SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 31
Download to read offline
Samira Bakeer
October, 2013
Pragmatics 1
Text
Discourse analysis
Text Linguistics

Meaning
Semantics

Situation and
context
Pragmatics

Sentences, clauses, phrases and words
Grammar (Morphology and Syntax)

Sounds and letter
Phonology, Phonetics , Graphology
 Morris (Carnap, and Peirce)
 Wittgenstein
 Austin
 Searle
 Grice
Charles Morris (1903 – 1979)
• Was concerned with the study of the
science of signs, which he called semiotic;
• Distinguished 3 branches of semiotics:
syntactics (or syntax),
which studies the formal relation among
different signs;
semantics,
the study of the relation between the signs
and the objects they denote; and
pragmatics, the study of the relation
of signs to their interpreters, i.e. people.

The word pragmatics derives from
the Greek word ‘pragma’, which means
'matter', 'thing', but also'action'
( Linke, Nussbaumer & Portmann,1996).

Pragmatics 1









When a diplomat says yes, he means
‘perhaps’;
When he says perhaps, he means ‘no’;
When he says no, he is not a diplomat.
When a lady says no, she means ‘perhaps’;
When she says perhaps, she means ‘yes’;
When she says yes, she is not a lady.
Voltaire (Quoted, in Spanish, in Escandell
1993.)
• Pragmatics: the study of meaning, as
communicated by a speaker and interpreted by
the a writer
• Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning
Syntax:
Study of the relation between linguistic forms, how they are arranged in
sequence, and which sequences are well-Formed
Semantics:
Study of the relationship between linguistic forms and entries in the world
Pragmatic:
Study of relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those
forms
THE SEMANTIC MEANING


The speaker feels pangs of
hunger

THE PRAGMATIC MEANING





Request for lunch
A complaint
Request for a dessert
Request…




Speaker meaning, rather than sentence meaning, can only
begin to be understood when context is taken into
consideration
Pragmatics also explores how listener and readers can
make inferences about what is said or written in order to
arrive at an interpretation of the user’s intended meaning





Cindy and Linnea
Cindy: there is a bookstore over there
Linnea: no
Cindy: why not
Linnea: I‘m tired.





Cindy: there is a bookstore over there. Let‘s go
inside.
Linnea: no, I don‘t want to go inside.
Cindy: why do you not want to go inside?
Linnea: I don‘t want to because I‘m tired.
Pragmatics is the study of invisible
meaning ,that is how to recognize ,the
underlined meanings which are not
apparently said or written.
For example, an advertisement shows the
following words:
HEATED
ATTENDANT
PARKING
from the apparent meaning, different
interpretations can be assumed like


On the basis of apparent meanings , we would normally
understand that you can park your car in this place, that is
heated area and that there will be an attendant to look
after the car.
We have inferred these meanings by taking into account
the context and combination of the words used by the
speaker or writer.




In fact Pragmatics , is the study of investigation of such
assumptions and expectations which provide us with
the insights into how more gets communicated than is
said.
Thus , an important factor that should be taken into
account is social distance
First, grammatical studies look for rules while
pragmatic studies look for principles. Rules are black
and white, i.e. you are either right or wrong. For
instance, you have to say “He studies linguistics”; the –s
is required by a rule. Principles are not black and
white; you can obey them to some extent and violate
them to some extent. For example, one principle says
we should tell the truth and another says we should be
polite in our speech.




Secondly, in grammar studies, we end up with
products while in pragmatics we always deal
with processes. In other words, after we have
analyzed a sentence grammatically, our job is
done; in a pragmatic inquiry, we deal with an
ever-unfolding process-as the discourse goes
on and on, the extra meaning of some words
become clearer and clearer.


In cross-culture communication, errors
can be roughly classified into two kinds:
• linguistic error: errors in pronunciation, grammar,

vocabulary, etc
• pragmatic error (failure): errors in using the
language.
• Both kinds of errors may lead to
miscommunication.


“Grammatical errors may be irritating
and impede communication, but at least,
as a rule, they are apparent in the surface
structure, so that H is aware that an error
has occurred. Once alerted to the fact
that S is not fully grammatically
competent, native speakers seem to have
little difficulty in making allowances for
it.


