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Game Programming
      LCA 2010
     Richard Jones
The Basics
• Displaying something
• Controlling animation
• User input
• Gameplay mechanics
• Playing sound effects and music
• Further stuff
Displaying Something

• Opening a window
• Reading images
• Displaying images
Controlling Animation

• Image position on screen
• Updates over time
• Accounting for frame rate
User Input


• Getting events
• Distinct keyboard events vs. keyboard state
Gameplay Mechanics


• Interaction of game objects
• Detecting important events (game won or
  game over)
Detecting Collisions

• Pixel-Perfect
• Axis-Aligned Bounding Box
• Circle-Circle
• Hash Map
Sound


• Reading sound files
• Playing sounds and background music
Opening a Window

 import pyglet

 w = pyglet.window.Window()

 pyglet.app.run()
Clearing the Window
  import pyglet

  w = pyglet.window.Window()

  @w.event
  def on_draw():
     w.clear()

  pyglet.app.run()
Drawing
import pyglet

w = pyglet.window.Window()

ship_image = pyglet.image.load('data/ship.png')

@w.event
def on_draw():
   w.clear()
   ship_image.blit(100, 100)

pyglet.app.run()
Better Drawing
import pyglet

w = pyglet.window.Window()

ship_image = pyglet.image.load('data/ship.png')
ship = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(ship_image)
ship.position = (100, 100)

@w.event
def on_draw():
   w.clear()
   ship_image.blit(100, 100)
   ship.draw()

pyglet.app.run()
Animation
...
   w.clear()
   ship.draw()

def update(dt):
    ship.x += 1

pyglet.clock.schedule_interval(update, 1./30)

pyglet.app.run()
Better Animation
 ...
    w.clear()
    ship.draw()

 def update(dt):
     ship.x += 1
     ship.x += 100 * dt

 pyglet.clock.schedule_interval(update, 1./30)

 pyglet.app.run()
Adding Asteroids
 import random
 import pyglet

 w = pyglet.window.Window()

 def center_anchor(img):
     img.anchor_x = img.width / 2
     img.anchor_y = img.height / 2

 ...
Adding Asteroids
...
ship_image = pyglet.image.load('data/ship.png')
center_anchor(ship_image)
ship = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(ship_image)
ship.position = (100, 100)

big_asteroid_image = pyglet.image.load('data/big_asteroid.png')
center_anchor(big_asteroid_image)
asteroids = []
for i in range(3):
    x = random.randint(0, w.width)
    y = random.randint(0, w.height)
    s = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(big_asteroid_image, x, y)
    s.dx = random.randint(-100, 100)
    s.dy = random.randint(-100, 100)
    asteroids.append(s)

@w.event
...
Adding Asteroids

   ...
   @w.event
   def on_draw():
       w.clear()
       for asteroid in asteroids:
           asteroid.draw()
       ship.draw()
   ...
Adding Asteroids

  ...
  def update(dt):
      ship.x += 100 * dt
      for asteroid in asteroids:
          asteroid.x += asteroid.dx*dt
          asteroid.y += asteroid.dy*dt
  ...
A Little Refactoring

   ...
   ship = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(ship_image)
   ship.position = (100, 100)
   ship.dx = 100
   ship.dy = 0

   ...
Screen Wrapping
  ...
  def update(dt):
      ship.x += 100 * dt
      for asteroid in asteroids:
          asteroid.x += asteroid.dx*dt
          asteroid.y += asteroid.dy*dt
      for a in asteroids + [ship]:
          a.x += a.dx*dt
          a.y += a.dy*dt
          if a.x - a.width/2 > w.width:
              a.x -= w.width + a.width
          elif a.x + a.width/2 < 0:
              a.x += w.width + a.width
          if a.y - a.height/2 > w.height:
              a.y -= w.height + a.height
          elif a.y + a.height/2 < 0:
              a.y += w.height + a.height
  ...
Control

import math
import random
import pyglet

w = pyglet.window.Window()

