This work was done by 2nd year student in faculty of medicine,Menoufia University under supervision of staff of anatomy and embryology department

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2. Group-30
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2nd year: group(30) -2017- Anatomy department

3. Outlines
1. Definition
2. Types
3. Anatomical basis of hernia
4. Epidemiology
5. What can cause a hernia?
6. Diagnose
7. Symptoms
8. Treatment
9. Complication
10. Prognosis
11. Summary
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2nd year: group(30) -2017- Anatomy department

4. Definition
• Hernia is :-
• a condition in which part of an organ is
displaced and protrudes through the
wall of the cavity containing it
• (often involving the intestine at a weak
point in the abdominal wall).
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5. causes
• Hernias are caused by a combination of muscle weakness and
strain.
• Common causes of muscle weakness include:
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2nd year: group(30) -2017- Anatomy department
failure of the abdominal wall to close properly in the womb, which
is a congenital defect
age
chronic coughing
damage from injury or surgery

6. causes
 Factors that strain body muscles and may cause hernia:-
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Being
pregnant
Heavy
weights
Persistent
coughing
Weight
gain
Abdominal
fluid
Weak spot

7. Classification
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according to
anatomical site
External
internal
according to
etiology
Congenital
Acquired
according clinical
presentation
Complete / incomplete
Reducible / Non-reducible
Strangulated /
Non-strangulated

8. External hernia
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• Common :
 Inguinal
 Femoral
 Umbilical
 Incisiona
• Rare Hernia:
Spigelian
Gluteal
Obturator
Lumber
2nd year: group(30) -2017- Anatomy department

9. Anatomical basis of Hernia
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Umbilical vs groin 3 groin
Inguinal canal Direct vs indirect
2nd year: group(30) -2017- Anatomy department

10. Internal hernia
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 Esophageal hernia
(Sliding)
 Para esophageal
hernia
(Rolling)
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11. Epidemiology
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Approximately 75% of all hernias are inguinal ,of these, 50% are indirect
25% are direct
(male to female ratio, 7:1)
About 14% of hernias are umbilical
About 10% of hernias are incisional or ventral
(female to male ratio, 2:1)
Only 3-5% of hernias are femoral
3% of inguinal hernia most often on the left side
(left to right ratio,4.5:1)
Intraparietal, supravesical, lumbar, sciatic, and perineal hernias are rare

12. • General Clinical picture
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Diagnosis
A bulge or lump in the
affected area.
By examination
the doctor discover
Expansible plugging on
strain
pain or discomfort
Weakness
Pressure
A feeling of heaviness
in the affected area
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13. Diagnosis
• clinical picture of a hiatal hernia :
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14. Diagnosis
• Investigation
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hiatal hernia
see the internal location of your
stomach by:
A barium X-ray
Endoscopy
child with umbilical hernia:
Ultrasound:
uses high-frequency sound
waves to create an image

15. Treatment
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Life style
changes
medication Truss Surgery

16. Treatment
1. Protection against
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17. Treatment
• Lifestyle changes :
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• Dietary changes can often treat the symptoms of a hiatal hernia.
• Avoid large or heavy meals.
• don’t bend over after a meal.
• keep your body weight in a healthy range.
• avoid foods that cause acid reflux or heartburn.
• Additionally, you can avoid reflux by losing weight and giving up
cigarettes.

18. Treatment
2. medical treatment
 incase hiatal hernia to prevent the
burning sensation of gastroesophageal
reflux by :
• anti acids
• H.2 receptor blocker
• proton pump inhibitors
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19. treatment
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• Surgical treatment :
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20. Treatment
• Umbilical hernia repair :
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21. Complication
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incarcerated or strangulated hernia
• present a greater challenge since the potential complication of dead
bowel increases the urgency
Intestinal obstruction
• Pain, nausea, vomiting, fever
• X-rays or CT scan may be required to assess the bowel but if the clinical
diagnosis is made, emergency referral to a surgeon is usually required.
2nd year: group(30) -2017- Anatomy department

22. Prognosis
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23. summary
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2nd year: group(30) -2017- Anatomy department
Hernia is the protrusion of abdominal content through a gab or weak
region of body
Commonest type is Indirect inguinal hernia with higher percentage
in males
Main cause is muscle weakness and strain
It may cause burning sensation ,pain and nausea as a
complication
Treatment mainly by surgery and medical to relief pain
Prognosis depends on type and size of hernia and fast treatment .

24. Thank you
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2nd year: group(30) -2017- Anatomy department