Pragmatic failure, on the other hand, is rarely
recognized as such by non-linguists. If a non-native
speaker appears to speak fluently, a native speaker is
likely to attribute his/her apparent impoliteness or
unfriendliness, not to any linguistic deficiency, but to
boorishness or ill-will. While grammatical error may
reveal a speaker to be a less than proficient languageuser, pragmatic failure reflects badly on him/her as a
person.”
Why?


In every society there are some things that are
simply not said or asked about and others that
are absolutely required in certain situations. It
is often assumed that every well-brought-up
person knows these rules of behaviour of
his/her own culture. And furthermore, most
people take their own behaviour pattern for
granted and are unaware that pragmatic
patterns are far from universal. Thus, pragmatic
failure has serious consequences.


Americans tend to give compliments
more than most people of other nations.
Sometimes it is necessary for Americans
to give compliments but it may be totally
inappropriate to give compliments in
other cultures.


A particular interesting example of this came about
when an American politician (Carter, J.) visiting France
happened to compliment one of the members of the
French government on the job he was doing. The
French were very annoyed and articles appeared in the
French press attributing all sorts of hidden implications
to the act and condemning it as interference in French
internal affairs. In reality, of course, the visiting
American politician had done no more than the typical
American would do when trying to be friendly to a
stranger: give a compliment.


(Wolfson 1981:123)
Another example


A rich (Chinese) merchant went to London and
was entertaining some very important
European guests. He had the affair catered at a
famous hotel. In the Chinese manner, he said
that he was sorry that the food and drink were
not very fine. Some hotel employees overheard
these remarks and the management, feeling
quite insulted, preceded to sue the merchant
for defaming the character of the hotel.









Woman (student): excuse me, where can I make
some Xerox copies?
Clerk: for?
Woman: (silence)
Clerk: are you an instructor?
Woman: No, a student
Clerk: we can only make Xerox copies for
instructores.
Woman: well, I ….OK. But where can I find a {pay}
Xerox machine? (the original intention)
Clerk: Oh, I see. Up the stairs, past the bookstore


When we misjudge shared knowledge or
the perceptions of the other participants
in the interaction we might create an
instance of miscommunication. This can
happen among speakers of the same
language




Pragmatics awareness is part of
metapragmatic competence; it refers to
the ability to analyze language use
(Sharwood-Smith, 1981: 162-63).
Pragmatic awareness is the prerequisite
for pragmatic acquisition, without which
pragmatic competence can hardly
acquired especially in FLL/SLL.


Understanding how people communicate
is actually a process of interpreting not
just what speakers say , but what they
intend to mean.
Spend a few minutes reflecting
on what we covered in this
presentation
1.What, if

anything, did you learn
that you didn’t know before?
2.What

is one ‘ah-ha’ you had?

More Related Content

What's hot

Deep structure and surface structure
Deep structure and surface structureDeep structure and surface structure
Deep structure and surface structureAsif Ali Raza
 
Lecture 1 introduction to syntax
Lecture 1 introduction to syntaxLecture 1 introduction to syntax
Lecture 1 introduction to syntaxssuser1f22f9
 
Deep structure and surface structure.pptx
Deep structure and surface structure.pptxDeep structure and surface structure.pptx
Deep structure and surface structure.pptxSubramanian Mani
 
Lecture 2 sentence structure constituents
Lecture 2 sentence structure constituentsLecture 2 sentence structure constituents
Lecture 2 sentence structure constituentsssuser1f22f9
 
Sense relations & Semantics
Sense relations & SemanticsSense relations & Semantics
Sense relations & SemanticsAfuza Shara
 
Syntax and morphology
Syntax and morphologySyntax and morphology
Syntax and morphologymavs morales
 
Linguistics levels of foregrounding in stylistics
Linguistics levels of foregrounding in stylisticsLinguistics levels of foregrounding in stylistics
Linguistics levels of foregrounding in stylisticsTahreem Rahat
 
6) discourse grammar
6) discourse grammar6) discourse grammar
6) discourse grammarAtaMSaeed
 