...
Control
...
keys = pyglet.window.key.KeyStateHandler()
w.push_handlers(keys)

def update(dt):
    if keys[pyglet.window.key.LEFT]:
        ship.rotation -= 360*dt
    if keys[pyglet.window.key.RIGHT]:
        ship.rotation += 360*dt
    rotation = math.radians(ship.rotation)
    rotation_x = math.cos(-rotation)
    rotation_y = math.sin(-rotation)
    if keys[pyglet.window.key.UP]:
        ship.dx += 200 * rotation_x * dt
        ship.dy += 200 * rotation_y * dt

   for a in asteroids + [ship]:
   ...
Rotation

...
ship = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(ship_image)
ship.position = (100, 100)
ship.dx = 100
ship.dy = 0
ship.position = (w.width/2, w.height/2)
ship.dx = ship.dy = ship.dr = 0

...
Rotation

      ...
      s = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(big_asteroid_image, x, y)
      s.dx = random.randint(-100, 100)
      s.dy = random.randint(-100, 100)
      s.dr = random.randint(-100, 100)
      asteroids.append(s)

...
Rotation
...
def update(dt):
    if keys[pyglet.window.key.LEFT]:
        ship.rotation -= 360*dt
    if keys[pyglet.window.key.RIGHT]:
        ship.rotation += 360*dt
    ship.dr = (keys[pyglet.window.key.RIGHT] - keys[pyglet.window.key.LEFT]) * 360
    rotation = math.pi * ship.rotation / 180.0
    ...
    for a in asteroids + [ship]:
        a.x += a.dx*dt
        a.y += a.dy*dt
        a.rotation += a.dr * dt
        if a.x - a.width/2 > w.width:
            a.x -= w.width + a.width
Collision Detection
Collision Detection
Collision Detection
Collision Detection
Collision Detection

       distance
Collision Detection

  import   sys
  import   math
  import   random
  import   pyglet

  w = pyglet.window.Window()
  ...
Collision Detection

 ...
 w.push_handlers(keys)

 def distance(a, b):
     return math.sqrt((a.x-b.x)**2 + (a.y-b.y)**2)

 def update(dt):
     ...
Collision Detection

       ...
       elif a.y + a.height/2 < 0:
           a.y += w.height + a.height

   for a in asteroids:
       if distance(a, ship) < (a.width/2 + ship.width/2):
           sys.exit('GAME OVER')

pyglet.clock.schedule_interval(update, 1./30)
...
Shooting

ship.position = (w.width/2, w.height/2)
ship.dx = ship.dy = ship.dr = 0
ship.gun_cooldown = 0

bullet_image = pyglet.image.load('data/bullet.png')
center_anchor(bullet_image)
bullets = []

...
...
             Shooting
    ship.dy += 200 * rotation_y * dt

if ship.gun_cooldown:
    ship.gun_cooldown = max(0, ship.gun_cooldown - dt)
elif keys[pyglet.window.key.SPACE] and len(bullets) < 2:
    b = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(bullet_image, ship.x, ship.y)
    b.dx = rotation_x * 500
    b.dy = rotation_y * 500
    b.dr = 0
    b.life = 1
    bullets.append(b)
    ship.gun_cooldown = .5

for b in list(bullets):
    b.life -= dt
    if b.life < 0:
        bullets.remove(b)

for a in asteroids + [ship]:
for a in asteroids + [ship] + bullets:
     a.x += a.dx*dt
     ...
Shooting

...
@w.event
def on_draw():
    w.clear()
    for asteroid in asteroids:
         asteroid.draw()
    for s in asteroids + bullets:
        s.draw()
    ship.draw()
...
Shooting ... and Hitting

   ...
   def distance(a, b):
       return math.sqrt((a.x-b.x)**2 + (a.y-b.y)**2)
   def collide(a, b):
       return distance(a, b) < (a.width/2 + b.width/2)
   ...
Shooting ... and Hitting
        ...
        elif a.y + a.height/2 < 0:
            a.y += w.height + a.height

    for a in asteroids:
        if distance(a, ship) < (a.width/2 + ship.width/2):
            sys.exit('GAME OVER')
    for a in list(asteroids):
        if collide(a, ship):
            sys.exit('GAME OVER')
        for b in list(bullets):
            if collide(a, b):
                bullets.remove(b)
                asteroids.remove(a)

