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1. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1: Structure of the Ecosystems

2. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.1: Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
Atmosphere Producers
Wind speed
Consumers
Humidity
Detrivores
Light intensity
Precipitation Decomposers
Temperature
Water Interactions
ph and salinity
Competitors
Dissolved Nutrients
Parasites
Dissolved Oxygen
Disolved nutrients Pathogens
Symbionts
Predators
Herbivores
Soil
Available nutrients
Moisture
pH
Structure
Temperature

3. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.1: Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
Atmosphere Producers
Wind speed
Consumers
Humidity
Detrivores
Biotic Factors = A living, Light intensity
Precipitation Decomposers
biological factor that may Temperature
Water Interactions
influence an organism or ph and salinity
Competitors
Dissolved Nutrients
ecosystem, eg predation, Dissolved Oxygen
Parasites
Pathogens
parasitism, disease, competition. Disolved nutrients
Symbionts
Predators
Herbivores
Soil
Available nutrients
Moisture
pH
Structure
Temperature

4. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.1: Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
Atmosphere Producers
Wind speed
Consumers
Humidity
Detrivores
Biotic Factors = A living, Light intensity
Precipitation Decomposers
biological factor that may Temperature
Water Interactions
influence an organism or ph and salinity
Competitors
Dissolved Nutrients
ecosystem, eg predation, Dissolved Oxygen
Parasites
Pathogens
parasitism, disease, competition. Disolved nutrients
Symbionts
Predators
Herbivores
Abiotic Factor = A non-living,
physical factor that may
influence an organism or
ecosystem, eg temperature,
sunlight, pH, salinity,
precipitation.
Soil
Available nutrients
Moisture
pH
Structure
Temperature

5. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.1: Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Abiotic Factors affect animal and plant species, but also
interact and change with time themselves

6. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.1: Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Abiotic Factors affect animal and plant species, but also
interact and change with time themselves
E.g. Temperature depends upon:

7. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.1: Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Abiotic Factors affect animal and plant species, but also
interact and change with time themselves
E.g. Temperature depends upon:
solar radiation, wind speed, time of year, time of day,
altitude and aspect

8. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.1: Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Abiotic Factors affect animal and plant species, but also
interact and change with time themselves
E.g. Temperature depends upon:
solar radiation, wind speed, time of year, time of day,
altitude and aspect
Temperature affects:

9. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.1: Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Abiotic Factors affect animal and plant species, but also
interact and change with time themselves
E.g. Temperature depends upon:
solar radiation, wind speed, time of year, time of day,
altitude and aspect
Temperature affects:
water loss, respiration, photosynthesis

10. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.1: Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Abiotic Factors affect animal and plant species, but also
interact and change with time themselves
E.g. Temperature depends upon:
solar radiation, wind speed, time of year, time of day,
altitude and aspect
Temperature affects:
water loss, respiration, photosynthesis
Changes in temperature affect:

11. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.1: Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Abiotic Factors affect animal and plant species, but also
interact and change with time themselves
E.g. Temperature depends upon:
solar radiation, wind speed, time of year, time of day,
altitude and aspect
Temperature affects:
water loss, respiration, photosynthesis
Changes in temperature affect:
relative humidity and evaporation from soils and water
surfaces

12. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.1: Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Biotic and Abiotic factors vary both between and within ecosyetems

13. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.1: Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Tropical Rain Forests The Biotic Part
Dominant Species
Trees and Vines
Floral community
Highest Biodiversity of all Biomes
Faunal community
Very High biodiversity, mammals,
bird, amphibians and arthropods
Soil Community
Very rich in decomposer species

14. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.1: Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Temperature
Tropical Rain Forests 30.0
22.5
15.0
7.5
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

15. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.1: Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Temperature
Tropical Rain Forests 30.0
22.5
15.0
7.5
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Rainfall
300
225
150
75
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

16. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.1: Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Abiotic conditions
within an ecosystem Humidity: 67%
Light: 70%
Humidity: 75%
Light: 50%
Humidity: 80%
Light: 12%
Humidity: 85%
Light: 6%
Humidity: 90%
Light: 1%
Humidity: 98%
Light: 0%

17. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.1: Biotic and Abiotic Factors
What about these two
ecosystems?

18. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.2: Trophic Levels
Trophic level:The position that an organism occupies in a food
chain, or a group of organisms in a community that occupy the
same position in food chains.
It is possible to classify the way organisms obtain energy into
two categories.
Producers or Autotrophs: These manufacture their own
food from simple inorganic substances (plants)

19. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.2: Trophic Levels
Trophic level:The position that an organism occupies in a food
chain, or a group of organisms in a community that occupy the
same position in food chains.
It is possible to classify the way organisms obtain energy into
two categories.
Producers or Autotrophs: These manufacture their own
food from simple inorganic substances (plants)
Consumers or Heterotrophs: Feed on autotrophs or other
heterotrophs to obtain energy (herbivores, carnivores,
omnivores, detrivores and decomposers
But within the consumers their is a feeding hierarchy of feeding

20. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.2: Trophic Levels
Plants capture the suns energy and convert it to glucose,
herbivores eat plants and carnivores eat herbivores - different
feeding levels (Greek for food is trophe)
Trophic level 1 - producer
Trophic level 3
Trophic level 2 - herbivore (primary consumers)
Trophic level 3 - carnivore (secondary consumers)
Trophic level 2
Trophic level 4 - carnivore (tertiary consumer)
The first trophic level, the autotrophs supports the
energy requirements of all the other trophic levels Trophic level 1
above.

21. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.3: Food Chains and Food Webs
Ecosystems have an hierarchy of Trophic Level 4 Tertiary Consumer
feeding relationships .
The energy flow in the ecosystem Trophic Level 3 Secondary Consumer
can be illustrated as a Food chain.
Trophic Level 2 Primary Consumer
The arrows show the direction
that energy flows
Trophic Level 1 Producer

22. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.3: Food Chains and Food Webs
Food chains are an
oversimplification
They only show direct feeding
relationships within one
hierarchy
Some organisms can be at
different trophic levels in
different food chains

23. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.6: Species, Population, Community, Niche and Habitat
Species
A group of
organisms that
interbreed and
produce fertile
offspring.

24. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.6: Species, Population, Community, Niche and Habitat
Species
A group of
organisms that
interbreed and
produce fertile
offspring.
Different genus

25. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.6: Species, Population, Community, Niche and Habitat
Population
A group of organisms
of the same species
living in the same
area at the same time,
and which are capable
of interbreeding
Elephants in Kakouma NP,
Chad.
Population about 3500

26. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.6: Species, Population, Community, Niche and Habitat
Community
A group of
populations living and
interacting with each
other in a common
habitat

27. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.6: Species, Population, Community, Niche and Habitat
Community

28. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.6: Species, Population, Community, Niche and Habitat
Niche
A species’ share of a
habitat and the resources
in it.
An organism’s ecological
niche depends not only on
where it lives but on what
it does.

29. Topic 2: Ecosystems
2.1.6: Species, Population, Community, Niche and Habitat
Habitat
The environment in
which a species
normally lives.