Componential analysis ppt
Componential analysis pptComponential analysis ppt
Componential analysis pptAlveenaNazir
 
Discourse analysis and vocabulary
Discourse analysis and vocabularyDiscourse analysis and vocabulary
Discourse analysis and vocabularyAzam Almubarki
 
The metafunctions of sfl
The metafunctions of sflThe metafunctions of sfl
The metafunctions of sflhamid mnati
 

What's hot (20)

Deep structure and surface structure
Deep structure and surface structureDeep structure and surface structure
Deep structure and surface structure
 
Lecture 1 introduction to syntax
Lecture 1 introduction to syntaxLecture 1 introduction to syntax
Lecture 1 introduction to syntax
 
Deep structure and surface structure.pptx
Deep structure and surface structure.pptxDeep structure and surface structure.pptx
Deep structure and surface structure.pptx
 
Types of meaning
Types of meaningTypes of meaning
Types of meaning
 
Lecture 2 sentence structure constituents
Lecture 2 sentence structure constituentsLecture 2 sentence structure constituents
Lecture 2 sentence structure constituents
 
Generative grammar ppt report
Generative grammar ppt reportGenerative grammar ppt report
Generative grammar ppt report
 
Pragmatics
PragmaticsPragmatics
Pragmatics
 
Pragmatics
PragmaticsPragmatics
Pragmatics
 
Sense relations & Semantics
Sense relations & SemanticsSense relations & Semantics
Sense relations & Semantics
 
Syntax and morphology
Syntax and morphologySyntax and morphology
Syntax and morphology
 
Deixis
DeixisDeixis
Deixis
 
Linguistics levels of foregrounding in stylistics
Linguistics levels of foregrounding in stylisticsLinguistics levels of foregrounding in stylistics
Linguistics levels of foregrounding in stylistics
 
Hstorical Linguistics
Hstorical LinguisticsHstorical Linguistics
Hstorical Linguistics
 
6) discourse grammar
6) discourse grammar6) discourse grammar
6) discourse grammar
 
Sense relations
Sense relationsSense relations
Sense relations
 
Componential analysis ppt
Componential analysis pptComponential analysis ppt
Componential analysis ppt
 
Discourse analysis and vocabulary
Discourse analysis and vocabularyDiscourse analysis and vocabulary
Discourse analysis and vocabulary
 
The metafunctions of sfl
The metafunctions of sflThe metafunctions of sfl
The metafunctions of sfl
 
Movement rules
Movement rulesMovement rules
Movement rules
 
Generative grammar
Generative grammarGenerative grammar
Generative grammar
 

Viewers also liked

Pragmatics in Education
Pragmatics in EducationPragmatics in Education
Pragmatics in EducationGrahamAttwell
 
Pragmatics
PragmaticsPragmatics
Pragmaticszhaaye
 
Pragmatics
PragmaticsPragmatics
PragmaticsAtenea 9
 
contemporary linguistics\ semantics
contemporary linguistics\ semanticscontemporary linguistics\ semantics
contemporary linguistics\ semanticstazhan kamal
 
Linguistics semantics-syntax-presentation1
Linguistics semantics-syntax-presentation1Linguistics semantics-syntax-presentation1
Linguistics semantics-syntax-presentation1susankcollins
 
What is semantics
What is semanticsWhat is semantics
What is semanticsrisna wati
 
Applied linguistics; syntax
Applied linguistics; syntaxApplied linguistics; syntax
Applied linguistics; syntaxChawin Maninun
 
Intro. to Linguistics_13 Pragmatics
Intro. to Linguistics_13 PragmaticsIntro. to Linguistics_13 Pragmatics
Intro. to Linguistics_13 PragmaticsEdi Brata
 
Pragmatics in the EFL classroom: An introduction
Pragmatics in the EFL classroom: An introductionPragmatics in the EFL classroom: An introduction
Pragmatics in the EFL classroom: An introductionJerry Talandis
 
Introduction to syntax
Introduction to syntaxIntroduction to syntax
Introduction to syntaxFarjana Ela
 