    if not asteroids:
        sys.exit('YOU WIN')

 pyglet.clock.schedule_interval(update, 1./30)
 ...
Chunks

...
center_anchor(bullet_image)
bullets = []

small_asteroid_image = pyglet.image.load('data/small_asteroid.png')
center_anchor(small_asteroid_image)
medium_asteroid_image = pyglet.image.load('data/medium_asteroid.png')
center_anchor(medium_asteroid_image)
big_asteroid_image = pyglet.image.load('data/big_asteroid.png')
center_anchor(big_asteroid_image)
...
...
                          Chunks
   for b in list(bullets):
       if collide(a, b):
           bullets.remove(b)
           asteroids.remove(a)
           if a.image is big_asteroid_image.texture:
               for i in range(2):
                   s = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(medium_asteroid_image, a.x, a.y)
                   s.dx = a.dx + random.randint(-50, 50)
                   s.dy = a.dy + random.randint(-50, 50)
                   s.dr = a.dr + random.randint(-50, 50)
                   asteroids.append(s)
           elif a.image is medium_asteroid_image.texture:
               for i in range(2):
                   s = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(small_asteroid_image, a.x, a.y)
                   s.dx = a.dx + random.randint(-50, 50)
                   s.dy = a.dy + random.randint(-50, 50)
                   s.dr = a.dr + random.randint(-50, 50)
                   asteroids.append(s)

if not asteroids:
    sys.exit('YOU WIN')
...
Sound Effects

...
      asteroids.append(s)

explosion_sound = pyglet.media.load('data/explosion.wav', streaming=False)
bullet_sound = pyglet.media.load('data/bullet.wav', streaming=False)

@w.event
def on_draw():
...
Sound Effects

     ...
     bullets.append(b)
     ship.gun_cooldown = .5
     bullet_sound.play()

  for b in list(bullets):
  ...
Sound Effects

...
bullets.remove(b)
asteroids.remove(a)
explosion_sound.play()
if a.image is big_asteroid_image.texture:
Further Stuff

• Opening screen
• Options menu
• Game won / game over screen
• Special effects
Other screen / menu


• Use libraries like Cocos2d (Scenes, Layers,
  Sprites, Animations)
Special Effects


• Simple image animations
• Use libraries like lepton
Where To From Here?

• http://pyglet.org
• http://pygame.org
• http://los-cocos.org
• http://inventwithpython.com/
• http://pyweek.org

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Introduction to Game Programming Tutorial

