilize symptoms, there is currently no cure for the disease.

1. Alzheimer‘s disease
Menoufia faculty of medicine
Anatomy department
of 2nd year students(group 25)

2. Project Team
Supervisor
Prof. Dr. Hanaa Nooh
Dr. Sara Gamal
Dr. Hadeer Elnaggar
Designer
5/9/2017

3. Contents
 Anatomy of brain memory areas.
 Physiology of memory
 What is Alzheimer’s disease ?
 History.
 Epidemiology
 Causes
 pathogenesis
 Stages
 diagnosis
 Treatment.
 Complications
 Prognosis
2nd year students {group 25) Anatomy departement
5/9/2017

4. Anatomy of brain memory areas
4 regions in the cerebral cortex charring in memory process
1. “prefrontal cortex in the frontal lobe; involved in conscious thought &
higher mental function . has role in processing short term memories which
aren’t task-based .
2. The parietal lobe>>involved in integration sensory information &
manipulation of objects.
3. The occipital lobe>> involved with sense of vision.
.4. The temporal lobe>> involved in sense of smell and sound, processing of
semantics in both speech & vision & in the formation of long-term memory
through the limbic system
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2nd year students {group 25) Anatomy departement

5. limbic system
It lies in a deep region inside the medial temporal lobe
1-The hippocampus: transference from short to long-term memory &
control of spatial memory & behavior .
2-Dentate gyrus : dense dark layer of cells at the tip of the hippocampus.
3- The amygdala also performs a primary role in the processing & memory
of emotional reactions.
the basal ganglia” is essential for formation & retrieval of procedural
memory.
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6. Physiology of the memory
Memory: processes storing and retrieving information in the brain.
Retrieval of information . It is 4 types : (recollecting, recall, recognition, relearning )
Memory process
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2nd year students {group 25) Anatomy departement

7. Classification of memory:
Short term memory:
stores a limited amount of information
for about 30 sec. . Contain recently
processed sensory input or items
recently retrieved.
Immediate memory: lasting
less than 2 sec. . Act as buffers for
stimuli received through senses like
visual & auditory senses (if ignored -
>forgotten .if attention is paid ->passed
into STM).
Long term memory: lasting
for days, months, years. Can store very
large quantity of information like (facts,
events, attitudes, etc..)& maintain them
for long time.
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2nd year students {group 25) Anatomy departement

8. Alzheimer Disease
2nd year students (group 25) Anatomy department

9.  Alzheimer‘s disease is an incurable neurological disease in which
changes in the nerve cells of the brain result in the death of a large
number of cells.
 This destruction of brain cells Eventually leads to serious mental
deterioration, dementia and death.
 Alzheimer‘s cause neurons to die which leads to shrinking of the brain.
This leads to a loss of functioning capabilities in almost all parts of the
brain, not just the ones that affect the memory.
 The cortex shrivels up, damaging areas involved in thinking, planning &
remembering.
 Shrinkage is especially severe in the hippocampus , An area of the cortex
that plays a key role in information of new memories.
Introduction
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10.  Ancient Greek and Roman philosophers and
physicians associated old age with dementia.
 In 1901 that German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer
identified the first case (Auguste D; 50 ys) of what
became known as Alzheimer's disease.
 During the next five years, eleven similar cases
were reported in the medical literature, some of
them already using the term Alzheimer's disease.
Historical
background
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11.  It’s an international disease spreads in the 7 world
major markets.
 US, Japan, Germany,France,Italy,Spain and UK.
 In Japan specially, women are more likely to have
Alzheimer‘s other than men.
 This may be the result of differential survival rates
between genders with increasing age.
 It’s about 24 million worldwide and predicted to
double every 20 years.
 95% of patients are aged > 65 so it’s called late
onset.
Epidemiology
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2nd year students (group 25) Anatomy department

12. • Amyloid plaques and
neurofibrillary tangles.
• atrophy of certain parts of the
brain,
• inflammation, production of
unstable molecules (free radicals)
• mitochondrial dysfunction.
Age related changes in
brain
• The (APOE) gene is
involved in late-onset
Alzheimer‘s, it has
several forms.
• Most cases are caused
by an inherited change
in one of three genes.
Genetics
For example, in the
relationship between
congnitive decline and
vascular conditions such as
heart disease, strock and
high blood pressure.
Health, life style and
environmental factors
Causes

13. Several mechanism
involved in AD
plaque formation
over production of TAU protein
lead to formation nerofibrally
tangles
Neuronal cell death
Neuron and synapse
loss
Altered amyloid
precursor protein(APP)
processing
Over production of βAP
Plaque formation
Neurodegeneration
and
Neuronal loss
Dementia
Pathogenesis