Discourse Analysis and Pragmatics
Discourse Analysis and PragmaticsDiscourse Analysis and Pragmatics
Discourse Analysis and PragmaticsMutiara Ayu
 

Viewers also liked (20)

Pragmatics in Education
Pragmatics in EducationPragmatics in Education
Pragmatics in Education
 
Pragmatics
PragmaticsPragmatics
Pragmatics
 
Pragmatics
Pragmatics Pragmatics
Pragmatics
 
Pragmatics
PragmaticsPragmatics
Pragmatics
 
Pragmatics
PragmaticsPragmatics
Pragmatics
 
An introduction to semantics
An introduction to semanticsAn introduction to semantics
An introduction to semantics
 
Semantics
SemanticsSemantics
Semantics
 
contemporary linguistics\ semantics
contemporary linguistics\ semanticscontemporary linguistics\ semantics
contemporary linguistics\ semantics
 
Linguistics semantics-syntax-presentation1
Linguistics semantics-syntax-presentation1Linguistics semantics-syntax-presentation1
Linguistics semantics-syntax-presentation1
 
What is semantics
What is semanticsWhat is semantics
What is semantics
 
Syntax Notes
Syntax NotesSyntax Notes
Syntax Notes
 
syntax
syntaxsyntax
syntax
 
4. semantics
4. semantics4. semantics
4. semantics
 
Applied linguistics; syntax
Applied linguistics; syntaxApplied linguistics; syntax
Applied linguistics; syntax
 
Intro. to Linguistics_13 Pragmatics
Intro. to Linguistics_13 PragmaticsIntro. to Linguistics_13 Pragmatics
Intro. to Linguistics_13 Pragmatics
 
Pragmatics in the EFL classroom: An introduction
Pragmatics in the EFL classroom: An introductionPragmatics in the EFL classroom: An introduction
Pragmatics in the EFL classroom: An introduction
 
Introduction to syntax
Introduction to syntaxIntroduction to syntax
Introduction to syntax
 
Discourse Analysis and Pragmatics
Discourse Analysis and PragmaticsDiscourse Analysis and Pragmatics
Discourse Analysis and Pragmatics
 
Phonology
PhonologyPhonology
Phonology
 
Pragmatics
PragmaticsPragmatics
Pragmatics
 

Similar to Pragmatics 1

Ways of knowing language summary
Ways of knowing language  summaryWays of knowing language  summary
Ways of knowing language summaryteamhumanities
 
Pragmaticspresentation 140705125246-phpapp02
Pragmaticspresentation 140705125246-phpapp02Pragmaticspresentation 140705125246-phpapp02
Pragmaticspresentation 140705125246-phpapp02Muhammad Sajjad Raja
 
Discourse analysis
Discourse analysisDiscourse analysis
Discourse analysisMelikarj
 
Style context register final
Style context register   finalStyle context register   final
Style context register finalAnil Pudota
 
Discourse analysis
Discourse analysisDiscourse analysis
Discourse analysisfzoratti
 
Eng 222 -_chapter_11_-_discourse_analysis_2
Eng 222 -_chapter_11_-_discourse_analysis_2Eng 222 -_chapter_11_-_discourse_analysis_2
Eng 222 -_chapter_11_-_discourse_analysis_2Nurul Faradillah
 
Pragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptx
Pragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptx
Pragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptxGINAMARITZAPRIETOGUE
 
Chapter 14.1 pptx.pptx
Chapter 14.1 pptx.pptxChapter 14.1 pptx.pptx
Chapter 14.1 pptx.pptxbrianjars
 
Essay On Pragmatic Track
Essay On Pragmatic TrackEssay On Pragmatic Track
Essay On Pragmatic TrackAmber Wheeler
 
Nuevo documento de microsoft office word (5)
Nuevo documento de microsoft office word (5)Nuevo documento de microsoft office word (5)
Nuevo documento de microsoft office word (5)Cindy_27
 
Pragmatics presentation
Pragmatics presentationPragmatics presentation
Pragmatics presentationMehwish Nazar
 
ASSH101 Subject Workbook Chapter 2
ASSH101 Subject Workbook Chapter 2ASSH101 Subject Workbook Chapter 2
ASSH101 Subject Workbook Chapter 2Darian Pruitt
 