  • 1. Game Programming LCA 2010 Richard Jones
  • 2. The Basics • Displaying something • Controlling animation • User input • Gameplay mechanics • Playing sound effects and music • Further stuff
  • 3. Displaying Something • Opening a window • Reading images • Displaying images
  • 4. Controlling Animation • Image position on screen • Updates over time • Accounting for frame rate
  • 5. User Input • Getting events • Distinct keyboard events vs. keyboard state
  • 6. Gameplay Mechanics • Interaction of game objects • Detecting important events (game won or game over)
  • 7. Detecting Collisions • Pixel-Perfect • Axis-Aligned Bounding Box • Circle-Circle • Hash Map
  • 8. Sound • Reading sound files • Playing sounds and background music
  • 9. Opening a Window import pyglet w = pyglet.window.Window() pyglet.app.run()
  • 10. Clearing the Window import pyglet w = pyglet.window.Window() @w.event def on_draw(): w.clear() pyglet.app.run()
  • 11. Drawing import pyglet w = pyglet.window.Window() ship_image = pyglet.image.load('data/ship.png') @w.event def on_draw(): w.clear() ship_image.blit(100, 100) pyglet.app.run()
  • 12. Better Drawing import pyglet w = pyglet.window.Window() ship_image = pyglet.image.load('data/ship.png') ship = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(ship_image) ship.position = (100, 100) @w.event def on_draw(): w.clear() ship_image.blit(100, 100) ship.draw() pyglet.app.run()
  • 13. Animation ... w.clear() ship.draw() def update(dt): ship.x += 1 pyglet.clock.schedule_interval(update, 1./30) pyglet.app.run()
  • 14. Better Animation ... w.clear() ship.draw() def update(dt): ship.x += 1 ship.x += 100 * dt pyglet.clock.schedule_interval(update, 1./30) pyglet.app.run()
  • 15. Adding Asteroids import random import pyglet w = pyglet.window.Window() def center_anchor(img): img.anchor_x = img.width / 2 img.anchor_y = img.height / 2 ...
  • 16. Adding Asteroids ... ship_image = pyglet.image.load('data/ship.png') center_anchor(ship_image) ship = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(ship_image) ship.position = (100, 100) big_asteroid_image = pyglet.image.load('data/big_asteroid.png') center_anchor(big_asteroid_image) asteroids = [] for i in range(3): x = random.randint(0, w.width) y = random.randint(0, w.height) s = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(big_asteroid_image, x, y) s.dx = random.randint(-100, 100) s.dy = random.randint(-100, 100) asteroids.append(s) @w.event ...
  • 17. Adding Asteroids ... @w.event def on_draw(): w.clear() for asteroid in asteroids: asteroid.draw() ship.draw() ...
  • 18. Adding Asteroids ... def update(dt): ship.x += 100 * dt for asteroid in asteroids: asteroid.x += asteroid.dx*dt asteroid.y += asteroid.dy*dt ...
  • 19. A Little Refactoring ... ship = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(ship_image) ship.position = (100, 100) ship.dx = 100 ship.dy = 0 ...
  • 20. Screen Wrapping ... def update(dt): ship.x += 100 * dt for asteroid in asteroids: asteroid.x += asteroid.dx*dt asteroid.y += asteroid.dy*dt for a in asteroids + [ship]: a.x += a.dx*dt a.y += a.dy*dt if a.x - a.width/2 > w.width: a.x -= w.width + a.width elif a.x + a.width/2 < 0: a.x += w.width + a.width if a.y - a.height/2 > w.height: a.y -= w.height + a.height elif a.y + a.height/2 < 0: a.y += w.height + a.height ...
  • 21. Control import math import random import pyglet w = pyglet.window.Window() ...
  • 22. Control ... keys = pyglet.window.key.KeyStateHandler() w.push_handlers(keys) def update(dt): if keys[pyglet.window.key.LEFT]: ship.rotation -= 360*dt if keys[pyglet.window.key.RIGHT]: ship.rotation += 360*dt rotation = math.radians(ship.rotation) rotation_x = math.cos(-rotation) rotation_y = math.sin(-rotation) if keys[pyglet.window.key.UP]: ship.dx += 200 * rotation_x * dt ship.dy += 200 * rotation_y * dt for a in asteroids + [ship]: ...
  • 23. Rotation ... ship = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(ship_image) ship.position = (100, 100) ship.dx = 100 ship.dy = 0 ship.position = (w.width/2, w.height/2) ship.dx = ship.dy = ship.dr = 0 ...
  • 24. Rotation ... s = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(big_asteroid_image, x, y) s.dx = random.randint(-100, 100) s.dy = random.randint(-100, 100) s.dr = random.randint(-100, 100) asteroids.append(s) ...