14. Stages
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16. Alzheimer‘s disease is
usually diagnosed based
on the person’s medical
history, history from
relatives and behavioral
observations.
The presence of
characteristic
neurological and
neuropsychological
features and the absence
of alternative conditions
is supportive ,.
History
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2nd year students (group 25) Anatomy department

17. Difficulty
performing
familiar tasks
depression,
withdrawal,
aggressiveness,
change in
sleeping habits
and delusion
Memory loss Misplacing
things:
Poor or
decreased
judgement and
decisions:
Changing in
personality and
behavior
Problems with
obstract
thinking
Disorientation to
time, place
Clinical picture
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2nd year students (group 25) Anatomy department

18. Examination
 Neuropsychological screening tests can help in the
diagnosis of AD. In the tests, people are instructed to copy
drawings similar to the one shown in the picture,
remember words, read and subtract serial numbers.
 Neuropsychological tests such as the mini-mental state
examination (MMSE) are widely used to evaluate the
cognitive impairments needed for diagnosis. More
comprehensive test arrays are necessary for high
reliability of results
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19. 5/9/2017
2nd year students {group 25) Anatomy department

20. with computed
tomography (CT) or
magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI), and with
single photon emission
computed tomography
can be used to help
exclude other cerebral
pathology or subtypes of
dementia .It may predict
conversion from prodromal
stages ( mild cognitive
impairment) to Alzheimer‘s
disease.
 Axial, T2-weighted magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) scan of the brain reveals
atrophic changes in the temporal lobes.
 Coronal,T1-weighted magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI)scan in a
patient with moderate Alzheimer‘s
disease. Brain image reveals
hippocampal atrophy, especially on the
right side.
Investigations
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2nd year students (group 25) Anatomy department

21. 5/9/2017
2nd year students (group 25) Anatomy department

22. There’s no specific treatment for
Alzheimer‘s disease completely
with the prescribed medecine,as
it‘s one of the most complicated
diseases ever found in history.
There are some prescribted
medecines ,food and drugs to
treat Alzheimer‘s disease, but they
only stabilize the memory and brain
function For limited period of time.
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2nd year students (group 25) Anatomy department

23.  There are some drugs that Treat problems with
mood, depression and irriability. These include:
Citalopram, Fluoxetine & Sertraline.
 For patients who have anxiety or restlessness ,
medecines that can help include: Alprazolam ,
Buspirone & Oxazepam.
 Doctors also may prescribe some medications to
ease confusion or hallucinations, these include:
Halopericol & Arepeprazole.
medical
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2nd year students (group 25) Anatomy department

24. As we a complete lifestyle
change; to slow the
disease down and try to
handle its symptoms.
fun activities solving a
puzzle keep your mind
sharp and active
Regular
Exercis
e
healthy
diet
staying out of
stress
supportive

25. educated
about the
disease.
Stimulate
your brain.
at least 8
hours
sleep
Stress also
puts stress
on the brain
Manage
stress
reduces the
risk by 50 %
Physical
Exercise
Genger, green
tea and fatty
fish are some
kind of food
that feed glial
cells that
remove toxins
Healthy
Diet
Prevention
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2nd year students (group 25) Anatomy department

26. Memorizing food
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2nd year students {group 25) Anatomy department

27. Restlessness
and agitation
Bladder and
bowl problems
Depression
complications
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2nd year students {group 25) Anatomy department

28. (cont.)
Malnutrition
and
dehydration;
They refuse to eat or drink
with difficult swallowing.
Infections
forgetting how to care with
your food and drinks)
Falls
due to balance and
coordination
Wandering
for their names, addresses,
phone numbers and some
information due to their
distribution in their normal
sleep patterns.
Cont.
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2nd year students {group 25) Anatomy department

29. Prognosis: NO CURE !!
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2nd year students {group 25) Anatomy department

30. Home Massage
 Alzheimer‘s disease is a neurological disease in which there is a progressive cell death,
That leads eventually to serious mental deterioration, dementia and death.
 There’s no specific treatment for Alzheimer‘s disease completely with the prescribed
medicine, as it‘s one of the most complicated diseases ever found in history.
There are some prescribed medicines ,food and drugs to treat Alzheimer‘s disease, but
they only stabilize the memory and brain function For limited period of time.
5/9/20172nd year students {group 25) Anatomy department

31. 5/9/2017
2nd year students Anatomy department
2nd year students {group 25)
Anatomy departement