Introduction to Stylistics (13 of 16)
Introduction to Stylistics (13 of 16)Introduction to Stylistics (13 of 16)
Introduction to Stylistics (13 of 16)Nheru Veraflor
 
Chapter 1-Semantics 1.pdf
Chapter 1-Semantics 1.pdfChapter 1-Semantics 1.pdf
Chapter 1-Semantics 1.pdfRahafSaad2
 
Discourse analysis session 3_17_10_2021 Context.pdf
Discourse analysis session 3_17_10_2021 Context.pdfDiscourse analysis session 3_17_10_2021 Context.pdf
Discourse analysis session 3_17_10_2021 Context.pdfDr.Badriya Al Mamari
 

Similar to Pragmatics 1 (20)

Ways of knowing language summary
Ways of knowing language  summaryWays of knowing language  summary
Ways of knowing language summary
 
Pragmatics....!
Pragmatics....!Pragmatics....!
Pragmatics....!
 
Pragmatics slide 1
Pragmatics slide 1Pragmatics slide 1
Pragmatics slide 1
 
Pragmaticspresentation 140705125246-phpapp02
Pragmaticspresentation 140705125246-phpapp02Pragmaticspresentation 140705125246-phpapp02
Pragmaticspresentation 140705125246-phpapp02
 
Discourse analysis
Discourse analysisDiscourse analysis
Discourse analysis
 
Style context register final
Style context register   finalStyle context register   final
Style context register final
 
Discourse analysis
Discourse analysisDiscourse analysis
Discourse analysis
 
Discourse analysis
Discourse analysisDiscourse analysis
Discourse analysis
 
Eng 222 -_chapter_11_-_discourse_analysis_2
Eng 222 -_chapter_11_-_discourse_analysis_2Eng 222 -_chapter_11_-_discourse_analysis_2
Eng 222 -_chapter_11_-_discourse_analysis_2
 
Semantics
SemanticsSemantics
Semantics
 
Pragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptx
Pragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptx
Pragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptxPragmatics.pptx
 
Chapter 14.1 pptx.pptx
Chapter 14.1 pptx.pptxChapter 14.1 pptx.pptx
Chapter 14.1 pptx.pptx
 
Essay On Pragmatic Track
Essay On Pragmatic TrackEssay On Pragmatic Track
Essay On Pragmatic Track
 
Linguistic Essay
Linguistic EssayLinguistic Essay
Linguistic Essay
 
Nuevo documento de microsoft office word (5)
Nuevo documento de microsoft office word (5)Nuevo documento de microsoft office word (5)
Nuevo documento de microsoft office word (5)
 
Pragmatics presentation
Pragmatics presentationPragmatics presentation
Pragmatics presentation
 
ASSH101 Subject Workbook Chapter 2
ASSH101 Subject Workbook Chapter 2ASSH101 Subject Workbook Chapter 2
ASSH101 Subject Workbook Chapter 2
 
Introduction to Stylistics (13 of 16)
Introduction to Stylistics (13 of 16)Introduction to Stylistics (13 of 16)
Introduction to Stylistics (13 of 16)
 
Chapter 1-Semantics 1.pdf
Chapter 1-Semantics 1.pdfChapter 1-Semantics 1.pdf
Chapter 1-Semantics 1.pdf
 
Discourse analysis session 3_17_10_2021 Context.pdf
Discourse analysis session 3_17_10_2021 Context.pdfDiscourse analysis session 3_17_10_2021 Context.pdf
Discourse analysis session 3_17_10_2021 Context.pdf
 

More from Radia Ali

Presupposition and-entailment
Presupposition and-entailmentPresupposition and-entailment
Presupposition and-entailmentRadia Ali
 
Reference & Inference
Reference & InferenceReference & Inference
Reference & InferenceRadia Ali
 
Included 1 2013
Included 1  2013Included 1  2013
Included 1 2013Radia Ali
 
Personalvariation1
Personalvariation1Personalvariation1
Personalvariation1Radia Ali
 