  • 25. Rotation ... def update(dt): if keys[pyglet.window.key.LEFT]: ship.rotation -= 360*dt if keys[pyglet.window.key.RIGHT]: ship.rotation += 360*dt ship.dr = (keys[pyglet.window.key.RIGHT] - keys[pyglet.window.key.LEFT]) * 360 rotation = math.pi * ship.rotation / 180.0 ... for a in asteroids + [ship]: a.x += a.dx*dt a.y += a.dy*dt a.rotation += a.dr * dt if a.x - a.width/2 > w.width: a.x -= w.width + a.width
  • 31. Collision Detection import sys import math import random import pyglet w = pyglet.window.Window() ...
  • 32. Collision Detection ... w.push_handlers(keys) def distance(a, b): return math.sqrt((a.x-b.x)**2 + (a.y-b.y)**2) def update(dt): ...
  • 33. Collision Detection ... elif a.y + a.height/2 < 0: a.y += w.height + a.height for a in asteroids: if distance(a, ship) < (a.width/2 + ship.width/2): sys.exit('GAME OVER') pyglet.clock.schedule_interval(update, 1./30) ...
  • 34. Shooting ship.position = (w.width/2, w.height/2) ship.dx = ship.dy = ship.dr = 0 ship.gun_cooldown = 0 bullet_image = pyglet.image.load('data/bullet.png') center_anchor(bullet_image) bullets = [] ...
  • 35. ... Shooting ship.dy += 200 * rotation_y * dt if ship.gun_cooldown: ship.gun_cooldown = max(0, ship.gun_cooldown - dt) elif keys[pyglet.window.key.SPACE] and len(bullets) < 2: b = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(bullet_image, ship.x, ship.y) b.dx = rotation_x * 500 b.dy = rotation_y * 500 b.dr = 0 b.life = 1 bullets.append(b) ship.gun_cooldown = .5 for b in list(bullets): b.life -= dt if b.life < 0: bullets.remove(b) for a in asteroids + [ship]: for a in asteroids + [ship] + bullets: a.x += a.dx*dt ...
  • 36. Shooting ... @w.event def on_draw(): w.clear() for asteroid in asteroids: asteroid.draw() for s in asteroids + bullets: s.draw() ship.draw() ...
  • 37. Shooting ... and Hitting ... def distance(a, b): return math.sqrt((a.x-b.x)**2 + (a.y-b.y)**2) def collide(a, b): return distance(a, b) < (a.width/2 + b.width/2) ...
  • 38. Shooting ... and Hitting ... elif a.y + a.height/2 < 0: a.y += w.height + a.height for a in asteroids: if distance(a, ship) < (a.width/2 + ship.width/2): sys.exit('GAME OVER') for a in list(asteroids): if collide(a, ship): sys.exit('GAME OVER') for b in list(bullets): if collide(a, b): bullets.remove(b) asteroids.remove(a) if not asteroids: sys.exit('YOU WIN') pyglet.clock.schedule_interval(update, 1./30) ...
  • 39. Chunks ... center_anchor(bullet_image) bullets = [] small_asteroid_image = pyglet.image.load('data/small_asteroid.png') center_anchor(small_asteroid_image) medium_asteroid_image = pyglet.image.load('data/medium_asteroid.png') center_anchor(medium_asteroid_image) big_asteroid_image = pyglet.image.load('data/big_asteroid.png') center_anchor(big_asteroid_image) ...
  • 40. ... Chunks for b in list(bullets): if collide(a, b): bullets.remove(b) asteroids.remove(a) if a.image is big_asteroid_image.texture: for i in range(2): s = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(medium_asteroid_image, a.x, a.y) s.dx = a.dx + random.randint(-50, 50) s.dy = a.dy + random.randint(-50, 50) s.dr = a.dr + random.randint(-50, 50) asteroids.append(s) elif a.image is medium_asteroid_image.texture: for i in range(2): s = pyglet.sprite.Sprite(small_asteroid_image, a.x, a.y) s.dx = a.dx + random.randint(-50, 50) s.dy = a.dy + random.randint(-50, 50) s.dr = a.dr + random.randint(-50, 50) asteroids.append(s) if not asteroids: sys.exit('YOU WIN') ...
  • 41. Sound Effects ... asteroids.append(s) explosion_sound = pyglet.media.load('data/explosion.wav', streaming=False) bullet_sound = pyglet.media.load('data/bullet.wav', streaming=False) @w.event def on_draw(): ...
  • 42. Sound Effects ... bullets.append(b) ship.gun_cooldown = .5 bullet_sound.play() for b in list(bullets): ...
  • 44. Further Stuff • Opening screen • Options menu • Game won / game over screen • Special effects
  • 45. Other screen / menu • Use libraries like Cocos2d (Scenes, Layers, Sprites, Animations)
  • 46. Special Effects • Simple image animations • Use libraries like lepton
  • 47. Where To From Here? • http://pyglet.org • http://pygame.org • http://los-cocos.org • http://inventwithpython.com/ • http://pyweek.org

Editor's Notes

  1. r1
  2. r2
  3. r3
  4. r4
  5. r5
  6. r6
  7. r7
  8. r8
  9. r9
  10. r10
  11. r11
  12. r12
  13. r13
  14. r15
  15. asteroids-cocos.py