Included 3 the critical period 2013
Included 3 the critical period 2013 Included 3 the critical period 2013
Included 3 the critical period 2013 Radia Ali
 
Included 2 2013
Included 2 2013Included 2 2013
Included 2 2013Radia Ali
 

More from Radia Ali (6)

Presupposition and-entailment
Presupposition and-entailmentPresupposition and-entailment
Presupposition and-entailment
 
Reference & Inference
Reference & InferenceReference & Inference
Reference & Inference
 
Included 1 2013
Included 1  2013Included 1  2013
Included 1 2013
 
Personalvariation1
Personalvariation1Personalvariation1
Personalvariation1
 
Included 3 the critical period 2013
Included 3 the critical period 2013 Included 3 the critical period 2013
Included 3 the critical period 2013
 
Included 2 2013
Included 2 2013Included 2 2013
Included 2 2013
 

Recently uploaded

How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx
3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx
3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptxmary850239
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.raviapr7
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational PhilosophyShuvankar Madhu
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphNetziValdelomar1
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICESayali Powar
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxMYDA ANGELICA SUAN
 

Recently uploaded (20)

How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx
3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx
3.19.24 Urban Uprisings and the Chicago Freedom Movement.pptx
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
Drug Information Services- DIC and Sources.
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education  and Educational PhilosophyPhilosophy of Education  and Educational Philosophy
Philosophy of Education and Educational Philosophy
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a ParagraphPresentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
Presentation on the Basics of Writing. Writing a Paragraph
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptxPatterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 

Pragmatics 1

  • 3. Text Discourse analysis Text Linguistics Meaning Semantics Situation and context Pragmatics Sentences, clauses, phrases and words Grammar (Morphology and Syntax) Sounds and letter Phonology, Phonetics , Graphology
  • 4.  Morris (Carnap, and Peirce)  Wittgenstein  Austin  Searle  Grice
  • 5. Charles Morris (1903 – 1979) • Was concerned with the study of the science of signs, which he called semiotic; • Distinguished 3 branches of semiotics: syntactics (or syntax), which studies the formal relation among different signs; semantics, the study of the relation between the signs and the objects they denote; and pragmatics, the study of the relation of signs to their interpreters, i.e. people. 
  • 6. The word pragmatics derives from the Greek word ‘pragma’, which means 'matter', 'thing', but also'action' ( Linke, Nussbaumer & Portmann,1996). 
  • 8.         When a diplomat says yes, he means ‘perhaps’; When he says perhaps, he means ‘no’; When he says no, he is not a diplomat. When a lady says no, she means ‘perhaps’; When she says perhaps, she means ‘yes’; When she says yes, she is not a lady. Voltaire (Quoted, in Spanish, in Escandell 1993.)
  • 9. • Pragmatics: the study of meaning, as communicated by a speaker and interpreted by the a writer • Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning
  • 10. Syntax: Study of the relation between linguistic forms, how they are arranged in sequence, and which sequences are well-Formed Semantics: Study of the relationship between linguistic forms and entries in the world Pragmatic: Study of relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms
  • 11. THE SEMANTIC MEANING  The speaker feels pangs of hunger THE PRAGMATIC MEANING     Request for lunch A complaint Request for a dessert Request…
  • 12.   Speaker meaning, rather than sentence meaning, can only begin to be understood when context is taken into consideration Pragmatics also explores how listener and readers can make inferences about what is said or written in order to arrive at an interpretation of the user’s intended meaning
  • 13.     Cindy and Linnea Cindy: there is a bookstore over there Linnea: no Cindy: why not Linnea: I‘m tired.
  • 14.     Cindy: there is a bookstore over there. Let‘s go inside. Linnea: no, I don‘t want to go inside. Cindy: why do you not want to go inside? Linnea: I don‘t want to because I‘m tired.
  • 15. Pragmatics is the study of invisible meaning ,that is how to recognize ,the underlined meanings which are not apparently said or written. For example, an advertisement shows the following words: HEATED ATTENDANT PARKING from the apparent meaning, different interpretations can be assumed like 
  • 16. On the basis of apparent meanings , we would normally understand that you can park your car in this place, that is heated area and that there will be an attendant to look after the car. We have inferred these meanings by taking into account the context and combination of the words used by the speaker or writer.
  • 17.   In fact Pragmatics , is the study of investigation of such assumptions and expectations which provide us with the insights into how more gets communicated than is said. Thus , an important factor that should be taken into account is social distance
  • 18. First, grammatical studies look for rules while pragmatic studies look for principles. Rules are black and white, i.e. you are either right or wrong. For instance, you have to say “He studies linguistics”; the –s is required by a rule. Principles are not black and white; you can obey them to some extent and violate them to some extent. For example, one principle says we should tell the truth and another says we should be polite in our speech. 
  • 19.  Secondly, in grammar studies, we end up with products while in pragmatics we always deal with processes. In other words, after we have analyzed a sentence grammatically, our job is done; in a pragmatic inquiry, we deal with an ever-unfolding process-as the discourse goes on and on, the extra meaning of some words become clearer and clearer.
  • 20.  In cross-culture communication, errors can be roughly classified into two kinds: • linguistic error: errors in pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, etc • pragmatic error (failure): errors in using the language. • Both kinds of errors may lead to miscommunication.
  • 21.  “Grammatical errors may be irritating and impede communication, but at least, as a rule, they are apparent in the surface structure, so that H is aware that an error has occurred. Once alerted to the fact that S is not fully grammatically competent, native speakers seem to have little difficulty in making allowances for it.
  • 22.  Pragmatic failure, on the other hand, is rarely recognized as such by non-linguists. If a non-native speaker appears to speak fluently, a native speaker is likely to attribute his/her apparent impoliteness or unfriendliness, not to any linguistic deficiency, but to boorishness or ill-will. While grammatical error may reveal a speaker to be a less than proficient languageuser, pragmatic failure reflects badly on him/her as a person.”
  • 23. Why?  In every society there are some things that are simply not said or asked about and others that are absolutely required in certain situations. It is often assumed that every well-brought-up person knows these rules of behaviour of his/her own culture. And furthermore, most people take their own behaviour pattern for granted and are unaware that pragmatic patterns are far from universal. Thus, pragmatic failure has serious consequences.
  • 24.  Americans tend to give compliments more than most people of other nations. Sometimes it is necessary for Americans to give compliments but it may be totally inappropriate to give compliments in other cultures.
  • 25.  A particular interesting example of this came about when an American politician (Carter, J.) visiting France happened to compliment one of the members of the French government on the job he was doing. The French were very annoyed and articles appeared in the French press attributing all sorts of hidden implications to the act and condemning it as interference in French internal affairs. In reality, of course, the visiting American politician had done no more than the typical American would do when trying to be friendly to a stranger: give a compliment.  (Wolfson 1981:123)
  • 26. Another example  A rich (Chinese) merchant went to London and was entertaining some very important European guests. He had the affair catered at a famous hotel. In the Chinese manner, he said that he was sorry that the food and drink were not very fine. Some hotel employees overheard these remarks and the management, feeling quite insulted, preceded to sue the merchant for defaming the character of the hotel.
  • 27.         Woman (student): excuse me, where can I make some Xerox copies? Clerk: for? Woman: (silence) Clerk: are you an instructor? Woman: No, a student Clerk: we can only make Xerox copies for instructores. Woman: well, I ….OK. But where can I find a {pay} Xerox machine? (the original intention) Clerk: Oh, I see. Up the stairs, past the bookstore
  • 28.  When we misjudge shared knowledge or the perceptions of the other participants in the interaction we might create an instance of miscommunication. This can happen among speakers of the same language
  • 29.   Pragmatics awareness is part of metapragmatic competence; it refers to the ability to analyze language use (Sharwood-Smith, 1981: 162-63). Pragmatic awareness is the prerequisite for pragmatic acquisition, without which pragmatic competence can hardly acquired especially in FLL/SLL.
  • 30.  Understanding how people communicate is actually a process of interpreting not just what speakers say , but what they intend to mean.
  • 31. Spend a few minutes reflecting on what we covered in this presentation 1.What, if anything, did you learn that you didn’t know before? 2.What is one ‘ah-ha’ you had?